退火温度对TiO2薄膜结构和表面形貌的影响

研究了退火温度对中频交流反应磁控溅射技术制备的TiO2薄膜结构和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射 仪和原子力显微镜，检测了TiO2薄膜的晶体结构和表面形貌。实验结果显示：沉积态TiO2薄膜为非晶态；低温（700℃以下）退火后，TiO2薄膜出现锐钛矿相，晶粒长大不明显；高温退火（900℃以上）后，薄膜转变为金红石相，晶粒由柱状转变为棱状，并迅速长大至微米量级。     

退火温度对TiO2薄膜结构和表面形貌的影响

研究了退火温度对中频交流反应磁控溅射技术制备的TiO2 薄膜结构和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射仪和原子力显微镜 ,检测了TiO2 薄膜的晶体结构和表面形貌。实验结果显示 :沉积态TiO2 薄膜为非晶态 ;低温 (70 0℃以下 )退火后 ,TiO2 薄膜出现锐钛矿相 ,晶粒长大不明显 ;高温退火 (90 0℃以上 )后 ,薄膜转变为金红石相 ,晶粒由柱状转变为棱状 ,并迅速长大至微米量级     

电子束蒸镀纳米TiO_2薄膜结构、相组成及亲水性研究

利用电子束蒸镀技术在石英玻璃和单晶Si〈100〉上制备了纳米TiO2薄膜,研究了衬底温度和退火温度对其结构、相组成和亲水性能的影响。结果表明,衬底温度为40~240℃时,石英玻璃上制备的薄膜为无定型TiO2,单晶Si〈100〉上制备的薄膜为弱结晶性的金红石TiO2,两类薄膜的亲水性均很差。退火温度显著影响薄膜的相组成及亲水性能。石英玻璃上不同衬底温度制备的TiO2薄膜经550,650℃退火后均转变为锐钛矿TiO2,具有很好的亲水性能。单晶Si〈100〉上不同衬底温度制备的TiO2薄膜经550~950℃退火后,均由金红石和锐钛矿TiO2混晶组成,且随退火温度升高,薄膜中锐钛矿TiO2含量逐渐增加;随退火温度升高,衬底温度为40℃时制备的TiO2薄膜的亲水性能逐渐降低,而衬底温度为240℃时制备的TiO2薄膜的亲水性能逐渐增强。     

基底温度对直流溅射Nb掺杂TiO2薄膜性能的影响

采用陶瓷靶直流磁控溅射,以玻璃为基底制备2.5wt%Nb掺杂TiO2薄膜,控制薄膜厚度在300~350 nm,研究了不同基底温度下所制得薄膜的结构、形貌和光学特性.XRD分析表明,基底温度为150℃、250℃和350℃时,薄膜分别为非晶态、锐钛矿(101)和金红石相(110)结构.基底温度250℃时,锐钛矿相薄膜的晶粒尺寸最大,约为32 nm.薄膜表面形貌的SEM分析显示,薄膜粗糙度和致密度随基底温度升高得到改善.薄膜的平均可见光透过率在基底温度为250℃以内约为70%,随基底温度升高至350℃,平均透过率下降为59%,金红石相的存在不利于可见光透过.Nb掺杂TiO2薄膜的光学带宽在3.68~3.78 eV之间变化.基底温度为250℃时,锐钛矿相薄膜的禁带宽度最大,为3.78 eV.     

电弧离子镀锐钛矿型TiO2薄膜光催化降解苯酚

采用电弧离子镀法在普通玻璃表面制备透明的TiO2薄膜,用AFM、XRD对TiO2薄膜表面进行了表征,结果表明未经退火的薄膜主要以非晶态型存在;经过500℃退火后,纳米TiO2薄膜主要为锐钛矿结构.研究了纳米TiO2薄膜对难降解的有机物苯酚进行了研究,半小时就降解了30%,经500℃退火后的纳米TiO2薄膜光催化性能更为显著.     

多弧离子镀镀制掺氮二氧化钛薄膜及其光吸收特性的研究

利用多弧离子镀在玻璃衬底上制备了TiO2薄膜和氮掺杂的TiO2薄膜样品，并对样品进行了220～500℃温度的热处理，通过X射线衍射（XRD）以及UV—Vis分光光度计等测试手段对热处理前后的样品的结构、光吸收特性进行了分析。结果表明：制备出的薄膜为非晶态结构，热处理后向锐钛矿、金红石相转变。理想工艺下镀制的掺氮TiO2薄膜经400℃热后，TiO2薄膜的光吸收限可由385nm红移至500nm。     

沉积时间对磁控反应溅射制备TiO2薄膜性能的影响

应用直流磁控反应溅射法,在玻璃基体上制备了具有光催化活性的TiO2薄膜.TiO2薄膜的厚度随沉积时间的增加而均匀增长.基体温度则在溅射的最初1h很快上升到110℃,溅射7h基体温度不超过130℃.溅射2h得到的是非晶态TiO2薄膜,而溅射3～7h制备的薄膜为锐钛矿型结构.非晶态和小晶粒TiO2薄膜的紫外一可见透射光谱谱带边沿与结晶较好的TiO2薄膜相比有明显的蓝移,薄膜的透射率随沉积时间的增加而下降.钛以四价钛的形式存在于TiO2薄膜中.TiO2薄膜的光催化活性随沉积时间争薄膜厚度的增加而有较大提高.     

TiO_2自组装膜的制备及抗菌性能研究

以TiCl4为主要原料,采用自组装工艺,在玻璃基底表面制备TiO2薄膜。考察了(NH4)2SO4的添加、热处理温度、TiCl4浓度、反应温度、反应时间等工艺参数对TiO2薄膜结构和抗菌性能的影响规律。结果表明:未添加(NH4)2SO4时生成金红石型TiO2,而添加(NH4)2SO4可生成锐钛矿型TiO2,并且有利于TiO2膜均匀沉积。升高热处理温度,提高了TiO2的结晶度和薄膜附着力。但是,晶型和结晶度对薄膜的抗菌性能没有显著影响。随着TiCl4浓度增加,反应温度提高和反应时间延长,TiO2薄膜的抗菌性能得到提高。在最佳工艺条件,热处理温度为600℃、TiCl4浓度为0.2mol/L、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为80min时,抗菌率达100%。     

A12O3／TiO2复合光催化薄膜的制备、表征及性能研究

近年来，二氧化钛光催化技术正成为光化学、能源、环境以及材料等领域的研究热点。作为一种新型的环境净化材料，TiO2光催化剂可广泛应用于污水处理、空气净化、抗菌除臭、表面防污、自清洁等方面，目前，TiO2光催化剂的固定化及其光催化活性的改善是TiO2光催化材料设计、开发和应用中急需解决的问题。本文利用阳极氧化和电沉积技术，在铝合金表面成功地制备出具有较好光催化活性的A12O2／TiO2复合薄膜。系统研究了复合薄膜的制备工艺；表征了复合薄膜的形貌、结构、成分以及光谱特性；详细分析了复合薄膜的光催化性能，并对这种特殊的复合薄膜形成机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明：电沉积液温度在薄膜制备过程中是最重要的影响因素，合理地控制沉积过程中的工艺参数可得到具有最佳表面质量和光催化性能的Al2O3／TiO2复合薄膜，H2SO4-Al2O3/TiO2复合薄膜经热处理，表面有锐钛矿结构TiO2生成，TiO2的晶粒尺寸在纳米量级；TiO2在加热过程中主要发生表面吸附水和吸附有机物的脱附、结晶水的失去及非晶相的晶化三种变化，且TiO2由无定形结构向锐钛矿晶体结构转变的温度为425℃左右；三种类型Al2O3／TiO2复合薄膜的表面形貌存在较大差异，这主要归因于三种铝阳极氧化膜的膜厚及表面微孔结构的不同；三种类型的复合薄膜均具有紫外光光催化活性；通过Fe离子掺杂改性以及萘酚蓝黑染料敏化处理后，复合薄膜的光催化性能可得到明显地改善；由薄膜形成机理的分析可知，TiO2主要通过交流电沉积过程中的阴极反应沉积于铝阳极氧化膜微孔处和表面上。     

锐钛矿型TiO2薄膜的低温制备及性能研究

采用液相沉积法,在低温下制备TiO2薄膜,研究了制备条件对薄膜中TiO2的晶型、薄膜厚度、透光性、亲水性及光催化活性的影响.结果表明,在90℃下制备的TiO2为锐钛矿型,薄膜的厚度与反应温度、沉积时间、HBO3的加入量及反应物浓度有关,所制备的薄膜具有良好的光诱导超亲水特性和光催化活性,在可见光区的透光率＞80%.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to