氢气在煤高温快速液化中的作用

首先利用实验室建立的一套平衡液相取样法实验装置测定了氢气在四氢萘和萘中的溶解规律,其次通过间歇式微型反应釜研究了氢气在煤高温快速液化中的作用。结果表明:①氢气在溶剂中的溶解度随温度与压力的增加而增加;在一定的温度与压力下,氢气在四氢萘和萘中的溶解度在5 min内达到最大溶解量的78.54%左右,之后溶解度开始逐步缓慢上升直到30 min时达到最大溶解量;②在充足的四氢萘作为溶剂的液化反应中,氢气对于煤高温快速液化反应几乎没有影响,活性氢主要来源于溶剂;在萘作为溶剂的液化反应中,钼酸铵催化剂促进了氢气参与反应,但是总转化率的变化较小,仅仅促进了沥青烯向油方向的转化。③压力对于煤高温快速液化中四氢萘的供氢性能有影响。     

煤高温快速液化过程中的单原子与双原子氢转移机理

氢转移对煤的加氢液化至关重要,理解氢转移机理对于改善煤液化过程具有重要意义。在微型反应釜中通过考察氢气的溶解、溶剂类型以及不同类型催化剂对煤高温快速液化的影响,揭示了煤高温快速液化过程中单原子氢和双原子氢的转移机理。结果表明,在以四氢萘、氢气为条件的高温快速液化过程中,主要的活性氢来源于溶剂所提供的单原子;在以四氢萘、氮气为条件的高温快速液化过程中,不同催化剂对溶剂提供单原子氢的影响不同。在以四氢萘和萘、氢气为条件的高温快速液化过程中,双原子氢基本未参与液化反应,溶解并不是其参与液化反应的主要影响因素。以萘为溶剂、氢气气氛下的高温快速液化过程中,双原子氢参与反应需要一定的时间。在以萘或四氢萘、氢气为条件的高温快速液化过程中通过加入一定量的催化剂,可以促使双原子氢快速参与反应。     

氢气在煤液化初始高活性阶段的作用机理

采用GJ-2型共振搅拌反应釜,首先研究了一定条件下煤液化转化率随时间的变化关系.结果表明,煤液化反应过程中存在着初始高活性反应阶段,而且煤在该阶段完成了绝大部分液化反应;接着研究了氢气在煤液化初始高活性阶段的作用机理.结果如下:1)在无催化液化条件下,氢气在煤液化初始高活性阶段几乎不参与煤液化反应;2)煤液化初始高活性阶段氢气能够快速溶解于煤液化溶剂中,因此氢气的溶解过程不是其未有效参与煤液化反应的主要原因;3)在煤液化初始高活性阶段添加高分散性铁系催化剂和助剂硫,氢气在催化剂作用下参与了煤液化反应,进而使液化总转化率提高7%以上.     

煤直接液化初始阶段反应特性的研究

以杨村煤为例,在490℃和2倍四氢萘溶剂的条件下,反应仅5min煤直接液化总转化率就达到84．47％,表明煤在直接液化的过程中具有初始高反应活性的特点。在纯氢气气氛下随着初始压力从1．5MPa增大到7MPa,转化率从66．38％上升为83．27％,表明压力大小对煤液化转化率有较大影响。1．5MPa下溶煤比提高到4：1以后,转化率增大到79．0％就不再增长,表明用添加过量供氢溶剂的方法弥补由于降低系统压力所带来的转化率损失不可行。     

氢气在烃类混合溶剂中高压溶解度的测定

为了研究氢气在煤液化油中的溶解规律和煤液化反应过程中的氢耗,选择煤液化油中几种代表性物质的混合组分十六烷-四氢萘、四氢萘-喹啉、十六烷-喹啉作为溶剂,利用平衡液相取样法气体溶解度测定装置,测定了氢气在上述溶剂中不同温度和压力下的溶解度数据(453.15 K～623.15 K,1 MPa～10 MPa),同时给出了氢气在这些混合溶剂体系中的溶解度规律.利用数学模型lnxH2=-a/T+6T+clnT+dlnPH2+e(式中参数可由氢气在相应溶剂中的溶解度数据关联得到)和P/N/A方法计算相关溶解度数据,发现该数学模型的计算预测值与实验值的平均绝对误差(η)在5.52%左右,而通过P/N/A方法的计算,预测值与实验值的平均绝对误差较大,这表明该数学模型在计算氢气在有机混合溶剂中的溶解度方面具有很好的应用价值.     

循环供氢溶剂在神华煤直接液化工艺中的应用

在神华煤直接液化工艺中,为达到理想的反应深度,煤直接液化反应需要供氢性能良好的循环供氢溶剂、氢气、煤粉及催化剂等原料。其中,经过预加氢处理后的循环溶剂,具有良好的供氢性能,使得煤直接液化反应条件温和。在煤直接液化过程中,溶剂起着溶解煤粒、溶胀分散、稳定自由基、提供和传递转移活性氢、稀释液化产物等作用。当前,提高循环供氢溶剂自身的供氢和传递氢能力是煤直接液化新技术开发的重点之一。     

洗油对五彩湾高惰质组煤直接液化性能的影响

以洗油为供氢溶剂,考察了溶煤比、反应温度和氢初压对新疆五彩湾煤样加氢液化性能的影响.结果表明,在煤液化中,洗油部分加氢,生成具有强供氢能力的物质,增强其供氢能力,可以作液化溶剂,且溶煤比由四氢萘为溶剂的3降低到1.75;虽然氢初压为8.0 MPa,但反应终压为16.3 MPa,与四氢萘为溶剂时相当;油产率达到59.24％,转化率达到81.05％.     

重油热稳定性及其对油煤共加氢液化性能的影响

以长庆催化裂化重油(FCC)和催化裂解重油(DCC)两种重油及魏墙煤(WQ)为原料,通过重油热处理、加氢处理及油煤共液化,利用元素分析、红外光谱分析及热重分析等手段对产物结构组成进行了分析表征,考察了两种重油热稳定性及其对油煤共加氢液化性能的影响。结果表明：重油高温热稳定性较差,热处理后正己烷不溶物质量分数明显提高;FCC易于脱氢芳构化,DCC以极性组分缩合为主,催化加氢能够抑制FCC高温脱氢;以FeS+S为催化剂催化时,供氢溶剂四氢萘(THN)中WQ液化转化率显著高于非供氢溶剂甲苯中WQ液化转化率,440℃时THN溶剂中WQ转化率最高,达到71.2%;油煤共加氢液化时,FCC和DCC都可以不同程度促进WQ转化,两种溶剂中WQ共液化转化率最高分别达到80.3%(FCC,420℃)和83.5%(DCC,420℃),但是沥青烯(AS)和前沥青烯(PA)等重质产物收率高;重油热稳定性是影响油煤共液化及液化产物分布的重要因素,重油主要通过自身缩合以及与煤共液化产物作用形成重质产物;FCC/WQ共液化重质产物以AS为主,主要来自于FCC脱氢缩合;DCC/WQ共液化时DCC极性组分缩合形成以PA为...     

甘蔗渣在水与四氢萘混合溶剂中的液化工艺优化实验

通过正交试验考察了蔗渣在水与四氢萘混合溶剂中液化过程的5个因素对蔗渣转化率的影响.蔗渣在混合溶剂中的优化工艺为:反应温度270 ℃、反应时间30 min、固液比(蔗渣与溶剂质量比)1:6、碱浸预处理NaOH用量4%、四氢萘用量(占总溶剂质量分数)50%.各因素的影响次序:NaOH用量>反应温度>四氢萘用量>固液比>反应时间.在此工艺条件下,蔗渣转化率可达到97.9%.实验结果表明,四氢萘部分取代液化溶剂中的水,可以有效提高蔗渣液化效率,同时降低反应温度及压力,促进实验操作条件的改善.     

神华煤液化反应初期动力学研究

为研究神华煤反应初期动力学行为,在容积180 m L搅拌高压釜中,使用循环溶剂为供氢溶剂,利用"863"催化剂进行煤直接液化反应。采用传统的集总反应动力学模型,将原料煤分为快反应组分,慢反应组分和惰性组分3部分,并计算各级反应动力学活化能。结果表明:快反应煤向油、气和沥青烯组分(PAA)转化的总反应活化能为279.74 k J/mol,慢反应煤向PAA转化的活化能为57.80k J/mol。在开始的4 min内,煤的转化率及PAA的产率由于煤的热解而迅速增加;在后续4~15 min时,转化率增加缓慢,PAA产率基本稳定,并开始降低,表现出了典型的中间产物的特性。当煤的转化率超过55%时,在氢自由基的生成上,溶解氢将发挥重大作用。     

神府煤高温快速液化可行性的初步研究

用共振搅拌反应器研究了神府煤的高温快速液化的可行性 ,体系中如有足够的活性氢 ,短时间内可得到很高的转化率 ,高温快速液化是可行的 .与普通液化相比较 ,高温快速液化在490℃的 6min达到最佳转化率 ,大于普通液化 430℃ ,60 min的转化率 ,并且液化产物绝大多数是轻质物 ,可见高温快速液化降低了能耗 ,提高了过程效率 .     

Liquefaction mechanism of Wandoan coal using tritium and 14C tracer methods: 2. Liquefaction using 3H labelled gaseous hydrogen

Tritium labelled gaseous hydrogen was used to clarify the role of gaseous hydrogen in coal liquefaction. Wandoan coal was hydrogenated under 5.9 MPa (initial pressure) of ³H-labelled hydrogen and in unlabelled solvents such as tetralin, naphthalene and decalin at 400 °C and for 30 min in the presence or absence of NiMoAl₂O₃ catalyst. Without a catalyst, liquefaction proceeded by addition of the hydrogen from donor solvent. The NiMoAl₂O₃ catalyst enhanced both hydrogen transfer from gas phase to coal and hydrocracking of coal-derived liquids. With NiMoAl₂O₃ catalyst, liquefaction in naphthalene solvent proceeded through the hydrogen-donation cycle: naphthalene → tetralin → naphthalene. The amount of residues showed that this cycle was more effective for coal liquefaction than the direct addition of hydrogen from gas phase to coal in decalin solvent. The ³H incorporated in the coal-derived liquids from gas phase was found to increase in the following order: oil < asphaltenes < preasphaltenes < residue.     

催化裂化（FCC）油浆作煤直接液化溶剂的研究进展

煤制油工艺等煤炭清洁高效转化技术是能源化工领域的研究热点,溶解性好、提供/传递氢能力强且热稳定性高,其溶剂选择、使用是影响煤制油工艺经济运行的关键。本文以煤液化溶剂作用为基础,通过对液化自身产物、废塑料及FCC油浆等煤直接液化溶剂的组成、性质及作用效果的综合评述,指出煤、溶剂、氢气间的混合并非理想混合,与煤H/C适宜、极性相近的溶剂在共处理过程表现出良好的协同作用,液化过程的转化率、轻质产物选择性明显提高。分析表明,协同作用的大小取决于煤、溶剂的组成、性质匹配。煤-重质烃共处理工艺利用富芳烃油浆溶解性好、提供/传递氢能力强的特点强化了煤热解加氢反应的进行,同时煤加氢液化产生的多孔残煤具有吸附性强的特点,有助于重质烃改质,使共处理转化率显著提高、轻质产物选择性增大。最后指出,煤-重质烃共处理的协同作用为改善煤、中质/重质芳烃的综合利用提供了可能。     

Chemistry of solvents in coal liquefaction: Quantification of transferable hydrogen in coal-derived solvents

Hydrogen was evolved as hydrogen sulphide when coal-derived solvents for liquefaction were heated with sulphur (dehydrogenation method) and their naphthene contents were quantified by titration and ¹³C n.m.r. analysis to estimate the amount of transferable hydrogen from hydroaromatics present in the solvent. Examination of synthetic solvents consisting of model compounds confirmed the validity of both approaches. The content of transferable hydrogen, thus measured, in the various solvents correlated well with their liquefaction activities using Morwell brown coal. This suggests that the sufficient stabilization of radical fragments derived thermally from the coal at the initial stage of its liquefaction leads to high conversion. It was also shown that the dehydrogenation method was applicable to non-distillable heavy fractions of coal-derived liquids such as SRC which are difficult to measure by n.m.r. because of their limited solubility.     

Relative reactivity of hydrogen donor solvent in coal liquefaction

Hydrogen transfer from donor solvent to coal must involve reactions such as hydrogen donation to free radicals and hydrogenation of aromatic structures. The relative reactivities of five typical hydrogen donor solvents, more reactive than tetralin, were determined using a competing elimination reaction in the liquefaction of a bituminous coal at 400 °C and a brown coal at 350 °C. 9,10-Dihydroanthracene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline exhibited outstanding hydrogen donating ability. Further, the relative reactivities of five mild hydrogen donor solvents such as acenaphthene and indan were determined by a similar elimination reaction using a bituminous coal at 450 °C.     

Coal liquefaction using a hydrogenated creosote oil solvent: H-atom transfer from hydrogen donor components in the solvent

The presence of hydroaromatic, hydrogen donor components in a coal-derived solvent is one of the more important factors in the successful operation of a non-catalytic coal liquefaction process. Various hydrogen donor species present in a hydrogenated creosote oil have been identified. Their rate of disappearance under conditions that are consistent with a short residence time coal liquefaction process has been used to rank the reactivities of the various hydrogen donors. 1,2,3,10b-Tetrahydrofluoranthene was found to be an exceptional donor while 4,5-dihydropyrene, the hexahydropyrenes and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene were found to be quite active. Sym.-octahydrophenanthrene and 2a,3,4,5-tetrahydroacenaphthene exhibited moderate activity. Tetralin and the four methyltetralin isomers were found to be unreactive under the coal liquefaction conditions employed.     

氢气在煤液化反应中的作用

综述了近年来关于煤液化反应中氢气的作用及供氢机理方面的研究成果 ,并介绍了提高煤液化中活性氢的方法。     

煤液化基础研究进展

综述了煤结构、煤相关模型化合物反应及煤与生物质共液化的研究进展 .着重讨论了煤结构的研究方法、煤的物理结构及煤分子结构的发展情况 ,供氢溶剂、金属及其硫化物在煤液化中的作用 ,模型化合物的分子结构和反应性的关系及模型化合物反应的动力学 ,煤与废塑料和木屑共液化等 .指出基于煤分子结构和煤液化理论研究的突破 ,可望开发出可行的煤液化工艺 ,实现煤的高附加值转化 .     

Effects of coal cleaning on the short contact time liquefaction of Illinois No. 6 coal

This study was carried out to determine the effect of coal cleaning by oil agglomeration and sink-float methods on yields from short contact time liquefaction of Illinois No. 6 coal. The runs were made in a continuous unit using SRC-II distillates as process solvent. Measured yields included hydrogen (consumption), hydrocarbon gas, distillate oil, SRC (the pyridine-soluble portion of the residue) and insoluble organic matter, the pyridine-insoluble organic residue. The solubility of product SRC in hexane, toluene and pyridine was also determined. The principal finding was that coal cleaning by density methods reduced the yield of IOM obtained in subsequent liquefaction and this is attributed to the removal of inert components from the feed coal. In addition, cleaning which significantly reduced pyrite content of the feed coal also reduced the yield of distillate oil and tended to give a less soluble SRC during liquefaction. Deep cleaning by gravity methods gave the lowest IOM, but reduced pyrite content to the point where distillate oil was consumed rather than produced. Oil agglomeration reduced total ash to 50% of that in the run-of-mine coal, but left the pyrite level in the coal high. The relevance of these results to two-stage liquefaction is discussed.