热处理工艺对铸造高温合金K480组织的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对K480镍基高温合金的铸态组织和不同固溶、时效处理后的组织进行了观察。研究了不同固溶和时效处理对K480合金组织行为的影响。结果表明,合金经过1130℃亚固溶处理后,组织为大小两种尺寸的γ’相;经过1190、1210和1230℃过固溶处理后空冷,析出均匀的γ’相,并且随着固溶温度的升高,碳化物和共晶的含量逐渐降低。一次时效处理,固溶态γ’相平均尺寸随时效温度升高而增大,合金经1050、1090和1110℃×4 h时效后,γ基体通道中均有更细小的三次γ’相析出,而在之后的二次时效和全时效过程中,这些细小的三次γ’相又重新溶解到基体或周围的大尺寸γ’相中。     

Kinetics of the topological inversion of the γ/γ′-microstructure during creep of a nickel-based superalloy

In undeformed superalloys, the disordered γ-solid solution of nickel is hardened by coherently embedded small cuboids of the ordered γ′-phase (Ni₃Al). During high-temperature creep the γ′-phase coalesces, coarsens and finally surrounds the γ-phase, i.e., it becomes topologically the matrix. The kinetics of this so-called topological inversion during creep of the superalloy SRR99 at 980°C and 200 MPa has been investigated quantitatively by analysis of scanning electron microscope images. The topological state of the γ/γ′-microstructure was characterized by the parameter R: the ratio of area densities of transverse terminations of γ- and γ′-lamellae. The topological inversion is explained by the formation of junctions connecting neighbouring γ′-rafts and separating the γ-phase. One reason is the generation of dislocations in the γ-channels during primary creep. Another reason is the dissolution of γ′-edges in the γ-phase, which is more diffusionally penetrative. The released γ′-forming atoms move along the interface towards dislocation concentrations, resulting in the formation of junctions between the γ′-rafts.     

时效处理对优质GH738合金组织及力学性能的影响

采用力学性能测试与组织观察相结合的方式研究了时效温度和保温时间对优质GH738合金组织及性能的影响规律。结果表明,时效温度和时间均会对γ′相的体积分数和尺寸产生影响。当时效温度在720~800 ℃时,随着时效温度升高,合金强度下降,一次和二次γ′相分别长大30 nm和8 nm,一次γ′相体积分数增加,二次γ′相体积分数减少,时效温度为800 ℃时一次γ′相体积分数达到峰值,约为8%。当保温时间为0~48 h时,随时效时间延长,合金强度先升高后降低,两类γ′相分别长大20 nm和6 nm,一次γ′相体积分数先增后减,二次γ′相体积分数则变化相反。当保温时间为8 h时,两类γ′相体积分数分别达到峰/谷值,含量约为8%和12%。γ′相尺寸和体积分数的变化,特别是体积分数的变化,导致位错的两种强化机制作用效果不同,致使强度发生变化。     

Deformation behaviour of an advanced nickel-based superalloy studied by neutron diffraction and electron microscopy

Deformation mechanisms under tensile loading at room temperature have been studied in a polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy containing close to 50 vol.% γ′. In order to identify the effect of γ′ particle size on deformation mechanisms, model microstructures with unimodal γ′ size distributions were developed. The investigations were carried out by combining in situ loading experiments using neutron diffraction and two-site elasto-plastic self-consistent plasticity modelling with detailed post-mortem electron microscopy. The microscopy work also includes results for samples strained at 500 °C. During early plastic deformation, the diffraction data demonstrate that γ and γ′ display the same elastic strain response, indicating that at this stage γ′ is cut by dislocations regardless of the γ′ particle size. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed an abundance of shearing processes in all three microstructures, hence supporting the conclusions drawn from the diffraction experiment. As the material is further deformed, elastic load transfer from γ to γ′ was observed in the medium (130 nm) and coarse (230 nm) γ′ microstructures but not in the fine (90 nm) γ′ microstructure. The load transfer can be explained by assuming that Orowan looping becomes an additional operative deformation mode. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that in the fine γ′ microstructure deformation takes place by strongly coupled dislocations cutting the γ′, while the medium and coarse γ′ microstructures showed additional signs of Orowan looping.     

热处理对DZ125定向凝固合金组织结构与蠕变行为的影响

通过不同条件蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了热处理对DZ125合金的组织结构演变和蠕变行为的影响规律。结果表明,铸态合金的枝晶间区域存在较多放射状的共晶组织,在枝晶间和枝晶干处部分γ′相呈蝶形形态且γ′相尺寸具有较大差异。铸态合金的共晶组织及γ′相在固溶过程中被溶解,并在随后的冷却过程中类菱形的细小γ′相自γ基体中析出;一次时效期间,类菱形的细小γ′相发生钝化并长大直至转变成立方体形态;二次时效期间,γ′相的尺寸基本不变,但立方度增加,合金的组织结构为γ′相以共格方式自γ基体中析出。在热处理过程中基本消除了合金中的共晶组织,并提高了γ′相的立方度,但并未消除合金中的组织不均匀性,枝晶干区域的立方γ′相尺寸细小,而枝晶间区域的立方γ′相尺寸粗大,并且合金在980 ℃具有良好的抗蠕变性能。     

Effect of Diffusivity on the Pseudospinodal Decomposition of the γ′ Phase in a Ni-Al Alloy

The effect of diffusivity on pseudospinodal decomposition of γ′ (Ni₃Al) phase precipitation was investigated in a Ni-Al alloy using the diffuse interface phase field model. The γ′ phase microstructure, coarsening dynamics and interfacial composition width between the γ and γ′ phases were studied as a function of the diffusivity magnitude. Increasing the diffusivity results in a reduced number of γ′ nuclei, and accelerated growth and coarsening of the γ′ phase. The cube of the γ′ average radius versus time shows a linear relation during coarsening, and the Al concentration in the γ matrix follow the relations \(\Delta c_{\text{Al}}^{\gamma } \sim t^{ - 1/ 3}\) regardless of the diffusivity magnitude. The γ/γ′ interfacial composition width decreases with increased diffusivity and average radius. An obvious Al concentration depleted region is present at the γ/γ′ interface during the nucleation and growth stage of γ′ phase indicates that growth occurs by down-hill diffusion in the matrix γ phase. That combined with the gradual increase in γ′ composition demonstrates that pseudospinodal decomposition is the transformation mechanism.     

Effect of melt superheat on microstructure of Al4Fe2Mn1.5 Monel alloy

The effect of melt superheat on microstructure of Al4Fe2Mn1.5 Monel alloy made by vacuum melting method was studied. The results show that the alloy consists of dendritic γ matrix and γ′ phase, wherein γ′ phase has two morphologies at different melt superheat. One is divorced eutectic γ′ which distributes in the interdendritic area, the other distributes dispersedly in single particle on the dendritic arm and exists in the petalform shape in the transition area between dendritic arm and interdendritic area. With the increase of superheat, the dendrite becomes finer, the primary dendritic arm is melted off and the secondary dendritic arm spacing decreases. The size of γ′ phase distributed on the dendritic arm becomes smaller and the divorced eutectic γ′ phase increases.     

Ru对单晶高温合金中γ'相析出行为和演化的影响

采用扫描电镜、3D原子探针、示差热分析等方法研究了合金元素Ru对单晶高温合金中γ '相的析出和演化过程的影响.研究结果表明:γ'的溶解温度随着Ru含量的增加而逐渐降低.铸态下以及固溶处理和时效处理后,γ'相尺寸都随着Ru含量的增加而减小.Ru的加入加快了y'相的长大和粗化速率,Ru主要分布在γ'基体中.Ru的加入使更多的Mo和Re等元素向γ'相分配,导致错配度的绝对值增大,同时加快γ'相的形筏速率.     

Hf含量对镍基粉末高温合金中γ′相形态的影响

研究了含Hf镍基粉末高温合金在长期时效处理过程中γ′相形态的演化过程.结果表明:合金在高温长期处理过程中立方状γ′相发生分裂、呈现出二重平行状和八重小立方体组态.八重小立方体组态作为择优形态不再发生分裂,处于低能稳定状态.不同Hf含量合金的错配度发生明显变化,γ′相的长大或粗化过程可以粗略地分为"界面控制"和"应变控制"2个阶段,γ′相间弹性相互作用能对合金中析出相的形态变化起着重要作用.     

Partitioning and site occupancy of Ta and Mo in Co-base γ/γ′ alloys studied by atom probe tomography

The detailed understanding of solute partitioning and site occupancies of these solutes within the ordered γ′ (L1₂) precipitates holds a key role in the development of cobalt-base γ/γ′ alloys with optimized properties. The present atom probe tomography study utilizes both structural and compositional information to determine the partitioning behavior of transition elements like Ta and Mo between γ matrix and γ′ precipitates and their site occupancy within the γ′ phase. The addition of Ta, which enhances the formation of γ′, to a ternary Co–Al–W alloy with stoichiometric Co₃(Al,W) precipitates, results in the substitution of only the W in the γ′ precipitates to form Co₃(Al, W, Ta) precipitates. Interestingly, Mo, typically considered a γ solid solution strengthener in nickel-base alloys, also partitions strongly to γ′ precipitates when added to the Co–Al–W alloy and displaces only the W atoms. The experimentally observed equal atomic substitution of W by both Ta and Mo, without any change in the Al content within the γ′ precipitates, gives insights into the energetics of relative site substitutions in this ordered compound.     

纳米化3J33钢稀土氮碳共渗生成相第一性原理表征

通过稀土化学热处理和第一性原理计算方法研究了纳米化3J33钢在500℃脉冲等离子体稀土氮碳共渗4h时共渗层的相结构和硬度分布以及共渗相的性质.结果表明,共渗层由厚度约5μm的化合物层和90μm的扩散层组成;共渗相主要由γ′-Fe4N和含碳氮的α′-Fe相组成;与纳米化的3J33钢相比,渗层表面硬度提高约1倍,基体时效后硬度也有所提高.计算结果表明,在共渗过程中γ′-Fe4N相较α′-Fe相更容易形成,但α′-Fe相更加稳定;γ′-Fe4N相的硬度高于α′-Fe相的硬度的主要原因是γ′-Fe4N相的N-Fe键较α′-Fe相的C-Fe键更强;此外,γ′-Fe4N相的体模量与剪切模量的比值大于1.75,因此该相具有延性.     

Distribution of Phosphorus and Its Effects on Precipitation Behaviors and Tensile Properties of IN718C Cast Superalloy

The effect of phosphorus on the precipitations of γ",γ' and δ phases and associated tensile properties in IN718C alloy are investigated in this study.It is revealed that P atoms are dissolved in the grain interior to a relatively high degree and hence influence the precipitation behaviors in the grain interior and improve the tensile strength of IN718C alloy.γ" and γ' phases did not precipitate in the alloy without P addition during air cooling,while γ" and γ' phases precipitated in the grain interior during air cooling in the alloys with P addition,and the amounts of γ" and γ' phases increased with increasing P content.Therefore,the Vickers micro-hardness in the as-cast state increased gradually with increasing P content.In double-aging state,the sizes of γ" and γ' phases in the alloys with P addition were larger than that in the alloy without P addition,while the sizes were invariable when the P content(wt%)was higher than 0.015.Therefore,the micro-hardness and tensile strength of IN718C alloy treated by double aging increased first and then kept invariable with increasing P content.The precipitations of δ phases both in the grain interior and on grain boundaries were inhibited by P markedly.The inhibitory effect of P on δ phase enhanced gradually with increasing content of P,but the plasticity increased first and then decreased.What is more,the crack tended to propagate into the matrix around the particles(Laves phases and NbC carbides)in the alloys without P addition at the beginning of the tensile fracture,while it tended to propagate along the interfaces between the matrix and those particles in the alloys with P addition,which resulted from the synthetical effect of P on γ" γ' and δ phases.     

A new phase-field method for simulating γ′ precipitation in multicomponent nickel-base superalloys

The phase-field method is used to develop a new technique to simulate γ′ precipitation in multicomponent Ni-base superalloys. This technique generates the Gibbs free energy for both the γ and γ′ phases from the single function formalism of both phases in the CALPHAD method without using conventional CALPHAD software. The Gibbs free energy surfaces for eight-element multicomponent systems are used to confirm that there is an accurate coupling with the CALPHAD method, because they compare favorably with calculated results from Thermo-Calc. In addition, γ′ precipitation in a third-generation Ni-base superalloy containing eight components is simulated in one dimension with anti-phase effects of the γ′ phase on the precipitate interactions. The simulation results reveal late-stage enrichments of Re and W in the γ phase during coalescence of the γ′ precipitates.     

镍基粉末高温合金FGH4096中γ′相完全溶解温度的测定

通过JmatPro软件测试了镍基粉末高温合金FGH4096平衡相图,并根据γ′相平衡态溶解温度采用OM和SEM等方法研究了不同固溶温度下的γ′相溶解结果。结果表明,热力学软件JmatPro计算的FGH4096合金中的γ′相在930~1100 ℃大量溶解,完全溶解温度在1100 ℃以上。从1110 ℃到1130 ℃晶粒尺寸从16.1 μm长大至18.2 μm,变化不明显,从1130 ℃到1160 ℃,晶粒迅速从18.2 μm长大到28.6 μm。镍基粉末高温合金FGH4096中的γ′相起到强化作用的同时,对晶粒长大具有阻碍作用,随着固溶温度从1110 ℃升至1130 ℃,γ′相含量减少,其对晶粒的钉扎作用降低,导致晶粒有所长大。1130 ℃以上时,γ′相完全溶解,γ′相钉扎作用消失,晶粒迅速长大。最终确定FGH4096合金中γ′相实际的完全溶解温度为1130~1140 ℃。     

热过程对IC21单晶合金组织和力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对IC21单晶合金的铸态、热处理后和不同热过程后的组织进行了观察,检测了铸态、热处理态和不同热过程后合金的高温拉伸和持久性能,研究了热处理和热过程对IC21合金组织演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,IC21合金的铸态组织呈树枝晶状,由γ′相、γ相以及枝晶间的粗大γ′相和NiMo相组成,枝晶干上γ′相尺寸比枝晶间的γ′相尺寸大。1315 ℃/6 h/充氩冷却+两次时效热处理后合金未实现完全固溶,枝晶干上部分铸态γ′相在固溶时未完全溶解,枝晶间仍存在粗大γ′相,持久性能与铸态相比有明显提升。热过程后,γ′相明显长大,立方度略有降低,枝晶间和枝晶干的γ′相尺寸差距减小,并且有针状相析出。合金的持久寿命与热处理态相比,稍有降低,抗拉强度有所提高。     

多步热处理对GH4742合金组织性能的影响

采用多步热处理,研究了不同固溶温度和高温时效温度对GH4742高温合金组织性能的影响。结果表明,固溶温度显著改变晶粒尺寸和一次γ′相形态。固溶温度为1090 ℃时,基体中存在大量未溶的一次γ′相,可以有效阻止晶粒长大,同时这种粗大γ′相以及后续时效过程中形成的细小γ′相共存的组织使得合金具有良好的综合力学性能。高温时效处理对组织形貌影响较小,但可以改变γ′相的尺寸,显著影响晶界碳化物的形态,通过Mo置换一次碳化物MC中的Nb、Ti,使晶界连续分布的碳化物发生溶解形成颗粒状的碳化物,显著降低了GH4742高温合金的高温持久性能。     

Discontinuous Precipitation of γ′ Phase in Ni-Co-Al Alloys

Decomposition of nickel-base alloys by precipitation of the γ′ phase occurs either continuously (homogeneously) or discontinuously. Under certain conditions of solute content and temperature, discontinuous precipitation is observed. Ni-Al-Co alloys have been characterized by coupling atom probe tomography with transmission electron microscopy studies. The primary focus was to investigate the discontinuous precipitation of γ and γ′ phases. When subjected to fast quenching after solution treatment, the γ′ precipitates exhibit a near-spherical shape and monomodal size distribution with an average size of less than 5 nm. After early stage annealing at 600°C for 10 min, discontinuous precipitation nucleated near the grain boundaries while some regions of homogeneous γ′ precipitates were observed. Discontinuous γ + γ′ product was completely transformed throughout the grain after 600°C/1 h. On long-term annealing (600°C/256 h), coarser γ + γ′ lamellae products replaced the fine discontinuous products that exhibited after 1 h annealing at 600°C. Equilibrium compositions of the γ and γ′ phases were achieved in this coarsening stage. The γ′ phase has an Al content of 25 at.%, which is consistent with the as-quenched condition where the (Ni + Co)₃Al stoichiometry is maintained after 600°C/256 h annealing.     

不同固溶冷速GH4096高温合金在高温蠕变测试中γ′相的演变行为

采用5种常见的冷却方式对析出强化型GH4096高温合金进行固溶冷却,分别制备了5种冷速下的标准尺寸涡轮盘挡板件。试样在700 ℃、690 MPa下进行高温蠕变测试,比较了5种冷却工艺下GH4096高温合金的性能。通过引入一种新颖的原位统计表征手段,以图像的形式跨尺度地实现了对合金材料中的强化相——一次、二次、三次γ′相的原位观察和统计定量分布观察,并比较和探讨了高温蠕变前后材料中γ′相形貌和尺寸分布的变化。结果表明:5种冷速方式得到的GH4096高温合金均展现较好的高温蠕变性能。5种工艺下的材料中γ′相分布密度为210~260个/μm²,经过高温蠕变测试以后,γ′相数量显著减少,γ′相分布密度降为150~200个/μm²。其中γ′相密度的降低,主要是由直径小于36 nm的γ′相减少所导致。     

Isolation and determination for δ, γ′ and γ″ phases in Inconel 718 alloy

A method of anode selective electrolysis for phase extracting and isolation of δ-Ni₃Nb, γ′ and γ″ phases in Inconel 718 alloy has been proposed. The ratio of volume fraction of γ″ to γ′ phase is taken as a constant equal to 3.     

GH4096合金在长期热暴露过程中的组织演化

基于粉末冶金René88DT合金的成分,采用新型定向凝固铸锭变形工艺研制了GH4096合金,并研究了其固溶时效热处理后在700~900 ℃长期热暴露过程中γ′相的粗化和晶界析出相的析出行为。结果表明:GH4096合金在700 ℃热暴露时具有良好的组织稳定性,晶内γ′相的尺寸稳定在70 nm左右,未发现明显的长大行为,晶界上未发现析出相;750 ℃热暴露500 h以上时,二次γ′相开始出现聚集长大现象,晶界开始出现不连续析出相,但γ′相的长大速度和晶界析出相的析出速度均比较低;800 ℃以上长期热暴露时,γ′相的粗化速度和晶界析出相的析出长大速度明显加快。长期热暴露后晶内二次γ′相的尺寸与Larsen-Miller参数近似呈线性关系,晶界析出相以M₃B₂和μ相为主。