Automatic analysis of the difference image for unsupervised changedetection

One of the main problems related to unsupervised change detection methods based on the “difference image” lies in the lack of efficient automatic techniques for discriminating between changed and unchanged pixels in the difference image. Such discrimination is usually performed by using empirical strategies or manual trial-and-error procedures, which affect both the accuracy and the reliability of the change-detection process. To overcome such drawbacks, in this paper, the authors propose two automatic techniques (based on the Bayes theory) for the analysis of the difference image. One allows an automatic selection of the decision threshold that minimizes the overall change detection error probability under the assumption that pixels in the difference image are independent of one another. The other analyzes the difference image by considering the spatial-contextual information included in the neighborhood of each pixel. In particular, an approach based on Markov Random Fields (MRFs) that exploits interpixel class dependency contexts is presented. Both proposed techniques require the knowledge of the statistical distributions of the changed and unchanged pixels in the difference image. To perform an unsupervised estimation of the statistical terms that characterize these distributions, they propose an iterative method based on the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of both proposed techniques     

快速稳健的背景运动场估计方法

从运动背景中检测与跟踪运行目标是计算机视觉研究领域的热点，其中的困难之一是消除运动背景的影响，提出一种基于均匀稀疏采样减少仿射变换参数估计计量的快速方法，并且利用Huber函数对误差的敏感度不同的特性，使得背景的仿射参数估计过程只对背景像素点敏感，减少了前景运动物体对参数估计造成的误差，提高参数估计的精度。     

基于频谱分析的运动模糊图像参数检测

为了提高运动模糊图像的运动方向和运动像素的检测精确度,本文提出了基于频谱分析的运动模糊图像参数识别的改进算法,从频谱分析的角度出发推导了暗条纹宽度、图像大小、条纹倾斜角度与运动尺度、运动像素之间的关系;采用二次傅里叶变换的方法细化亮条纹,分析并简化了条纹倾斜角与运动方向角之间的关系;分析了频谱中十字亮线产生的原因及位置,提出了去除十字亮线的新方法;然后,对处理后的频谱进行Radon变换,根据变换结果得出模糊图像的运动方向和运动像素。实验证明,该算法能够检测出不同大小模糊图像的运动方向和运动像素,检测误差控制在0.5°、2个像素的范围之内。     

基于隔帧差分向量无穷范数的运动弱小目标的检测

提出了运用隔帧差分向量无穷范数检测红外图像序列中运动弱小目标一种新算法。 算法以隔帧差分为基础,该处理系统不仅能够探测到帧间位移不小于1个像元的点目标,而且可以探测到帧间位移小于1个像元而多帧累积位移大于1个像元的运动点目标,使算法探测与识别目标的能力大大提高,为不同速度多目标的检测提供了新的可能。仿真实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的检测率和良好的实时特性,能有效地检测出低信比红外图像序列中的弱小运动目标。     

一种基于能量差比较算法的差分运动检测方法的改进

本文利用人眼对边缘(空间梯度)特别敏感的视觉特点,把帧间运动变化检测和图像的边缘检测结合起来,对帧间差分法进行了改进。首先,本文构造了一个二维运动探测器,将各向异性自适应边缘检测算子扩展到动态图像处理中,提出了,运动像素的能量差比较算法。该算法能够对运动目标各个运动像素的运动方向起到一个优化加强的作用,最终得到各个方向上的最佳检测。实验证明,这种算法可以很好的强化每个像素的运动方向,达到最佳的检测效果。     

Perception-based visualization of manifold-valued medical images using distance-preserving dimensionality reduction

A method for visualizing manifold-valued medical image data is proposed. The method operates on images in which each pixel is assumed to be sampled from an underlying manifold. For example, each pixel may contain a high dimensional vector, such as the time activity curve (TAC) in a dynamic positron emission tomography (dPET) or a dynamic single photon emission computed tomography (dSPECT) image, or the positive semi-definite tensor in a diffusion tensor magnetic resonance image (DTMRI). A nonlinear mapping reduces the dimensionality of the pixel data to achieve two goals: distance preservation and embedding into a perceptual color space. We use multidimensional scaling distance-preserving mapping to render similar pixels (e.g., DT or TAC pixels) with perceptually similar colors. The 3D CIELAB perceptual color space is adopted as the range of the distance preserving mapping, with a final similarity transform mapping colors to a maximum gamut size. Similarity between pixels is either determined analytically as geodesics on the manifold of pixels or is approximated using manifold learning techniques. In particular, dissimilarity between DTMRI pixels is evaluated via a Log-Euclidean Riemannian metric respecting the manifold of the rank 3, second-order positive semi-definite DTs, whereas the dissimilarity between TACs is approximated via ISOMAP. We demonstrate our approach via artificial high-dimensional, manifold-valued data, as well as case studies of normal and pathological clinical brain and heart DTMRI, dPET, and dSPECT images. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in capturing, in a perceptually meaningful way, important features in the data.     

Detecting moving object from dynamic background video sequences via simulating heat conduction

Moving object detection is one of the essential tasks for surveillance video analysis. The dynamic background often composed by waving trees, rippling water or fountains, etc. in nature scene greatly interferes with the detection of moving objects in the form of noise. In this paper, a method simulating heat conduction is proposed to extract moving objects from dynamic background video sequences. Based on the visual background extractor (ViBe) with an adaptable distance threshold, we design a temperature field relying on the generated mask image to distinguish between the moving objects and the noise caused by dynamic background. In temperature field, a brighter pixel is associated with more energy. It will transfer a certain amount of energy to its neighboring darker pixels. Through multiple steps of energy transfer the noise regions loss more energy so that they become darker than the detected moving objects. After heat conduction, K-Means algorithm with the customized initial clustering centers is utilized to separate the moving objects from background. We test our method on many videos with dynamic background from public datasets. The results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective for moving object detection from dynamic background sequences.     

基于自适应Lab色差阈值的ViBe运动目标检测算法

针对视觉背景提取算法(ViBe)对光照变化和运动 阴影敏感、提取的运动区域容易产生空洞的问题,本文提出了基于自 适应Lab色差阈值的ViBe运动目标检测算法。根据图像的局部背景亮度与色彩的空间频率对 人眼视觉的影响,自适应的确定 每个像素点的色差阈值,用于像素点与背景模型的匹配;然后,利用邻域像素点的空间一致 性原则,对检测结果进行修正; 最后,统计各连通域的面积,去除小面积的运动目标。实验结果表明,本算法可以有效的适 应光照变化、抑制运动阴影、填 补运动区域的空洞,具有比ViBe算法更好的检测效果。     

A new fuzzy-based decision algorithm for high-density impulse noise removal

This paper proposes a new efficient fuzzy-based decision algorithm (FBDA) for the restoration of images that are corrupted with high density of impulse noises. FBDA is a fuzzy-based switching median filter in which the filtering is applied only to corrupted pixels in the image while the uncorrupted pixels are left unchanged. The proposed algorithm computes the difference measure for each pixel based on the central pixel (corrupted pixel) in a selected window and then calculates the membership value for each pixel based on the highest difference. The algorithm then eliminates those pixels from the window with very high and very low membership values, which might represent the impulse noises. Median filter is then applied to the remaining pixels in the window to get the restored value for the current pixel position. The proposed algorithm produces excellent results compared to conventional method such as standard median filter (SMF) as well as some advanced techniques such as adaptive median filters (AMF), efficient decision-based algorithm (EDBA), improved efficient decision-based algorithm (IDBA) and boundary discriminative noise detection (BDND) switching median filter. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using different standard images. From experimental analysis, it has been found that FBDA produces better results in terms of both quantitative measures such as PSNR, SSIM, IEF and qualitative measures such as Image Quality Index (IQI).     

基于改进高斯混合模型的运动图像目标检测算法

运动图像目标检测指的是从序列图像中将变化的目标从背景中分离出来,高斯混合模型可以对视频序列图像的前景和背景进行分类,再利用背景减除实现运动目标的检测。提出一种基于改进高斯混合模型的优化背景建模方法,该方法首先利用3×3模板对序列图像帧中的像素进行类似卷积的均值计算,然后利用相邻均值的差提取均差因子自适应更新图像的均值。在此基础上,设计了自适应学习率和学习速率,利用改进高斯混合模型实现序列图像的背景建模。改进模型不仅能有效减少数据计算量,同时可以降低在相似区域像素计算的时长,大大加快背景建模速度。实验结果表明,改进模型在目标检测、算法执行速率等性能指标上都有更好的表现,能满足实时检测要求。     

确定区域的人脸彩色传递

在对整幅图像色彩传递算法的基础上,提出了确定区域的人脸彩色传递法。首先利用改进的主动形状模型(ASM)方法定位人脸特征点,进而利用区域生长法确定人脸区域。在将参考图像和目标图像(彩色或灰度图)转换到去相关的对立色空间(lαβ颜色空间)后,对于彩色目标图像,分别调整肤色区域图各通道的均值和标准差;对于灰度目标图像,用亮度邻域统计量匹配的方法在参考图像中选取匹配点,并将匹配点的颜色赋值给目标图像中的对应点。最后,把传递结果转换到RGB颜色空间显示。实验结果表明,该方法能有效传递肤色,形成自然逼真的彩色人脸图像。     

基于细节保留的椒盐噪声自适应滤波算法

针对灰度图像中椒盐噪声的特点,提出了一种更加精确的噪声检测方法:该方法利用滤波窗口内像素点灰度值的不同,将受椒盐噪声污染的图像中像素点划分为噪声点,疑似噪声点和信号点.通过设定阈值,并参考相邻像素点的相关性来进一步区分疑似噪声点,最终建立噪声标记矩阵.对于被标记的噪声点,采用自适应滤波算法,保留更多的图像细节.仿真结果表明,该算法在除去噪声点的同时,对于边缘细节也有非常好的保护作用.     

一种基于图像内容的最低有效位匹配隐写分析方法

将隐藏信息检测与图像内容分析相结合是当前提高图像隐写分析性能的一个新方向。与基于图像整体内容的检测方法不同,该文分析了最低有效位(Least Significant Bit LSB)匹配隐写对图像子区域统计特性的影响,提出一种新的联合判决检测方法。首先依据图像内容复杂度将整体图像分割为若干类子区域,其次采用两组不同的滤波器分类提取各子区域像素序列直方图频谱特征,之后用各类子区域特征分别训练Bayes分类器以获得其权重,最后对待测图像的每一个子区域进行分类检测,并将结果加权融合得到最终判决。实验结果表明,该方法对LSB匹配隐写的检测性能优于现有典型方法。     

基于CFAR级联的SAR图像舰船目标检测算法

SAR图像舰船目标检测在军事监视和海洋环境监管等方面有着重要的意义。针对SAR图像的特点,提出了一种基于全局CFAR检测与局部CFAR检测级联的舰船目标检测算法。在全局CFAR检测中,通过海杂波特性拟合优选海杂波统计模型,以较高的虚警率筛选潜在的目标点;在局部CFAR检测中,以潜在目标点的连通区域为单位,通过检测窗口的选取、背景像素的确定和海杂波拟合等步骤以后,以较低的虚警率确定目标。最后,通过条件扩张算法和目标像素聚类完善船只细节。实验结果表明,文中算法在保证良好的检测性能的同时,具有检测效率高、舰船细节完整等优点,为舰船目标鉴别和信息提取提供了良好的保障,更加符合实际应用需求。     

基于熵图像和隶属度图的高斯混合背景模型

经典的高斯混合背景模型中,高斯分量的个数是固定的,近邻像素间的相关性也没有被考虑。作为对这种模型的改进,该文利用熵图像来度量背景像素亮度分布的复杂程度,进而给出了根据熵图像为各像素选择高斯函数个数的方法,在保证检测精度的前提下节约计算资源;并利用隶属度来表示像素属于背景的可能性,通过融合各像素邻域的局部信息来对其进行有效的分类,使得分类决策的结果更可靠,而计算量却增加不多。多种真实场景下的实验证明了这种算法在计算速度和精度上的良好性能。     

一种改进的红外弱小目标快速检测方法

针对复杂背景下红外弱小目标检测率低、目标跟踪困难的问题,提出一种改进的红外弱小目标快速检测方法。该方法采用改进的形态学滤波抑制背景噪声,对处理后的多帧图像进行方差估计初步突出目标像素,然后对其进行信噪比估计得到整个图像序列像素得分,图像中像素信噪比高的被标记为目标像素,再对标记过的图像进行分块分析,最终准确提取出连续图像序列中的目标像素。检测出的目标像素作为Hough变换的目标跟踪算法的输入,设置双阈值实现目标的有效跟踪。实验结果表明,在复杂背景下的红外弱小目标提取中,基于噪声方差估计的目标检测拥有较高的检测概率和较低的虚警概率,将其获得的目标像素作为Hough变换的输入,不仅可以有效跟踪目标,而且简化了算法的复杂度,实现目标的快速提取和跟踪,具有很高的应用价值。     

热红外高光谱成像仪光谱匹配盲元检测算法

受红外焦平面阵列生产工艺及材料本身特性影响,红外焦平面阵列不可避免地存在盲元,严重困扰红外数据的处理与应用。光栅分光推扫式热红外高光谱成像仪一般以红外焦平面阵列的其中的一维作为光谱维进行推扫式成像,空间维只剩一维,与一般的热像仪具有二维空间维的成像机制有很大区别。常规的实验室定标法和开窗处理的场景检测方法不能满足该成像方式的盲元检测需求。以热红外高光谱成像仪中的盲元检测为目标,有针对性地提出了基于光谱匹配的盲元检测算法。该方法从光谱维角度出发,以不同温度实验室黑体定标数据生成温升光谱数据,在数据规则化处理的基础上,自动提取有效像元目标的伪光谱曲线,采用光谱角匹配的方式实现盲元的自动检测。以典型的热红外高光谱成像仪获取数据并开展盲元检测实验,结果表明该方法充分利用了热红外高光谱成像仪的光谱维信息,检测精度较高,盲元补偿后的数据可满足热红外高光谱数据的行业应用。     

一种可靠的运动检测方案及应用

提出了一种简单、可靠的视频序列运动检测方案.该方案首先计算相邻两帧图像对应像素的亮度信号之间的差值,比较差值与设定阈值的大小来判决该像素运动与否.为减少噪声引起的误判,使用了中值滤波、连通区域标号等操作来消除随机噪声以及虚假的静止区域.     

A fast image super-resolution algorithm using an adaptive Wiener filter.

A computationally simple super-resolution algorithm using a type of adaptive Wiener filter is proposed. The algorithm produces an improved resolution image from a sequence of low-resolution (LR) video frames with overlapping field of view. The algorithm uses subpixel registration to position each LR pixel value on a common spatial grid that is referenced to the average position of the input frames. The positions of the LR pixels are not quantized to a finite grid as with some previous techniques. The output high-resolution (HR) pixels are obtained using a weighted sum of LR pixels in a local moving window. Using a statistical model, the weights for each HR pixel are designed to minimize the mean squared error and they depend on the relative positions of the surrounding LR pixels. Thus, these weights adapt spatially and temporally to changing distributions of LR pixels due to varying motion. Both a global and spatially varying statistical model are considered here. Since the weights adapt with distribution of LR pixels, it is quite robust and will not become unstable when an unfavorable distribution of LR pixels is observed. For translational motion, the algorithm has a low computational complexity and may be readily suitable for real-time and/or near real-time processing applications. With other motion models, the computational complexity goes up significantly. However, regardless of the motion model, the algorithm lends itself to parallel implementation. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated here in a number of experimental results using simulated and real video sequences. A computational analysis is also presented.