600MW等级超超临界汽轮发电机组型式探究

本文介绍了国内超超临界600MW等级汽轮发电机组的技术引进及国产化情况，对超超临界机组型式两缸两排汽与三缸四排汽进行比较分析，对超超临界机组设计与主厂房布景有一定的参考价值。     

新型高效超临界350MW两缸两排汽汽轮机结构特点

介绍了上海汽轮机厂新型高效超临界350MW两缸两排汽汽轮机机组的总体方案及其主要结构特点,包括整体通流叶片技术、高中压整体内缸、高中压模块整体运输、新型配汽机构及一键启动等。这些结构特点的应用提高了机组运行效率,减少了机组安装及启动的时间。首台该型机组的研制获得了成功。     

二缸二排汽超临界空冷600MW汽轮机结构设计

介绍了上海汽轮机有限公司(下简称:STC)设计开发的新型600MW二缸二排汽超临界空冷汽轮机结构特点,通过叙述说明,与三缸机组相比,机组轴向长度缩短近8m,降低了建设投资成本;同时运转层标高仍可为13.7m,与三缸机组相同;机组使用了配合单低压缸的空冷末级长叶片,还使用了低压内缸落地支撑的方式。由此证明,这些创新技术的应用使本机组性能达到了世界先进水平。     

超大型自平衡一体式高中压内缸研究

为减少部件接合面漏汽,同时配合机组取消阀门到外缸间的导汽管,提高机组效率,上海汽轮机厂新型超临界350MW汽轮机采用超大型自平衡一体式高中压内缸。新型内缸将传统高中压合缸机组中的内缸、持环、蒸汽室、平衡活塞汽封体等分散部件整合为一体,设有高压排汽腔室,并设置上半缸竖直高压进汽管和下半缸左右高压进汽管。采用软件ABAQUS计算分析一体式内缸的密封、刚度及蠕变强度,结果表明其满足汽轮机全寿命周期的要求。一体式内缸能够降低外缸设计难度,平衡轴向推力,降低应力水平,减少机组安装和检修时间,并配合机组实现无导管进汽,提高了机组运行的经济性。     

东方高效1050 MW汽轮机优化设计及经济性评价

东汽采用先进的设计手段并结合试验研究,对热力系统、 配汽方式、 通流、 中低分缸压力、 进排汽结构等进行了优化,自主研发了新型高效1050 MW超超临界汽轮机.机组投运后的热力性能考核试验表明:机组经济性提升效果显著,与引进型D1000A机型相比,机组热耗降低约300 kJ/kW?h.机组总体水平达到超超临界1000 MW机组的国际先进水平.     

两种660MW超超临界机组机型比较

对上海汽轮机厂生产的两种660MW超超临界机组,即三缸两排汽及四缸四排汽两种机型进行比较,分别从机组本体、机组技术经济指标、对汽机房尺寸的影响等几个方面进行了比较,对机组选型提出了推荐意见。     

中压进汽腔体内部流场的数值与实验研究

结合数值计算和实验测试方法获得了某超超临界机组中压缸进汽腔体的内部流场数据,数值结果和实验结果都发现,左右对称的中压缸进汽腔体,其流场呈现左右不对称特点;数值计算中曾出现的左右对称结构为不稳定形态,容易进入稳定的非对称流场结构.进汽腔体出口具有明显的周向流动角度,而且流动参数周向分布不对称,这将对下游叶片运行产生影响.本研究将为改进进汽腔体的设计提供参考.     

超临界机组启动节能优化研究

<正>1前言广东珠海金湾发电有限公司2×600MW燃煤机组,汽轮机为上海汽轮机有限公司制造生产,型号为N600-24.2/566/566的反动式、超临界、一次中间再热、单轴、三缸、四排汽凝汽式600MW汽轮机组。与上海锅炉厂制造的超临界螺旋管圈、一次中间再热、平衡通风、四角切圆燃煤直流炉以及上海汽轮发电机有限公司生产的QFSN-600-2三相     

超临界350MW机组高背压改造给水泵汽轮机设计与分析

针对超临界350 MW等级汽轮发电机组的高背压改造,上海汽轮机厂设计开发了全新配套的宽背压给水泵汽轮机。对该汽轮机的热力通流设计,包括调节级设计、配汽机构、末叶片的选型以及推力计算等方面进行了研究和分析,为后续该类型机组的开发提供借鉴。     

汽轮机高中压缸平衡盘漏汽试验研究

对高中压合缸汽轮机组,平衡盘漏汽是影响机组经济性的原因之一。通过对不同容量及类型机组开展平衡盘漏汽试验,得出高中压合缸机组中轴封漏汽率高于设计值情况较为普遍,变汽温法也是测量平衡盘漏汽率的简单有效方法。结合不同机组检修及改造经验,指出影响平衡盘漏汽的原因,并提出整改建议,达到节能降耗目的。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.