聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺包覆Fe3O4磁导向纳米粒子的制备和表征

选择N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(N-isopropylacrylamide,NIPAM)为单体,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(Methylenebisacrylamide,MBA)为交联剂,用辐射化学方法合成了具有温敏的PNIPAM包覆Fe3O4磁导向纳米粒子。研究了NIPAM单体浓度、交联剂MBA用量、不同光照时间及温度对核壳结构磁性纳米粒子粒径的影响,发现在一定范围内随单体NIPAM浓度的增加、交联剂MBA浓度的减小、光照时间的增加,聚NIPAM包覆Fe3O4核壳结构纳米粒子的粒径增大。在25—39℃温度范围内PNIPAM包覆Fe3O4核壳结构纳米粒子具有最低临界溶解温度特性(Lowercriticalsolutiontemperature,LCST）。以SEM和动态激光光散射仪(PCS)对该核壳结构纳米粒子粒径进行测定,表明辐射化学方法合成的核壳结构纳米粒子比较均匀。     

纳米聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺微凝胶的光引发聚合

选择具有温敏性的高分子单体N－异丙基丙烯酰胺（N－isopropylacrylamide，NIPAM）为主单体，N，N′－亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（methylenebisacrylamide，MBA）为交联剂，运用光引发无皂乳液聚合的方法合成出粒径小于100nm的高分子微凝胶，并研究了在改变体系组成和条件时微凝胶粒径的变化。结果显示，在乳化剂临界胶束浓度以下，随着乳化剂浓度的提高，微凝胶粒子的粒径不断关小且趋向稳定；相比于热引发，产生的微凝胶具有较高的单分散性而且粒径较小。     

光聚合一步可控合成表面氨化的核壳型超顺磁性纳米凝胶及其表征

用部分还原共沉淀结合离心分离合成超顺磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子,以其为核,N-（2-氨乙基）甲基丙烯酰胺盐酸盐N-（2-Aminoethyl）methacrylamide,AEM·HCI）为单体,N,N＇-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（MSA）为交联剂,采用光聚合原位一步合成粒径可控的表面氨化的超顺磁性核壳型Fe3O4纳米凝胶。探索了单体、交联剂量及光照时间对纳米凝胶粒径的影响,并用动态光散射仪（DLS）、TEM、FTIR、TGA、UV、多功能磁测量仪等表征了纳米凝胶的粒径、粒径分布、形貌、结构、磁响应性及稳定性。结果表明：改变单体、交联剂量及光照时间可得到不同粒径、粒径分布均匀的超顺磁性纳米凝胶;与Fe3O4纳米粒子相比,纳米凝胶的磁饱和强度略有降低,但其高的Zeta电位使其稳定性大大提高。     

水溶液体系中光化学可控合成核壳结构磁性纳米凝胶

通过光化学方法合成并经进一步的Hoffmann降解获得了壳层带有伯胺基核壳结构磁性纳米凝胶,该磁性纳米凝胶粒径分布窄且粒径可控。由于磁性纳米凝胶的壳层水凝胶具有很好的亲水性和生物相容性,且反应过程中不加入任何表面活性剂,为该磁性纳米凝胶的生物应用奠定了良好的基础。通过光化学方法合成窄粒径分布且粒径可控的磁性纳米凝胶就我们认识而言尚未见到文献报道,有望为磁性纳米凝胶的合成提供一种新的方法。我们对合成的磁性纳米凝胶分别用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、光子相关光谱（PCS）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）进行了表征。     

丙烯基类单体-壳聚糖共聚物水凝胶的辐射制备及性能研究

以壳聚糖、丙烯酰胺（AM）和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDACC）为原料,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（MBA）为交联剂,经^60Co γ-射线辐照,制备了丙烯基类单体一壳聚糖共聚物水凝胶,并研究了MBA的用量对丙烯基类单体一壳聚糖共聚物水凝胶吸水性能和保水性能的影响。结果表明,在吸收剂量为2kGy的条件下,MBA用量较低时,随着MBA用量的提高,水凝胶的平衡吸水率反而下降;而MBA用量较高时,水凝胶的平衡吸水率受MBA用量的影响较小;凝胶吸水率随着溶胀时间的延长而增加;水凝胶在溶胀初期的溶胀动力学可用non-Fickian扩散定律来描述：随着交联剂MBA用量的逐渐增加,水凝胶的初始失水率逐渐增大,而最大失水率逐渐下降。     

DMDAAC-AM辐射接枝淀粉基水凝胶的制备与吸水性能研究

以淀粉(St)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料, N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺作为交联剂,采用辐射引发的方法,制备了DMDAAC-AM接枝的阳离子淀粉凝胶,并用红外分析验证了样品;保持辐照剂量、淀粉两种单体质量都不变的情况下,研究了N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺用量对产物吸水后溶胀比的影响。结果表明,凝胶的膨胀比与N,N’ 亚甲基双丙烯酰胺交联单体用量的有关,随着交联单体的用量增加而下降。     

快速响应PNIPA／Fe3O4复合凝胶辐射制备与性能研究

采用化学共沉淀法制备了四氧化三铁粒子,以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPA）、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（MBA）和聚乙二醇（PEG）为原料,以60Coγ,射线为放射源,辐照聚合制备了多孔PNIPA／Fe3O4复合水凝胶,并对其温度敏感性、平衡溶胀率进行了表征。研究发现：磁性四氧化三铁纳米粒子在凝胶中分散均匀;凝胶具有明显的温度敏感性;致孔剂的添加提高了水凝胶的平衡溶胀率,多孔复合水凝胶失水率达96％,比普通磁性水凝胶失水率提高了约76％;致孔剂的添加使复合凝胶的最低临界相转变温度由34℃升高至37℃左右。     

光化学制备用于链亲和素固定的胺基磁性纳米凝胶的研究

本工作提出制备胺基磁性纳米凝胶的一种改进方法。在含有烯丙基胺的Fe304水分散液中,运用紫外光辐照引发烯丙基胺原位聚合,一步法制备了聚烯丙基胺磁性纳米凝胶（Polyallylamine magnetic nanogels,PAA,MNGs）。透射电子显微镜（Transmission electron microscope,TEM）和光子相关光谱（Photo correlation spectroscope,PCS）表征了PAA-MNG的形貌和粒径分布;热重分析（Thermogravimetric analysis,TGA）确定了磁性成分的含量,振动样品磁强计（Vibrating sample magnetometer,VSM）测试表明其呈现超顺磁性。利用表面的伯胺基,PAA-MNGs可以方便地偶联蛋白等生物大分子。链亲和素（Streptavidin,SA）经1-乙基3-（3-二甲氨基）碳化二亚胺盐酸盐和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺活化后可以共价固定在PAA—MNGs上,得到链亲和索包覆的纳米磁球（Streptavidin—coated magnetic nanoparticles,SA—MNPs）。使用探针生物素对硝基苯酯（Biotin P—nitrophenyl ester,BNPE）通过光谱检测证实了SA-MNPs的生物素结合能力。表明PAA—MNGs适合于作为载体偶联蛋白等生物大分子,并可能用于生物技术领域的诸多方面。     

聚丙烯膜辐射接枝聚丙烯酰胺制备锂离子二次电池隔膜研究

通过共辐射接枝的方法将聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide,PAAm)接枝到聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)膜上,研究了丙烯酰胺单体浓度对接枝率的影响。接枝前后隔膜的红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)对比表明,聚丙烯酰胺已经成功接枝到PP膜上,对隔膜的热性能、机械性能、电导率等性能进行了表征。将隔膜组装成扣式电池后,充放电循环性能测试结果表明,在相同条件下以PP-g-PAAm作为隔膜的锂离子电池性能优于以原始PP作为隔膜的电池性能。     

反相微乳液体系中电子束辐射制备Fe3O4/聚丙烯酰胺磁性核壳微球

在共沉淀法制备Fe3O4纳米磁粉的基础上,以丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide,AM)为单体在反相微乳液中通过电子束辐照的方法制备了具有核壳结构的四氧化三铁/聚丙烯酰胺磁性核壳微球(Fe3O4/Polyacrylamide,PAM),用X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱、动态激光光散射仪表征样品.结果表明,制备的磁粉为Fe3O4单相,粒径为9nm左右,磁性高分子微球Fe3O4/PAM直径范围为80-150 nm,呈球形.分析了乳化剂用量,单体浓度,磁粉用量,吸收剂量等对Fe3O4/PAM微球粒径的影响规律.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.