闭孔EVA泡沫类静态缓冲性能的研究

目的 研究密度与应变率对闭孔EVA泡沫材料类静态缓冲性能的影响规律。方法 基于包装用缓冲材料静态压缩试验法和能量吸收图法,对密度为80、95、106、124和180kg/m³的闭孔EVA泡沫试样在不同应变率下进行类静态压缩试验,得到应力-应变曲线,基于此进一步处理得到相应的单位体积能量吸收、能量吸收效率、缓冲系数和最大比吸能等曲线,同时绘制试样类静态压缩过程中的能量吸收图。结果 闭孔EVA泡沫材料的密度越高,密实化应变越小,最大单位体积能量吸收越大;在压缩应变相同时,应变率越大,应力、单位体积能量吸收、能量吸收效率、最大比吸能越大;得到了5种密度闭孔EVA泡沫材料的本构方程和闭孔EVA泡沫材料的能量吸收图及其斜率与应变率的关系式;通过分析密实化应变与相对密度的关系,得到相关拟合公式。结论 密度与应变率对闭孔EVA泡沫材料的缓冲性能有着非常大的影响,在一定的应力水平下会有一个最佳的密度使得刚好能吸收完能量,并保护产品不破损,该最佳密度受应变率的影响,因此可以通过能量吸收图进行相关的缓冲包装优化设计。     

泡沫铝变形与吸能特性研究

目的研究密度、孔洞分布以及加载应变率对泡沫铝材料变形行为和吸能特性的影响。方法对3种不同密度范围的泡沫铝材料进行不同应变率下的压缩实验研究。结果实验结果显示,在10 mm/min加载速率下,密度范围为0.27~0.33 g/cm3和0.47~0.53 g/cm3的泡沫铝材料平均屈服应力分别为1.3和7.2MPa,平均应变能密度分别为0.8和3.8 MJ/m3。此外,密度为0.453 g/m3但孔洞分布不均匀的泡沫铝应变能密度为3.26 MJ/m3,密度为0.449 g/m3但孔洞分布均匀的泡沫铝应变能密度为3.84 MJ/m3。结论随着密度的增加,泡沫材料的屈服应力以及对应于不同应变时的应力均增加,而孔洞分布均匀的泡沫材料的能量吸收能力明显优于孔洞分布不均匀的泡沫材料,此外,加载速度对泡沫材料的应力应变行为有一定的影响,但对其能量吸收能力并无影响。     

UHMWPE交织双轴向纬编复合材料高应变率压缩性能研究

利用SHPB装置对UHMWPE交织双轴向纬编针织物/乙烯基酯树脂复合材料进行了高应变率压缩实验,研究了该材料的应变率效应和能量吸收.结果表明:等离子体处理后,复合材料的高应变率压缩性能有了较大的提高,放电功率100W是一个较为合适的处理条件.UHMWPE交织双轴向纬编复合材料呈现出一定的应变率敏感性:随着应变率的增加,最大应力、压缩模量、断裂应变能密度相应增大.由于交织双轴向纬编结构中的针织线圈及经纬纱交织作用,其具有较好的抗冲击性能.     

不同密度硬质聚氨酯泡沫的力学性能和本构关系

目的 不同密度的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)适用于不同的工程应用,通过对不同密度RPUF力学性能开展研究,并对现有的本构模型加以修正,得到材料真实的本构关系。方法 通过开展不同密度RPUF材料的准静态压缩实验(0.001 s⁻¹)及不同加载速率(100~1 000 s⁻¹)下的动态压缩力学性能实验,得到材料的应力-应变曲线,在此基础上分析RPUF材料的密度效应及应变率敏感性,得到其真实本构关系。结果 RPUF材料力学性能受到密度和应变率的耦合影响,随着密度以及应变率的增大,RPUF材料的屈服应力呈指数函数形式增大;给出了RPUF材料屈服应力与应变率及密度之间的函数关系式。结论 得到了基于实验数据以及横向惯性效应修正后的Sherwood-Frost模型(M-S-F模型),研究结果可为RPUF材料在抗冲击方面的工程应用提供指导。     

不同应变率下的高聚物银纹化分子动力学模拟

基于粗粒珠簧模型,采用分子动力学模拟了玻璃态高聚物在不同应变率下微空洞的产生、扩展及断裂演化过程,表明银纹产生的微空洞会引起周围的应力集中,微空洞迅速扩展并伴有少量合并;结合临界应力判据,给出了银纹萌生的微观构型;通过引入非仿射位移场并结合应力-应变响应关系,计算了参与率随应变的演化,证实了聚合物在银纹化破坏过程中具有应变率相关敏感性的线性粘弹性特征。与实验现象吻合较好。     

基于能量吸收法的U型纸质缓冲材料性能模拟分析

目的 研究采用U型瓦楞纸板进行缓冲包装设计的量化方法。方法 通过建立不同相关密度单层U型瓦楞纸板有限元模型,得到不同压缩速度下瓦楞纸板的应力-应变数据和单位体积吸收能量-应力数据,进行数据拟合得到相关密度方程和应变率方程。结果 随着相关密度的增加,瓦楞纸板的最大许用应力也在不断增加;从单位体积吸收能量-应力曲线上看,不同相关密度瓦楞纸板的最大许用应力包迹线呈线性关系;拟合的应变率方程和相关密度方程经验证可以方便高效地进行缓冲包装设计。结论 拟合的应变率方程和相关密度方程使用方便、快捷、高效,减少了查表法带来的误差,在实际生产中具有一定意义。     

高应变率加载下复合泡沫塑料的吸能特性及失效机理研究

通过SHPB冲击实验装置对空心玻璃微球填充聚氨酯复合泡沫塑料进行了动态压缩实验,获得了不同密度复合泡沫塑料在高应变率加载条件下的应力-应变曲线,研究了材料的动态力学性能。基于所获得的应力-应变曲线,进一步分析和讨论了复合泡沫塑料的能量吸收特性,发现材料最佳吸能点的包络线是同一直线。此外,通过动态变形试件的扫描电镜分析,还研究了这类新材料的动态失效问题。     

锻造/层合碳纤维-环氧树脂复合材料压缩性能实验与仿真

压缩性能是材料的基础力学性能之一,决定着材料在工程中的应用价值和应用范围.为了获得锻造碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(FC-FREP)和层合碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(LCFREP)的压缩力学性能,进行了准静态实验和霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson pressure bars,SHPB)实验,得出了FCFREP和LCFREP在不同应变率下的真实应力-应变关系.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了两种材料的破坏模式,进一步采用有限元软件进行了动态压缩仿真.实验结果表明,FCFREP的应变率效应仅体现在塑性段,且为负应变率效应;LCFREP的应变率效应明显,随着应变率增大,其弹性模量增大、屈服点滞后、流动应力增大.SEM结果表明,动态压缩情况下FCFREP的破坏模式为纤维撕裂拉断和剪切断裂,基体产生裂纹碎裂,LCFREP的动态压缩破坏模式为剪切断裂.仿真结果表明,FCFREP材料的动态压缩可采用双线性本构模型描述,LCFREP材料动态压缩的实际应力路径与仿真结果不同,但屈服极限相同.实验得出的真实应力-应变曲线可以作为研究新本构模型的依据,同时为开发新数值模型提供了参考.     

应变速率对AZ91D镁合金力学行为影响

本文通过静态拉伸试验机和高应变速率冲击拉伸试验装置,对AZ91D压铸镁合金分别进行了不同应变率下(10-4、10-2、300和1400s-1)拉伸力学性能的试验,获得了各应变速率下完整的应力-应变曲线.并通过扫描电镜对其拉伸断口进行分析.试验结果表明,其屈服应力(σs)、拉伸强度(σb)随着应变速率的增加而增加,失稳应变(εb)则随着应变速率的增加而有所减小;而弹性模量则对应变率不敏感.采用John-son-Cook材料模型描述AZ91D镁合金应变速率相关的应力应变本构模型,其拟合结果和实验结果基本相吻合.扫描电镜断口分析结果表明,动态和静态的断裂方式基本相同,都是以准解理断裂特征为主,局部区域伴有解理断裂;存在典型的缩松断裂形貌.     

密度和应变率对聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)准静态压缩力学行为的影响

分别研究了聚苯乙烯泡沫(Expanded polystyrene,简称EPS)在三种不同密度和三种不同加载速率下的无侧限单轴准静态压缩力学行为.结果表明:EPS的压缩与一般多孔材料的压缩特征相似,其应力-应变曲线也分为三阶段(弹性段、塑性屈服平台段及致密段).并验证了聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)在线弹性阶段的弹性模量与其密度近似符合二次函数关系;通过对实验结果的拟合得出了EPS的密度与其屈服强度呈线性关系并给出了关系表达式.同时表明:同一密度的EPS在不同加载速率下其线弹性模量基本不变而屈服强度随加载速率的增加而显著增加,其应变率敏感度m值较大且变化显著,EPS表现出明显的应变率效应.     

Fracture investigation of U‐notch made of tungsten–copper functionally graded materials by means of strain energy density

The averaged strain energy density over a well‐defined control volume was employed to assess the fracture of U‐notched specimens made of tungsten–copper functionally graded materials under prevalent mode II loading. The boundary of control volume was evaluated by using a numerical method. Power law function was employed to describe the mechanical properties (elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio, fracture toughness and ultimate tensile stress) through the specimen width. The effect of notch tip radius and notch depth on notch stress intensity factors and mode mixity parameter χ were assessed. In addition, a comparison based on fracture load between functionally graded and homogeneous W–Cu was made. Furthermore, in this research, it was shown that the mean value of the strain energy density over the control volume can be accurately determined using coarse meshes for functionally graded materials.     

Fracture mechanics description of fracture mirror formation in single crystals

The formation of microbranching and macrobranching in brittle materials has been proposed to occur at a constant stress intensity and strain intensity. The strain intensity and stress intensity criteria are basically the same in their approach and have been shown to be predictive for isotropic materials. A fracture energy criterion can be proposed based on the energy balance approach of Griffith and related to those two criteria. This latter approach is also valid to describe the formation of branching in isotropic materials. The critical test for determining the validity of a criterion for branching is in anisotropic materials. In order to distinguish between the criteria, single crystal Si was fractured and the fracture surfaces were analyzed. In this study, the fracture energy criterion is shown to best describe the formation of microbranching and macrobranching in anisotropic materials. The energy of formation of the mirror-mist boundary is the same in two different orientations: {100} and {110} tensile surface on the {110} fracture plane.     

玻璃微珠表面处理对LDPE 复合材料拉伸性能的影响

应用Inst ron 材料试验机, 于室温下考察了玻璃微珠含量及其表面处理对填充低密度聚乙烯复合物拉伸性能的影响。结果表明, 复合材料的弹性模量(E_c) 随着微珠体积分数的增加而增大, 屈服强度(R_yR ) 变化不大, 而断裂强度(R_bR )、断裂应变(E_bR ) 和断裂能(E _bR ) 则减小; 在相同的实验条件下, 微珠表面经硅烷偶联剂预处理的填充体系的E c、R_yR 和R_bR 稍高于未作表面预处理的复合材料; 对于E_bR 和E _bR , 两体系之间的差异甚微。      

Plane crack propagation in a hyperelastic incompressible material

We propose a crack propagation criterion for hyperelastic materials (rubber type material) within the framework of plane elasticity in finite deformation. The criterion is based on the examination of the asymptotic elastic field near the crack tip prior to propagation. According to this criterion, the propagation will take place for a critical value of the strain energy density intensity factor. The kink angle, obtained by applying the criterion of maximum opening stress, will depend on the fracture tensile stress of the actual material. We propose to use a local iterative finite element method to compute the asymptotic quantities involved in the criterion at a reasonable cost. Examples of computation for some hyperelastic laws simulating the behavior of vulcanized rubber are presented.     

Evaluation of low-temperature performance of asphalt paving mixtures

Low temperature cracking is the major damage in asphalt pavement, and many test methods have been used to evaluate the anti-cracking property of asphalt mixture. This paper evaluates the low temperature performance of asphalt mixture using four tests namely: beam bending test, indirect tensile test, contraction coefficient test and thermal stress restrained specimen test. Five types of asphalt mixtures namely: A, B, C, D and E were evaluated. Results show that compared with the thermal stress restrained specimen test, beam bending test, indirect tensile test and contraction coefficient test are not appropriate for the evaluation of asphalt mixtures low temperature performance. Moreover, results of gray relational analysis demonstrate that the bending strain energy density is significantly correlated to fracture temperature. It is reasonable to adopt the critical values of bending strain energy density to evaluate the low temperature performance of asphalt mixture in the absence of fracture temperature.     

TiC-Ni系功能梯度材料的断裂力学有限元分析

根据实验结果给出了功能梯度材料热物性参数的估计模型,用有限元素法研究了含有垂直于梯度方向裂纹的功能梯度材料,分别考虑了机械载荷、均匀热载荷以及非均匀热载荷作用下,梯度分布指数对裂纹尖端应力强度因子、应变能密度以及裂纹扩展角的影响。      

含圆形埋藏裂纹金属构件电磁热止裂时应变能密度分析

对带有圆形埋藏裂纹金属构件在脉冲放电瞬间的应变能密度进行了理论分析。在求解过程中,以张开型裂纹为例,应用了热传导、非定常热应力及汉克尔变换等理论知识,得出了含埋藏圆片裂纹在脉冲放电瞬间的温度场理论公式、热应力场公式和应变能密度公式。由热应力场公式和应变能密度公式可知,放电瞬间电磁热在裂纹尖端形成热压应力场,热压应力对金属构件做负功,减小了拉应力对构件的破坏程度,放电后构件的应变能密度降低了。以Cr12MoV模具钢中埋藏圆裂纹止裂为例,具体计算了脉冲放电前后不同拉应力作用下的应变能密度变化情况,为空间裂纹电磁热止裂技术的实际应用提供了理论基础。     

Sharp V‐notches in viscoplastic solids: Strain energy rate density rule and fracture toughness

Different from Neuber's rule or Glinka's energy method which are always adopted to characterize the notch tip field under elastoplastic condition, in this paper, the strain energy rate density (SERD) rule is used for viscoplastic materials. In particular, based on the definition of generalized notch stress intensity factor (G‐NSIF) for sharp V‐notch in viscoplastic solids, the concept of SERD for sharp V‐notch in viscoplastic solids is presented. Subsequently, by taking as a starting point the SERD, the averaged strain energy density (SED) for sharp V‐notch in viscoplastic solids is derived with integration of time. The fracture toughness relation between sharp V‐notch specimens and crack specimen in viscoplastic materials is given based on the transformation of SERD. A numerical approach is presented to compute the SERD and SED based on finite element method. Some crucial comments on the G‐NSIF have been discussed. Some typical solutions for SERD and SED for sharp V‐notched specimens are investigated.     

Exploring the tensile strain energy absorption of hybrid modified epoxies containing soft particles

In this paper, tensile strain energy absorption of two different hybrid modified epoxies has been systematically investigated. In one system, epoxy has been modified by amine-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (ATBN) and hollow glass spheres as fine and coarse modifiers, respectively. The other hybrid epoxy has been modified by the combination of ATBN and recycled Tire particles. The results of fracture toughness measurement of blends revealed synergistic toughening for both hybrid systems in some formulations. However, no evidence of synergism is observed in tensile test of hybrid samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission optical microscope (TOM) and finite element (FEM) simulation were utilized to study deformation mechanisms of hybrid systems in tensile test. It is found that coarse particles induce stress concentration in hybrid samples. This produces non-uniform strain localized regions which lead to fracture of hybrid samples at lower tensile loading and energy absorption levels.