ZnO纳米结构的CVD制备工艺及其应用

纳米结构的ZnO由于具有优异的光、电、磁、声等性能,已经成为光电、化学、催化、压电等领域中聚焦的研究热点之一.不同纳米结构的ZnO其制备方法不同,着重概述了采用化学气相沉积(CVD)工艺制备ZnO纳米材料,包括直接热分解、高温加热锌粉、碳热还原法以及金属有机气相沉积(MOCVD)4种方法,重点讨论了不同锌源和氧源对ZnO纳米结构的影响规律,并初步探讨了ZnO的VLS与VS生长机理,同时展望了ZnO在各领域中的最新应用.     

Studies of ZnO Nanostructures Synthesized by CVD and Its Applications

纳米结构的ZnO由于具有优异的光、电、磁、声等性能,已经成为光电、化学、催化、压电等领域中聚焦的研究热点之一.不同纳米结构的ZnO其制备方法不同,着重概述了采用化学气相沉积(CVD)工艺制备ZnO纳米材料,包括直接热分解、高温加热锌粉、碳热还原法以及金属有机气相沉积(MOCVD)4种方法,重点讨论了不同锌源和氧源对ZnO纳米结构的影响规律,并初步探讨了ZnO的VLS与VS生长机理,同时展望了ZnO在各领域中的最新应用.     

自催化方式制备的ZnO一维纳米结构

ZnO一维纳米材料由于在压电、光电等方面的优良性质,正引起广泛的关注.介绍了目前不用催化剂合成ZnO一维纳米结构的几种方法,其中包括热蒸发方法、金属-有机物化学气相沉积方法(MOCVD)和自组装生长等,同时对合成的一维ZnO纳米结构进行了分析,简单地比较了这几种制备方法的优劣.     

一维纳米ZnO阵列的制备及其在染料敏化太阳能电池方面的应用研究进展

一维定向生长的纳米ZnO阵列具有较高的高温强度、硬度、优异的化学稳定性和物理化学特性,在气敏传感器、场发射、纳米结构染料敏化太阳能电池等方面有着广泛的应用.制备一维ZnO结构的方法多种多样,如水热法、化学气相沉积法、超声化学法等.综述并比较了一维纳米ZnO阵列的结构特点、生长机理、制备方法及其在染料敏化太阳能电池方面的应用进展和光电特性,分析了一维纳米ZnO阵列的光电传输机理及国内外研究现状、应用前景和发展趋势.     

一维纳米结构氧化锌材料的气相沉积制备及生长特性研究

ZnO是一种可用于室温或更高温度下的紫外发光材料,纳米结构的ZnO(如单晶薄膜、纳米粒子膜、纳米线和纳米带等)则更是在紫外激光发射领域显示了独到的优势,被认为是有望构造短波长半导体激光器的理想材料.本文对一维ZnO纳米结构(纳米线、纳米管和纳米带)的真空物理气相沉积制备技术及生长机理进行了初步探讨.     

不同氧流量条件下ZnO纳米棒阵列的形成及机理分析

采用脉冲激光沉积结合化学气相沉积方法在p-Si(111)衬底上制备了呈直立生长的ZnO纳米棒阵列,并且研究了氧流量对ZnO纳米棒尺寸、结晶特性等性质的影响。研究结果表明,在没有氧气的环境下无法生长ZnO纳米棒;随氧流量减小,不同晶面上ZnO生长速率的不同导致ZnO纳米棒长度减小、直径变粗、结晶质量变差、纳米棒面密度减小。氧流量的减小使得ZnO纳米棒中的氧空位缺陷含量增加,导致位于约520nm处的绿光峰增强。     

一种P掺杂ZnO纳米梳的制备及其光致发光性能研究

采用化学气相沉积(CVD)方法制备了P掺杂ZnO纳米梳,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示,纳米梳状产物均匀分布在Si衬底上。P掺杂ZnO纳米梳为高度结晶的六方纤锌矿结构,ZnO中P的掺杂含量约为2%(原子分数)。室温光致发光(PL)光谱表明,P掺杂ZnO纳米梳在样品不同区域的发光性能略有不同,但是均出现3个发光峰:紫外、绿光和近红外发光峰。同时PL结果也表明样品的整体结晶质量比较好。     

定向氧化锌纳米线的制备和生长机理的研究

用化学气相沉积方法(CVD),以纯锌粉为原料,在镀金的硅片上制备出高密度的定向氧化锌(ZnO)纳米线,并用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对其形貌、结构及成分进行了表征;对镀金和不镀金的硅片上生长的ZnO纳米结构成分进行比较,证实其生长过程遵循气固生长机理.     

ZnO纳米四脚状阵列电极染料敏化太阳能电池

采用化学气相沉积(CVD)法制备了不同尺寸的四脚状纳米ZnO和ZnO纳米棒。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对纳米ZnO的晶型结构和形貌进行表征,研究结果表明CVD法制备的四脚状纳米ZnO具有三维空间结构,其最小平均臂宽约为70nm,臂长约300nm,制备的纳米棒直径约为84nm,长约2μm,且都为六方纤锌矿晶型结构。将ZnO纳米四脚状及纳米棒利用滚涂法在FTO导电玻璃上形成ZnO光阳极,经N719染料敏化后组装成染料敏化太阳能电池,光电性能结果表明,染料敏化小尺寸的四脚状纳米ZnO太阳能电池光电转换效率(η=1.88%)高于染料敏化大尺寸的四脚状纳米ZnO太阳能电池光电转换效率(η=1.18%),远高于染料敏化ZnO纳米棒太阳能电池的光电转换效率(η=0.7%)。     

自催化方式制备的ZnO一维纳米结构

ZnO一维纳米材料由于在压电、光电等方面的优良性质，正引起广泛的关注。介绍了目前不用催化剂合成ZnO一维纳米结构的几种方法，其中包括热蒸发方法、金属一有机物化学气相沉积方法（MOCVD）和自组装生长等，同时对合成的一维ZnO纳米结构进行了分析，简单地比较了这几种制备方法的优劣。     

Synthesis of nanowires,nanorods and nanoparticles of ZnO through modulating the ratio of water to methanol by using a mild and simple solution method

ZnO nanowires, nanorods and nanoparticles through modulating the ratio of water to methanol have been synthesized by using a mild and simple solution method. The as-prepared ZnO nanostructures have been characterized by atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. With the increase of the ratio of water to methanol, the morphology of ZnO nanostructures varied form denser nanowires, to sparse nanowires, to nanorods, and then to nanoparticles. The ratio of water to methanol is supposed to play an important role in the formation of ZnO nanostructures. The mechanism of formation is related to the chemical potential, which is simply proportional to their surface ratio.     

Zinc oxide nanostructures: synthesis and properties

This article provides a comprehensive review of the current research activities that focus on the ZnO nanostructure materials and their physical property characterizations. It begins with the synthetic methods that have been exploited to grow ZnO nanostructures. A range of remarkable characteristics are then presented, organized into sections describing the mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, and chemical sensing properties. These studies constitute the basis for developing versatile applications of ZnO nanostructures.     

Zinc oxide nanostructures: from growth to application

Zinc oxide’s (ZnO) physical and chemical properties make it a viable and extremely attractive compound to use in a variety of nanotechnology applications. Some of these applications include biomedical, energy, sensors, and optics. As the research in ZnO nanostructures continue to grow, it has inspired a whole host of new innovative applications. Complementing its unique chemical qualities, it also has a simple crystal-growth technology and offers significantly lower fabrication costs when compared to other semiconductors used in nanotechnology. Several processes have been developed in order to synthesize high quality ZnO nanostructures—specifically in the case of nanowires. Here we offer a comprehensive review on the growth methods currently employed in research, industry, and academia to understand what protocols are available to meet specific needs in nanotechnology. Methods examined include: the vapor–liquid–solid, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, metal–organic chemical vapor deposition, and the hydrothermal-based chemical approach. Each of these methods is discussed and their strengths and weaknesses are analyzed with objective comparison metrics. In addition, we study the current state-of-the-art applications employing ZnO nanostructures at their core. A historical perspective on the evolution of the field and the accompanying literature are also presented.     

Boosting ZnO nanowire dye-sensitized solar cell efficiency by coating a porous ZnO layer on the nanowires

Novel ZnO core/shell nanostructures were constructed by depositing a porous ZnO layer directly on the surfaces of pre-fabricated ZnO nanowires through a facile chemical method. The morphology and structure of the obtained products have been investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. In these unique nanostructures, the porous overlayer exhibits a large surface area for sufficient dye loading to enhance light harvesting and the ZnO nanowire cores provide direct conduction pathways for the photogenerated electron transport to diminish the chance of electron recombination. The obtained ZnO nanostructures were used as photoanode material in dye-sensitized solar cell which showed an increase in performance of 141 % compared with an equivalent solar cell employing ZnO nanowire arrays as photoanode. This result was achieved mainly due to an increase in photogenerated current density directly resulting from improved light harvesting of the porous layer.     

Rapid chemical synthesis and optical properties of ZnO ellipsoidal nanostructures

ZnO ellipsoidal nanostructures were rapidly synthesized using a chemical synthesis method at 90 °C without the assistance of aging procedure, calcination, sonication, microwave, laser or any organic additives. The effects of pH values and Zn²⁺ concentration on the morphologies of ZnO nanostructures were investigated. The instantaneous underdeveloped ZnO nanostructures were successfully obtained by using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Based on the experimental results, growth mechanism of ellipsoidal ZnO nanostructures was proposed. The ellipsoidal nanostructures are self-assembled by the oriented-attachment growth of primary nanoparticles, involving the end-to-end oriented-attachment along the major axis and the side-by-side oriented-attachment along the minor axis. Two half-ellipsoids of the ZnO nanostructures germinate in sequence. The UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence of the ellipsoidal nanostructures was also studied. This work presents a simple and ultra-fast route for large-scale fabrication of ZnO ellipsoidal nanostructures.     

Fabrication and optical property of vertically-aligned ZnO/Si double nanostructures

We fabricated the vertically-aligned zinc oxide (ZnO)/silicon (Si) double nanostructures by simple processes using the metal-assisted chemical etching and a subsequent hydrothermal synthesis, and their optical property was investigated. For efficient antireflection characteristics, Si nanostructures were optimized by changing the size of the dewetted silver (Ag) at different etching times. The thermally dewetted Ag nanoparticles or semi-island films as metal catalysts were controlled by the Ag film thickness and dewetting temperature. To form the ZnO/Si double nanostructures, ZnO nanorods were synthesized on the chemically etched Si nanostructures using a thin sputtered ZnO seed layer. The grown ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) exhibited good crystallinity and further reduced the surface reflection due to their antireflective property. The ZnO/Si double nanostructures showed the increased peak intensity of X-ray diffraction as well as the significantly reduced solar weight reflectance of 6.05% compared to 11.71% in the ZnO NRAs on the flat Si substrate. Also, the enhanced antireflection property of ZnO/Si double nanostructures was theoretically analyzed by performing the rigorous coupled wave analysis simulation.     

Electron field emission characteristics of different surface morphologies of ZnO nanostructures coated on carbon nanotubes

The optimal carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles with a hexagonal arrangement were synthesized using thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD). To enhance the electron field emission characteristics of the pristine CNTs, the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures coated on CNT bundles using another TCVD technique. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the ZnO nanostructures were grown onto the CNT surface uniformly, and the surface morphology of ZnO nanostructures varied with the distance between the CNT bundle and the zinc acetate. The results of field emissions showed that the ZnO nanostructures grown onto the CNTs could improve the electron field emission characteristics. The enhancement of field emission characteristics was attributed to the increase of emission sites formed by the nanostructures of ZnO grown onto the CNT surface, and each ZnO nanostructure could be regarded as an individual field emission site. In addition, ZnO-coated CNT bundles exhibited a good emission uniformity and stable current density. These results demonstrated that ZnO-coated CNTs is a promising field emitter material.     

One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: fabrication, optoelectronic properties, and device applications

One-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures have been extensively and intensively studied for several decades not only for their extraordinary chemical and physical properties, but also for their current and future different electronic and optoelectronic device applications. This review provides a brief overview of the progress of different synthesis methods and applications of 1D-ZnO nanostructures. Morphology of ZnO nanostructures grown by various methods and progress in the optical properties are briefly described. Using low-temperature photoluminescence (LTPL) study, detailed informations about the defect states and impurity of such nanostructures are reported. Improvement of field emission properties by modifying the edge of 1D-ZnO nanostructures is briefly discussed. Applications such as different sensors, field effect transistor, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and photodetector are briefly reviewed. ZnO has large exciton binding energy (60 meV) and wide band gap (3.37 eV), which could lead to lasing action based on exciton recombination. As semiconductor devices are being aggressively scaled down, ZnO 1D nanostructures based resistive switching (RS) memory (resistance random access memory) is very attractive for nonvolatile memory applications. Switching properties and mechanisms of Ga-doped and undoped ZnO nanorods/NWs are briefly discussed. The present paper reviews the recent activities of the growth and applications of various 1D-ZnO nanostructures for sensor, LED, photodetector, laser, and RS memory devices.     

Growth mechanisms of one-dimensional zinc oxide hierarchical structures

One-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) hierarchical structures have been self-assembled on amorphous carbons using thermal chemical vapour transport and condensation. Three typical micro-?and nanostructures consisting of micrometre-sized rods and nanometre-sized needles were observed. Growth mechanisms were established to elucidate the growth properties of 1D ZnO hierarchical structures.     

一维ZnO纳米结构的场发射研究进展

一维纳米结构材料因其优异的电、光及场发射特性，在光电器件、场发射器件等方面具有重要的应用价值而备受关注。ZnO因具有优异的化学及热稳定性，并且其一维纳米结构具有极大的场增强因子，因而在场发射器件阴极中有良好的应用前景。首先简要介绍了ZnO的结构与性质，并重点介绍了ZnO一维纳米材料的常用制备技术及其在场发射领域的研究进展。