调质钢管的缺陷分析

调质钢管的缺陷分为：材质缺陷、轧制缺陷和热处理缺陷。其中材质缺陷与热处理缺陷中的淬火裂纹易于混淆。通过对油套管常用钢种模拟试验和生产数据分析认为：低合金碳锰钢管水淬不产生淬火裂纹。要提高调质钢管的合格率,主要应提高钢水纯净度、减少钢管的轧制缺陷。     

超声波检测中对缺陷的定性分析

超声波检测技术中评定缺陷的三大关键内容是：缺陷的定位、定量和定性。目前，超声波检测技术中对缺陷的定位和定量的研究已比较成熟，然而对缺陷的性质却很少进行评定(超声波检测标准中要求对缺陷进行定位和定量评定，但对缺陷的定性评定由于较困难而未作要求)。这是由于缺陷对超声波的反射特性取决于缺陷的取向、几何形状、     

柴油机缸体缸盖缺陷常用修复方法

介绍了缸体缸盖几种缺陷的修复方法:(1)非加工面缺陷一般用铸造缺陷修补胶嵌补和电弧焊修补;(2)加工面缺陷常用电弧焊、表面喷焊、电火花堆焊修补;(3)贯穿性缺陷常用电火花堆焊、真空压力浸渗修补;(4)内部缩孔、缩松类缺陷采用真空压力浸渗修补。列举了一些修补时的注意事项,指出各种缺陷修复方法都是临时性补救措施,最根本的还是要靠提高工艺水平和操作质量来减少铸件缺陷的产生。     

激光选区熔化成形钛合金内部缺陷及其演化规律研究

激光选区熔化(selective laser melting, SLM)成形技术可实现形状复杂、尺寸精度高、力学性能优异零部件的直接成形,但成形工艺参数选择不当,则会在产品中引入缺陷,针对SLM成形钛合金内部缺陷的问题,研究了激光功率和扫描速度2个主要成形工艺参数对钛合金内部缺陷类型、尺寸及数量的影响,探索了缺陷的演化规律。结果表明,SLM成形钛合金内部主要有不规则形状、规则球形2种形态的缺陷。低激光功率(≤130W)、高扫描速度(≥900mm/s)区域主要为不规则形状缺陷,能量不足是导致形成该类型缺陷的主要原因;高激光功率(≥190 W)、低扫描速度(≤600 mm/s)区域主要为规则球形缺陷,能量过高导致合金元素气化是产生这类缺陷的主要原因。随着能量密度的增加,根据缺陷的演化规律绘制了SLM成形钛合金加工图,其中缺陷的演化呈现3个阶段,即不规则形状缺陷尺度逐渐降低区,微尺度不规则缺陷向微尺度规则球形缺陷过渡区和规则球形缺陷逐渐长大区。     

聚乙烯管道电熔焊接缺陷的PAUT与DR检测研究

采用相控阵超声检测技术(PAUT)和数字射线检测技术(DR)对含有不同焊接缺陷的聚乙烯管道电熔焊接接头进行无损检测,通过分析不同焊接缺陷的特征图谱,探讨了PAUT和DR检测聚乙烯管道各类焊接缺陷的优劣性。试验结果表明PAUT对聚乙烯管道电熔焊接存在的工艺缺陷(冷焊、过焊)、孔洞、夹渣和未熔合缺陷都具有较高的缺陷检出率,尤其是针对不同程度的工艺缺陷,具有较高的检测灵敏度,但是对孔洞、夹渣和未熔合等体积型缺陷定性较难;DR对聚乙烯管道电熔焊接存在的孔洞、夹渣、未熔合及过焊缺陷具有较高的缺陷检出率,检测结果直观可靠,但是对冷焊缺陷的检出率较低。     

热轧带钢表面缺陷自动判定系统及其应用

带钢表面缺陷形成机理复杂、发生频次高，对成品质量的影响大，是最重要、最难控制的质量指标之一。针对当前卷积神经网络模型存在系统消耗大、处理时间长、无有效特征输出，以及热轧带钢表面缺陷数据量庞大、伪缺陷众多，不能及时、准确地判断其表面缺陷的问题，基于卷积神经网络深度学习技术，开发了一种带钢表面缺陷自动判定系统。介绍了该系统中在线采集模块、多通道结合分析模块、典型特征提取模块、缺陷严重性细化分类模块、缺陷自动评审模块的功能，缺陷分类准确率约90%,可以实现热轧带钢表面缺陷的快速、准确分类及自动判定。     

搅拌摩擦焊接头缺陷分析

通过对搅拌摩擦焊接焊缝中的缺陷进行分析研究,认为其缺陷主要分为外观缺陷与内部缺陷,并进一步对其缺陷位置、形态及出现原因给予了说明.     

铸造缺陷分析及工艺对策专家系统

本文应用C语言，开发的专家系统包括缺陷分析、缺陷产生原因分析及改进措施、工艺对策、专家系统维护等主要内容。可对铸铁件常见缺陷进行分析、判断，找出缺陷产生的原因并提出消除铸件缺陷的措施，并推荐用均衡凝固理论设计的典型工艺。     

激光选区熔化成形件射线检测及缺陷尺寸评价技术研究

针对TC4激光选区熔化成形件内部缺陷射线检测及定量尺寸评价,通过CR检测方法研究TC4人工缺陷（气孔、熔合不良）试样射线检测灵敏度及最小缺陷可检能力,利用显微CT定量分析缺陷尺寸、三维形貌及空间分布,并对比两种成像方法对于缺陷尺寸计量的差异。结果表明:CR检测方法能够检出?0.4 mm的模拟气孔、?0.8 mm×0.3 mm熔合不良缺陷,而显微CT具有更高的检测灵敏度,适用于微小气孔的缺陷检测、尺寸评价及定量分析,可检出?0.3 mm的模拟气孔缺陷;人工缺陷设计/实物尺寸偏差范围≤10%,并且随着缺陷设计尺寸的增大,缺陷实际打印三维形貌越不规则。     

铝合金铸件中蜂窝状缺陷的超声波检测

铝合金铸件易产生蜂窝状气孔、缩松缺陷。对材料为Al-Si-Mg系铸造铝合金的汽车转向节试样进行了超声波检测,研究了试样中蜂窝状缺陷的波形特征,并对缺陷进行了定性和定位分析。结果表明:铝合金铸件中蜂窝状缺陷的波形特征为波底宽大、波幅较低,主缺陷波附近存在多个小缺陷波,底波有一定下降;多次回波检测时,底波反射次数明显减少。结合轨迹作图法和缺陷波坐标确定了蜂窝状缺陷在铸件中的位置信息,解剖检验结果表明缺陷定位是准确的,平均误差为0. 585 mm,平均相对误差为3. 05%。超声波检测铝合金铸件中蜂窝状缺陷的波形可用缺陷回波声压公式表征,故可根据主缺陷波的波峰定位。     

204Cu铬锰系奥氏体不锈钢的生产实践

204Cu钢是一种含铜、低镍和以氮强化的奥氏体不锈钢,其冷加工性能优于200系不锈钢,与304不锈钢相近。为获得具有2B表面的含1%N i的204Cu钢冷轧卷材,冷轧后要进行退火、电解、冷酸洗。退火的目的是消除组织缺陷,细化晶粒,降低硬度,改善加工性能,其关键是退火温度的选择和控制。     

Flexible feature discovery and structural information control

In this paper, we propose a new information theoretic method called structural information control for flexible feature discovery. The new method has three distinctive characteristics, which traditional competitive learning fails to offer. First, the new method can directly control competitive unit activation patterns, whereas traditional competitive learning does not have any means to control them. Thus, with the new method, it is possible to extract salient features not discovered by traditional methods. Second, competitive units compete witheach other by maximizing their information content about input patterns. Consequently, this information maximization makes it possible to control flexibly competition processes. Third, in structural information control, it is possible to define many different kinds of information content, and we can choose a specific type of information according to a given objective. When applied to competitive learning, structural information can be used to control the number of dead or spare units, and to extract macro as well as micro features of input patterns in explicit ways. We first applied this method to simple pattern classification to demonstrate that information can be controlled and that different neuron firing patterns can be generated. Second, a dipole problem was used to show that structural information could provide representations similar to those by the conventional competitive learning methods. Finally, we applied the method to a language acquisition problem in which networks must flexibly discover some linguistic rules by changing structural information. Especially, we attempted to examine the effect of the information parameter to control the number of dead neurons, and thus to examine how macro and micro features in input patterns can explicitly be discovered by structural information.     

State of the art about dissimilar metal friction stir welding

Friction stir welding is a rather recent welding process (patented in 1991 by Thomas et al., ‘Improvements to friction welding’ UK patent application no. 9125978.8, US Patent 5460317, 1995) that has shown great potential for welding dissimilar materials even of different metallic nature, e.g. Al to steel, Mg to steel, Al to Ti, Mg to Ti, Al to Cu, Al to Mg. This review presents the specific microstructural features and mechanical properties, in particular tensile strength, of such welds. A focus will be on the material flow and welding defects, on the intermetallic compounds, on constitutional liquation, on particularities related to dissimilar lap welding and finally on process modifications to improve dissimilar friction stir weldability.     

4320H钢风电机齿轮的渗碳淬火

4320H风电机齿轮需进行渗碳、淬火,达到表面硬度58~62HRC、心部硬度33~44HRC、有效硬化层(至515HV0.5)深度2.0~3.0mm,有非马氏体组织的深度≤0.05mm,马氏体1~4级,心部铁素体1~3级,但无连续网状碳化物。采用UBE密封箱式炉对4320H钢齿轮进行了渗碳、淬火。通过热处理工艺的调整,最终达到了上述质量要求。     

大力夯实基础

夯者,大力也。夯实基础必须花大力气。何谓基础?基本原理、基本技巧、基本能力。教科书是基本原理、基本概念的载体。语言是人际互动、表达思想的基本技巧。记忆是储存知识、积累经验的基本能力。以教科书为基础开展教学研究活动,用朗读、演讲、对话、写作等方式进行语言训练,动口、动脑、动手交替培养记忆,是夯实基础的实际行动,切不可粗心大意、敷衍塞责。     

模具浇口对注塑件熔接痕的影响

模具浇口对注塑件熔接痕的影响及其危害显而易见.从塑件熔接痕形成机理出发,将模具浇口的数量、位置、形式、尺寸等对熔接痕的影响及其防止与选择进行了阐述,目的是从浇口源头防范对塑件熔接痕的影响,尽量控制熔接痕形成.     

论高校管理创新的路径

高校教育教学活动总是在管理过程中进行的，其创新从一定意义上取决于高校管理的创新。就其创新的路径而言，应从管理理念上实现从物本管理向人本管理转变，从管理职能上实现从控制型管理向服务型管理转变，从管理组织上实现从垂直管理向扁平管理转变，从管理方式上实现从经验管理向制度管理转变，从管理机制上实现从维持学校向经营学校转变，这些路径是一个相互联系、相互影响的有机整体。     

Investigation of micro-EDM material removal characteristics using single RC-pulse discharges

Similar to EDM, in micro-EDM, intense heat is generated between the workpiece and tool electrode by the discharge through a dielectric medium to result in the formation of a microcrater that is much smaller in size. In this study, a single-spark generator has been developed to study the erosion characteristics from the microcrater size. Using a simple heat transfer model, the efficiency at different discharge condition is also deduced. It is found that at lower-energy (<50 μJ) discharges, the energy required to remove the unit volume of material, defined as the specific energy, is found to be much less than that at higher-energy discharges. Additionally, the ratio of the standard deviation to the measured microcrater size is found to be lower at lower discharge energy, indicating greater consistency in shape and size when the discharge occurs at lower energy. The fundamental erosion mechanism of material is discussed by considering melting and evaporation phenomena using theoretical modeling. The average efficiency of erosion, when estimated to be due primarily to melting or evaporation alone, is found to be up to an order of magnitude higher at lower-energy discharges than that at higher-energy discharges.     

Effects of cyclic loading on temperature evolution of ULTIMET superalloy: experiment and theoretical modeling

High-speed, high-resolution infrared t hermography, as a non-contact, full-field, and nondestructive technique, was used to study the temperature variations of a cobalt-based ULTIMET alloy subjected to cyclic fatigue. During each fatigue cycle, the temperature oscillations, which were due to the thermal-elastic-plastic effects, were observed and related to stress-strain analyses. The change of temperature during fatigue was utilized to reveal the accumulation of fatigue damage . A constitutive model was developed for predicting the thermal and mechanical responses of ULTIMET alloy subjected to cyclic deformation. The model was constru cted in light of internal-state variables, which were developed to characterize the inelastic strain of the material during cyclic loading. The predicted stress -strain and temperature responses were found to be in good agreement with the e xperimental results.     

基于物联网的温室大棚智能监控系统研究

针对温室大棚应用过程中存在劳动力需求大、作物生长环境参数采集不精准的问题,设计了基于物联网的温室大棚智能监控系统,以实现减少劳动力、作物生长环境参数的精准采集、灌溉设备的远程控制等。传感器节点实时采集各路的数据传输到网关,并通过GPRS模块传输到服务器,利用GPRS无线通信和Internet网络实现人机通信交互,完成对现场农作物生长环境的监测;同时,服务器根据土壤的实际湿度与农业知识专家库对比进行控制决策,并通过网关向灌溉装置发送灌溉指令,实现灌溉的远程控制。该系统在新疆塔城地区应用实验表明:系统运行稳定,具有较好的鲁棒性,能够达到预期设计的目标。