Iterative (turbo) expectation?maximisationbased time and frequency synchronisation for multiple-input multiple-output?orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems

An iterative expectation-maximisation time-frequency synchronisation algorithm joint with channel estimation for multiple-input multiple-output-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in frequency-selective fading channels is addressed. The receiver iterates between detection and estimation stages. For each iteration, the expectation of ODFM symbols is calculated first by using a posteriori probabilities provided by maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoder, and second, a proposed metric is maximised to obtain both frequency offset and symbol timing. The channel can be identified by means of these estimates. This algorithm can work in transmission mode, and thus, can be used to estimate the residual errors or track the change of the parameters. The performance of the proposed synchronisation approach, in terms of bit-error rate and mean-square error, is shown.     

Timing and frequency offset estimation scheme for the uplink of OFDMA systems

Timing and frequency synchronisation for the uplink of OFDMA systems is discussed. The uplink synchronisation procedure is presented and a novel timing and frequency offset estimation scheme is proposed. The timing and frequency offsets are estimated by identifying the differential phases of the training subcarriers in frequency and time dimensions, respectively. The frequency offset is estimated ahead of the timing offset, after which intercarrier interference compensation is carried out based on the estimated frequency offset. Finally, the timing offset is estimated after eliminating the frequency offset's influence. The principle of best linear estimation is applied. Both the case of a single user and that of multiple users simultaneously accessing the network are considered. In contrast to other methods, the proposed scheme has moderate complexity and allows flexible subcarrier assignment schemes. The analyses and simulation results demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed scheme in the uplink channels.     

基于差分进化的时变信道最大似然估计算法

研究了隧道环境下的通信信道估计。针对隧道环境的地铁列车与轨旁设备之间无线通信中无线传输信道快速变化的特点,提出了一种采用元胞差分进化(DE)方法实时获取时变信道的有效信道长度的新型最大似然(ML)信道估计算法——DE-ML算法。仿真结果表明该算法在使用较少导频信息的情况下,通过差分进化方法有效估计跟踪有效信道长度,其估计性能优于最小二乘(LS)、线性最小均方误差(LMMSE)、传统ML等经典信道估计算法。该算法能在提高系统传输效率的同时显著提高算法的估计精度,尤其在高速移动情况下也具有了非常良好的性能。     

IEEE802.16e系统信道估计算法研究

针对IEEE802.16e系统下行链路的导频分配模式,提出了一种适用于IEEE802.16e系统下行链路的信道估计方法。该方法采用两个一维信道估计器的级联。首先在时域进行滤波,根据最近原则将前一个符号导频处的信道响应作为下一个符号相同位置子载波处的信道响应,从而得到梳状导频结构;其次在频域进行滤波,采用最大似然算法估计出所有子载波上的信道响应。车速60km/h和车速120km/h信道下的仿真结果表明,采用该信道估计方法可降低系统的误码率,提高高速移动环境下系统的性能。     

Joint maximum-likelihood frequency offset and channel estimation for multiple-input multiple-output?orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing systems

The problem of joint maximum-likelihood estimation of the carrier-frequency offset (CFO) and channel coefficients in multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems is investigated, assuming that a training sequence is available. The exact solution to this problem turns out to be too complex for practical purposes. To overcome this difficulty, the authors resort to the expectation?maximisation (EM) algorithm and propose an iterative scheme which iterates between estimating the channel parameters and the frequency offset. This results in an estimation algorithm of a reasonable complexity which is suitable for practical applications. Moreover, the Cramer?Rao bounds (CRB) for both CFO and channel estimators are developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves almost ideal performance compared with the CRBs in all ranges of signal-to-noise ratio for both channel and frequency offset estimates.     

Decision-directed channel estimation based on iterative linear minimum mean square error for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems

A decision-directed (DD) channel estimation based on iterative linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. Existing DD channel estimation is well known to have the problem of error propagation because of symbol-by-symbol detection. The proposed algorithm can estimate the correction term of current channel state information (CSI) according to the error vector of previous CSI by applying the orthogonality principle, and corrects the current CSI with this correction term. Analysis and simulation results have shown that this method has no error propagation problem. The performance of the proposed algorithm is much better than the conventional DD channel estimation, and close to the optimal LMMSE estimator, but with much less computational complexity compared with the optimal LMMSE estimator.     

基于调制FFT的谐振式SAW传感器快速频率估计算法

针对高动态环境下的谐振式声表面波（Surface Acoustic Wave,SAW）传感器快速精确频率估计,提出一种基于调制快速傅里叶变换（Fast Fourier Transform,FFT）的谐振式SAW传感器快速频率估计算法。对单次谐振式SAW传感器回波信号进行N点取样后进行调制FFT计算,获得回波信号频谱,然后利用最大谱线的两相邻谱线取代I_Rife算法频谱细化后的谱线对频率偏移因子进行估计,最后使用频率偏移因子对最大频谱频率进行修正。该算法较I_Rife算法不需要判断频率修正方向,减少了3N次复数乘法和4（N-1）次复数加法运算,频率估计均方根误差的平均值减小了26%。该算法在提高精度的同时,实现了对谐振式SAW传感器的快速频率估计。     

Multi-user interference cancellation technology in the presence of multiple frequency offsets

The performance of multi-user detectors in the presence of multiple frequency offsets under a Rayleigh fading channel environment is analysed, and techniques to estimate and remove multiple frequency offsets (FOs) for successive interference cancellation (SIC) and parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receivers are also proposed. The closed form expressions derived for bit error rate (BER) of SIC and PIC schemes in the presence of multiple FOs have been verified using extensive simulation results. The PIC is shown to be less sensitive to frequency offsets as compared to SIC. It is demonstrated through analytical and simulation results that the proposed frequency offset estimation and correction techniques provide approximately 8 dB gain in the BER performance over conventional SIC and PIC schemes in the presence of multiple frequency offsets     

正交频分复用连续系统的一种频率同步估计

频率同步是影响正交频分复用系统性能的一个重要的问题。提出了一种利用重复对称序列构成的训练序列进行正交频分复用系统同步的新方法。通过数据相关运算,结合构造训练序列的特点,得出比较准确的频率偏移值。新方法有精度高和估计范围大的优点,同时在高斯信道、噪声信道和多径信道(Raleigh)下的仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

一种适用于时不变信道的信道估计方法

研究了时不变信道下突发式正交频分复用(OFDM)通信系统的信道估计问题,针对在突发式OFDM通信系统中不同时刻发送的帧存在不同的采样起始时刻偏差和载波起始相位偏差,使各帧的信道估计结果难以被其它帧利用的情况,提出了一种基于对采样起始时刻偏差和载波起始相位偏差进行估计与纠正的信道估计方法。该方法对随机传输的物理层帧之间的采样起始时刻偏差以及载波起始相位偏差的差值进行估计和纠正,使各帧获得统一的采样起始时刻和载波起始相位,从而使不同帧的信道估计结果可以互相利用,从而提高信道估计结果的精度。仿真结果表明,这种信道估计方法可使系统的误码性能提高约1dB,并且可使系统的传输效率提高约10%。     

VMIMO-OFDM系统精频偏估计算法的研究

在对多种可应用于VMIMO-OFDM系统的频偏估计方法的性能和效率进行分析的基础上,针对基于VMIMO-OFDM的无线传感器网络中的精频偏估计问题,提出了一种在频域进行频偏估计的算法.同时,针对基于VMIMO-OFDM的无线传感器网络应用于瑞利衰落严重的环境时不同的导频子载波上频偏估计的误差差异较大的问题,提出了一种基于信道统计信息(CSI)加权的精频偏估计算法,该方法对各个子载波上的频偏估计结果进行加权平均,可使估计误差最小化.理论分析和仿真结果均表明,新提出的算法在高斯信道和多径信道中均有更优的性能.     

MIMO-OFDM系统中一种新的信道估计方法

提出了多输入多输出-正交频分复用(MIMO-OFDM)系统中一种新的信道估计方法.根据最小均方误差的准则,推导出了求解信道频率响应的方程,方程求解的运算量主要集中在一个矩阵的求逆上.对每一个符号,此矩阵是固定的,所以矩阵的求逆仅需计算一次,整个求解过程的运算量较低.计算机仿真给出了这种方法的归一化均方误差和误码率性能.仿真结果表明,本文方法在多普勒频移为60Hz和360Hz下,其归一化的均方误差值相当,表明本文方法可以在不同的移动环境中良好工作.在不同的数据调制方式和不同的多普勒频移下,本文方法的误码率性能优于最小平方算法,略差于线性最小均方误差算法,但复杂度大大降低.     

Improving Timing Offset Estimation by Alias Sampling

In a previous paper, we reported an algorithm that can be used to accurately measure sampling timing errors in a data acquisition system that encounters nonuniform sampling. In this paper, we first study the sensitivity of the algorithm to input frequency inaccuracy. We then investigate the dependency of the accuracy of the algorithm on the number of effective bits in an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. It is observed that, if the initial timing error is "reasonably large," then the residual timing error decreases by one order of magnitude for each increase in the number of effective bits by four. Finally, we propose the use of "alias sampling" to "magnify" the timing error so that the algorithm's sensitivity is greatly improved and can be used to estimate a much smaller timing offset with only a modest number of effective bits in the A/D converter.     

一种适用于慢衰落信道OFDM系统的信道估计算法

针对慢衰落信道OFDM系统,提出了一种新的低复杂度的且能对抗定时误差的信道估计器.这种信道估计器是基于导频间隔I=2的特殊梳状导频结构设计的.基于工程实现的考虑,采用了最小平方(LS)算法进行导频信道估计,同时利用了线性内插对非导频信道进行估计.分析了定时误差对非导频子载波估计的影响,并提出了一种相当简单但十分有效的修正算法,仿真结果有力的证明了此算法能有效的抵抗定时误差对非导频信道插值估计的影响.     

Channel estimation for time-hopping pulse position modulation ultra-wideband communication systems

Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems are used in indoor environments with dense multi-path characteristics. Therefore channel estimation has an important role in the receiver of these systems. A new approach for data-aided (DA) and non-data-aided (NDA) channel estimation is proposed, which is called the pulse compression (PC) method. This method is useful for UWB systems employing time-hopping pulse position modulation. The PC method requires only some basic operations such as sampling, overlap-add and finite impulse response filtering. The PC method, in both DA and NDA scenarios, in spite of its low complexity, outperforms the maximum-likelihood (ML) method in channel parameters estimation. The bit error rate (BER) of the DA method, in single-user scenario, performs as well as the ML method, and in multi-user scenario, in the worst case, there is only 0.5 dB loss compared with the ML method. In the case of NDA scenario, the proposed method outperforms the NDA-ML method, that is, in the single-user scenario about 4 dB gain at the BER of 1023 is observed. In multi-user scenario, it outperforms significantly the NDA-ML method, and its performance loss in comparison with the perfect channel knowledge scenario is about 3 dB at the BER of 1023.     

Maximum a posteriori channel estimation for cooperative diversity orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing systems in amplify-andforward mode

Transmit diversity-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems have been proposed to mitigate the detrimental effects of channel fading. However, owing to the space and power limitations, the use of multiple transmit antennas is not practical in certain wireless devices, such as portable terminals and wireless sensors. Therefore cooperation among users at the physical layer has been proposed recently. Here, space-time block coded in amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying mode has been proposed as cooperative diversity for OFDM systems (CO-OFDM) in the presence of perfect channel-state information. Then, the channel estimation techniques for CO-OFDM systems in AF mode based on pilot symbols are investigated over frequency-selective channels. In particular, expectation-maximisation (EM) based maximum a posteriori (MAP) channel estimation is developed and compared with comp-type pilot-aided channel estimation (PACE) based the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator and the least minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) channel estimation techniques for CO-OFDM systems. To overcome the drawback owing to the receiver complexity, the Karhunen-Loeve expansion with the optimal truncation property is also considered. Simulation results that demonstrate the overall performance advantage of the EM-MAP based receiver over the PACE-ML and PACE-LMMSE based receivers are presented.     

OFDM系统符号定时精同步研究

基于时域的帧同步估计算法在通过高斯信道和多径衰落信道时,其时间测度由于循环前缀的影响有峰值平台,难于准确的判定帧到达的时刻。文中提出了一种低复杂度的符号定时估计算法,利用简化的时间测度函数检测峰值来实现同步。分析了该算法的性能,并在各种信道中进行了性能分析,给出了了仿真结果。结果表明,该算法具有较高的精度和较低的计算复杂度。     

基于压缩感知的多中继协作通信系统稀疏信道估计算法研究

提出了一种基于压缩感知理论的多中继协作通信系统稀疏信道估计方法.采用正交匹配追踪（Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,OMP）压缩感知算法,对时域信道脉冲响应进行估计.对多中继协作通信系统进行稀疏建模;结合压缩感知理论构建观测矩阵,并给出卷积信道的稀疏表示;利用压缩信道感知算法重建了系统的卷积复合信道.仿真结果表明,与传统的最小二乘法（Least Square,LS）相比,采用压缩感知理论的信道估计算法,能利用较少的导频信号获得很好的信道估计性能,提高了频谱利用率.     

大气光通信中Turbo码的最大后验概率译码

为了精确实现对空间物体的测量,提出了利用线激光、单CCD相机、小孔成像与激光面约束模型的激光线测量法。引进三维信息已知的标准阶梯块作为激光面约束的标定块;由计算机控制摄像头对实物连续拍摄和实时处理,提取激光线上的像素坐标;利用建立的模型将二维坐标转换成三维坐标,再以点云的形式重构出物体,实现三维自动测量。实践中检测系统测量精度可达到0.05mm。     

High mobility orthogonal frequency division multiple access channel estimation using basis expansion model

Owing to the loss of subcarrier orthogonalities in high-speed applications, the use of conventional frequency-domain-based channel estimation in high mobility orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems such as mobile WiMax may give rise to an unacceptable high channel estimation error floor. To alleviate this problem, the authors develop some basis expansion model (BEM)-based estimation schemes for the OFDMA uplink. Specifically, the authors express the time-varying channel as a superposition of a small number of complex exponential basis functions spanning the entire Doppler range, and then formulate least square (LS) and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) algorithms to estimate the basis coefficients for two different types of pilot patterns. The authors also derive the respective Cramer-Rao lower bounds for these estimators. It has been shown that the time domain BEM using a pilot scheme where pilots are placed over time axis will give better performance under a high Doppler scenario. Lastly, using simulation results, the proposed algorithms have been found to have better estimation accuracy over current frequency domain estimation techniques. This is in addition to the advantage that the proposed algorithms have in general a lower computational complexity.