Optimal tracking control of a flexible hub–beam system with time delay

In this paper, a new technique of time-delay compensation is proposed for active control of a flexible hub–beam system. The first-order approximation coupling (FOAC) model proposed recently for dynamics of hub–beam systems is used to verify the applicability of this technique. The FOAC model is first linearized to obtain a linearized equation. The linearized equation with time delay is then transformed into a standard form with no time delay by a particular integral transformation. The time-delay controller is designed based on this standard equation using the classical optimal tracking control theory. Since the controller is a function of modal coordinates, a modal filter is presented to estimate the modal coordinates from physical sensor measurements. The effectiveness of the proposed technique for time delay is demonstrated by numerical simulations. Simulation results indicate that a very small time delay may result in instability of the control system if it is not compensated in control design. The proposed time-delay controller is effective in controlling the system even when the maximum time delay for stability without time-delay compensation is greatly exceeded. Moreover, for the system without time delay, the proposed time-delay controller may possibly obtain much better control effectiveness than the controller without time delay.     

Feedback controllers for a wind tunnel model involving a delay: Analytical design and numerical simulation

An application of a finite spectrum assignment method for time-delay systems to a feedback control of Mach number in a wind tunnel is presented. The linearized model of Mach number control is a system of three state equations with a delay in one of the state variables. The proposed feedback is a linear combination of state variables and weighted integrals of some of the state variables over a period equal to time delay. The spectrum of the closed-loop system is finite and consists of three eigenvalues that can be placed arbitrarily. Four possible variants of the feedback control law are presented. The calculation of feedback coefficients is very simple, which makes it possible to update the controller's parameters on-line with the changes of the operating point. An extensive numerical simulation of the system dynamics and the feedback controllers was done and led to several conclusions. In particular, a very good settling time under problem constraints has been obtained, and several nice features of the proposed feedback controller have been demonstrated.     

An optimal control method for linear systems with time delay

An optimal control method for linear systems with time delay is developed in this paper. In the proposed control method, the differential equation with time delay of the system dynamics is first rewritten into a form without any time delay through a particular transformation. Then, the optimal controller is designed by using the classical optimal control theory. A numerical algorithm for control implementation is presented, since the obtained expression of the optimal controller contains an integral term that is not convenient for online calculation. The time delay is considered at the very beginning of the control design, and no approximation and estimation are made in the control system. Thus the system performance and stability are prone to be guaranteed. Instability in responses might occur only if a system with time delay is controlled by the optimal controller that was designed with no consideration of time delay. The effectiveness of the proposed optimal controller is demonstrated by simulation studies.     

Robot controller design for achieving global asymptotic stability and local prescribed performance

This paper presents some useful results which follow from the particular structural properties of a rigid robot model while the system is subject to the action of an output feedback. Given a rigid robot model, the controller ensures, in addition to the global asymptotic stability property, an eigenvalues assignment of the resulting linearized model within the stable region of the complex plane. In this way, required global and local control objectives can be achieved. Furthermore, the design of the controller is accomplished by applying a sort of a decoupling procedure that decomposes the entire nonlinear closed-loop system to a set of reduced-order nonlinear systems. The dependence of the eigenvalues of the linearized model on the model uncertainties is investigated. Simulation results that demonstrate the potential of the approach are presented.     

Intelligent automatic landing system using time delay neural network controller

This paper presents an intelligent automatic landing system that uses a time delay neural network controller and a linearized inverse aircraft model to improve the performance of conventional automatic landing systems. The automatic landing system of an airplane is enabled only under limited conditions. If severe wind disturbances are encountered, the pilot must handle the aircraft due to the limits of the automatic landing system. In this study, a learning-through-time process is used in the controller training. Simulation results show that the neural network controller can act as an experienced pilot and guide the aircraft to a safe landing in severe wind disturbance environments without using the gain scheduling technique.     

Bounded control of feedforward nonlinear systems subject to input time‐delay

This article is concerned with the global stabilization problem of a family of feedforward nonlinear time‐delay systems whose linearized system consists of multiple distinct oscillators. To fully utilize the delayed information and maintain the state decoupling property in the controller design, the considered nonlinear feedforward system is first transformed into a new system which contains time delays in both its input and states based on a novel model transformation containing time delays, and then the stabilizing saturated controller for the transformed system is designed based on the recursive design method. Meanwhile, explicit stability conditions are also provided. When the linearized system is a cascade of multiple oscillators and multiple integrators, a modified saturated feedback control utilizing not only the current state but also the delayed state is also established for the corresponding global stabilization problem. Two examples, including a practical one, are given to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approaches.     

时滞中立型线性系统的变结构控制

本文研究了一类时滞中立型线性的变结构控制问题,在系统谱可控的条件下给出了具有稳定的油动模态的切换泛函的构造方法,并利用渐近率的概念和方法设计了该系统的变结构控制器,得到一般时滞中立型系统可变换成所需要的时滞中立型系统的条件。     

基于时延估计组合模型的NCS控制方法研究

在对网络传输时延的组成和特性进行分析的基础上,针对双边网络控制系统,提出了一种时延估计组合模型,并对该组合模型的有效性进行了评估。利用该模型进行网络时延估计,估计结果用来设计网络时延补偿控制器,以实际网络时延为实验数据进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明网络控制系统的动态性能有了明显改善,同时进一步证实了时延估计组合模型的有效性。     

模糊控制在除氧系统中的应用

除氧系统具有多输入、多输出、大滞后、时变性、非线性等一系列特点,除氧器的温度和压力相互影响,是一种强耦合系统,其精确数学模型难以建立。为了达到除氧目的,必须保证温度和压力的恒定,而常规的基于PID算法的控制器很难保证运行指标。提出了一种基于模糊控制理论的设计方法,采用M at-lab对设计的系统进行仿真,结果表明:模糊控制效果优于传统的PID控制。     

Temperature prediction control based on least squares support vector machines

A prediction control algorithm is presented based on least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) model for a class of complex systems with strong nonlinearity. The nonlinear off-line model of the controUed plant is built by LS-SVM with radial basis function (RBF) kernel. In the process of system running, the off-line model is linearized at each sampling instant, and the generalized prediction control (GPC) algorithm is employed to implement the prediction control for the controlled plant. The obtained algorithm is applied to a boiler temperature control system with complicated nonlinearity and large time delay. The results of the experiment verify the effectiveness and merit of the algorithm.     

Stabilization of remote control systems with unknown time varying delays by LMI techniques

In this paper, the stabilization of one class of remote control systems with unknown time varying delays is analysed and discussed using LMI techniques. A discrete time state space model under a static control law for remote control systems is first introduced based on some assumptions on the uncertain term. The time delay is unknown, time varying, and can be decomposed into two parts: one fixed part which is unknown and is an integer multiple of the sampling time; the other part which is randomly varying but bounded by one sampling time. Static controller designs based on delay dependent stability conditions are presented. This system is then extended to a more general case when the randomly varying part of the time delay is not limited to one sampling time. The derivative of the time delay is not limited to be bounded. Hence, the contributions are as follow: (i) for a given controller, we can use these stability criteria to test stability of the resulted system; (ii) we can design a remote controller to stabilize an unstable system. Finally, simulation examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method and to demonstrate remote stabilization of open loop unstable systems.     

基于鲁棒伺服思想的尾坐式飞行器悬停姿态控制

针对一款小型飞翼布局的尾坐式垂直起降飞行器,通过考虑舵面失效、风场干扰、气动参数不确定以及转动惯量不确定等因素的影响,进行悬停阶段的姿态控制研究.根据悬停状态点线性化的运动学和动力学模型,设计鲁棒伺服线性二次型调节器(RSLQR)控制器来保证标称系统良好的响应及鲁棒性.同时,考虑到较大不确定及扰动下RSLQR控制器性能下降的不足,希望飞行器能够尽量在平衡点附近较大的范围内工作,为此设计$L_1$自适应控制器进行补偿,以使系统性能得到恢复.考虑到控制器的时延裕度对系统稳定性有着重要影响,讨论控制器参数与系统时延裕度的关系.通过仿真验证不同不确定影响下系统良好的性能,并提出一种基于扩张状态观测器(ESO)的补偿方法,以使设计的控制系统在飞控硬件性能较为有限时,依然能够保证良好响应.最后,通过飞行测试对所提算法的有效性和可行性进行验证.     

Discrete‐time repetitive controller for time‐delay systems with disturbance observer

A novel discrete‐time repetitive controller design for time‐delay systems subject to a periodic reference and exogenous periodic disturbances is presented. The main idea behind the proposed approach is to take advantage of the plant delay in the controller design, and not to compensate for the effect of this delay. To facilitate this concept, we introduce an appropriate time‐delay and a compensator in a positive feedback connection with the plant, such that a generator for periodic signals is constructed. Then a proportional controller is used to stabilize the closed‐loop system. The tracking control capability is thus guaranteed according to the internal model principle (IMP). In addition, to attenuate external periodic disturbances, a disturbance observer (DO) is developed to simultaneously achieve reference tracking and disturbance rejection. The possible fractional delay due to the digital discretization is handled by using a fractional delay filter approximation. The proposed controller has a simple structure, in which only a proportional parameter and a low‐pass filter are required to be chosen. The closed‐loop stability conditions and a robustness analysis under model uncertainties are studied. Numerical simulations and practical experiments on a servo motor system are conducted to verify the feasibility and simplicity of the proposed controller. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

磁悬浮列车的双环控制

为了增强控制系统对磁悬浮列车系统参数变化的适应性,将磁悬浮系统分为电流环和位置环进行控制.对于电流环系统,采用模型参考自适应控制方法进行控制,使得在电磁线圈参数变化的情况下,电流环的性能能够保持稳定,这样就将三阶非线性磁悬浮系统降阶为二阶系统;对于二阶系统,首先采用反馈线性化控制方法将系统线性化,然后采用PD控制算法进行控制,从而确保系统在不同工作点处的性能一致.仿真实验结果证明,该方法使磁悬浮列车的适应能力得到了明显的提高.     

A distributed leader‐following tracking controller using delayed control input information from neighbors

In this paper, we propose a simple, continuous, and distributed controller for the second‐order multiagent system to achieve leader‐following trajectory tracking, by exploiting the control input information of neighbors (CIIN) and using proportional‐derivative (PD) control in terms of local neighborhood synchronization error. A constant time delay is introduced in the CIIN as a design parameter to avoid the algebraic loop issue arising from the control input coupling. We develop an easily testable condition on the PD gains to ensure that the resulting neutral‐type error system is input‐to‐state stable for an arbitrary bounded delay, and prove that when the leader's acceleration is a Lipschitz continuous function with respect to time, the ultimate bound of tracking errors is strictly increasing with respect to the introduced time delay. Moreover, we analyze the robustness of the controller with respect to model uncertainties and show its potential advantages over two existing controllers in balancing the steady‐state tracking precision, the communication cost, and the continuity of controller signal. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to show the effect of the delay on system stability, to verify the condition on PD gains, to confirm the robustness of the controller, and to demonstrate the detailed advantages.     

Model predictive control based on an integrator resonance model applied to an open water channel

This paper describes a new simplified model for controller design of open water channels that are relatively short, flat and deep: the integrator resonance model (IR model). The model contains an integrator and the first resonance mode of a long reflecting wave. The paper compares the integrator resonance model to the simplified models: integrator delay, integrator delay zero and filtered integrator delay and to the high-order linearized Saint-Venant equations model. Results of using the integrator resonance model in a model predictive controller applied in closed loop on a high-order non-linear Saint-Venant model of the first pool of the laboratory canal at Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona are compared to the results of using the other simplified models in MPC. This comparison shows that the IR model has less model mismatch with the high order model regarding the relevant dynamics of these typical channels compared to the other simplified models. It is demonstrated that not considering the resonance behavior in the controller design may result in poor performance of the closed loop behavior. In order to demonstrate the validity of the simulation model used in this study, the controller using the IR model is also tested on the actual open water channel and compared to the results of the high-order non-linear Saint-Venant simulation model. The results of this comparison show a close resemblance between simulation model and real world system.     

Force Reflecting Bilateral Control of Master–Slave Systems in Teleoperation

In this paper, a simple structure design with arbitrary motion/force scaling to control teleoperation systems, with model mismatches is presented. The goal of this paper is to achieve transparency in presence of uncertainties. The master–slave systems are approximated by linear dynamic models with perturbed parameters, which is called the model mismatch. Moreover, the time delay in communication channel with uncertainties is considered. The stability analysis will be considered for two cases: (1) stability under time delay uncertainties and (2) stability under model mismatches. For the first case, two local controllers are designed. The first controller is responsible for tracking the master commands, while the second controller is in charge of force tracking as well as guaranteeing stability of the overall closed-loop system. In the second case, an additional term will be added to the control law to provide robustness to the closed-loop system. Moreover, in this case, the local slave controller guarantees the position tracking and the local master controller guarantees stability of the inner closed-loop system. The advantages of the proposed method are two folds: (1) robust stability of the system against model mismatches is guaranteed and (2) structured system uncertainties are well compensated by applying independent controllers to the master and the slave sites. Simulation results show good performance of the proposed method in motion tracking as well force tracking in presence of model mismatches and time delay uncertainties.     

电机温度时滞耦合系统自抗扰控制仿真研究

电机温度过高会造成绝缘性能老化,电机安全性能下降;电机控制系统是典型的非线性系统,电机温度也因此具有时滞性和耦合性的特点,难以建立准确的数学模型;传统的方法对电机温度的控制精度较差,从而导致电机温度失控;为此,提出基于BP神经网络自抗扰控制算法的电机时滞耦合关系下温度控制方法;将BP神经网络与PID控制方法相结合建立电机温度网络自抗扰控制器模型,利用梯度下降法修正电机温度控制器模型的权值系数,从而实现了BP神经网络自抗扰控制器参数的实时调整;实验结果表明,利用BP神经网络自抗扰算法进行电机时滞耦合关系下温度调整,能够有效提高控制的精确度,缩短了控制过程中的时间延时。     

基于中立型系统理论的异步电机电流解耦控制方法

针对异步电机传统系统建模中忽略数字延时,造成建模不精确,加剧电流环中两电流间的交叉耦合,导致低开关频率的传动系统电流畸变、系统不稳定等严重问题,运用中立型理论,提出一种基于中立型的异步电机电流解耦控制方法,设计中立型电流控制器.该电流控制方法具有参数自动整定的优点,且耦合小、响应快、鲁棒性好,该理论通过建立精确的数学模型来解决数字延时问题对传动系统控制性能的影响.对异步电机中立型时滞系统进行稳定性分析,通过仿真和实验结果表明了所设计中立型电流控制器的可行性.