300MWCFB锅炉配套半干法烟气脱硫的汞排放试验研究

某300 MW循环流化床(CFB)锅炉采用炉内脱硫、SNCR、预电除尘器和烟气循环流化床半干法脱硫装置实现了超低排放。对不同工况下不同位置的烟气汞浓度和灰渣等固体副产物中的汞含量进行测试分析,研究结果表明:燃煤在循环流化床锅炉燃烧产生的汞主要以气态汞和颗粒汞形式存在;锅炉负荷提高,烟气中气态汞和颗粒汞浓度均有所提高,炉内脱硫对原始汞排放特性几乎没有影响;烟气循环流化床半干法脱硫装置可脱除71%～77%的气态汞和86%～88%的颗粒汞;采用预电除尘器与烟气循环流化床半干法脱硫结合的超低排放路线,总汞脱除率可达到82%～87%,使烟囱排放的汞浓度不高于1.5μg/m~3。副产物分析结果表明,烟气中脱除的汞主要富集于粉煤灰和半干法脱硫灰中。     

褐煤在鼓泡流化床和循环流化床燃烧的汞迁移试验研究

对褐煤在小型电加热鼓泡流化床和小型电加热循环流化床中燃烧时的汞迁移特性进行了对比试验研究,重点考察了不同燃烧工况对汞迁移特性的影响。试验结果表明,炉膛温度和给煤量增加,鼓泡流化床和循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT均增加,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)均减少,并且循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT值均低于相同燃烧工况的鼓泡流化床值,循环流化床的飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)值均高于相同燃烧工况的鼓泡流化床的值;流化风速增加,循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT减少,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)增加,鼓泡流化床烟气总汞HgT增加,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)减少。     

不同煤种下循环流化床灰渣特性的试验研究

在一台 0 .5MW的循环流化床燃烧炉上对 4种不同煤种分别进行燃烧试验 ,对燃烧产生的灰渣的分析结果表明了煤种特性如挥发分、灰分和含碳量等对循环流化床燃烧过程的灰渣形成及其排放特性有很大影响 ,并获得了煤中挥发分、灰分及含碳量对底渣粒径及其含碳量、飞灰粒径及其含碳量、飞灰份额及燃烧效率等影响特性 ,对循环流化床锅炉的设计和运行有一定的指导意义。     

300MW CFB锅炉协同脱汞工艺研究及试验

对某300 MW循环流化床锅炉不同工况下燃煤及燃烧产物中汞含量进行测试分析,结果表明:飞灰中汞含量与飞灰含碳量以及其比表面积呈正相关性,燃烧产物中汞含量随着锅炉负荷的升高而增加。分析了CFB锅炉在脱汞方面的优势,为进一步降低烟气中汞含量,达到汞的超低排放,在充分利用现有装置的基础上,设计出一套协同脱汞工艺,该工艺选择炉前添加氧化剂使更多的Hg0转化为Hg2+,烟道尾部空预器后面安装增湿活化装置,使飞灰中更多的Hg2+转化为Hg(p),从而被布袋除尘器捕集,分析了工艺的可行性。     

基于双流化床(DFBB)燃烧的锅炉烟气超低排放技术

现有燃煤电厂、燃煤锅炉超低排放技术主要是末端治理,本文介绍了依据煤炭在循环流化床锅炉燃烧过程中N、S的迁移机理,结合循环流化床和鼓泡流化床的技术特点,研发的双流化床锅炉及其高效洁净燃烧技术工艺,从源头控制、实现燃煤电厂及燃煤锅炉二氧化硫、氮氧化物"超低排放"的技术路线及其优势。     

煤热解过程中汞析出特性的研究

针对目前煤利用过程中汞的排放和污染状况,综述了煤热解过程中汞元素的析出和脱除规律的研究进展;分析了煤种、热解气氛、热解时间和温度对汞析出和汞形态转化的影响因素;阐述了利用煤热解进行燃烧前脱汞的应用前景。     

循环流化床富氧燃烧技术的试验研究

富氧燃烧技术不仅能使分离收集CO2和处理SO2容易进行,还能减少NOx排放,是一种能够综合控制燃煤污染物排放的新型洁净燃烧技术。简要介绍了循环流化床富氧燃烧技术的国内外研究现状,进行了不同氧含量的O2/CO2气氛和O2/N2气氛下的循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究,比较了其燃烧特性及SO2、NOx排放特点,为循环流化床富氧燃烧技术的工业化应用做了基础和重要的准备。     

燃煤烟气汞排放控制技术研究进展

燃煤是汞最大的排放源,而汞又是煤中最易挥发的重金属元素之一,由于汞的剧毒性、积累性及停留时间等特点,汞污染问题引起越来越多人的重视。文中论述了汞的排放形态及其特性,并分析了燃烧前脱汞、燃烧中脱汞和燃烧后脱汞等方面的技术,燃烧后脱汞应用较广泛。     

湿法、半干法和循环流化床炉内脱硫技术的脱汞特性

采用国际上通用的安大略方法对两燃煤电站安装的烟气湿法脱硫装置和新式整体半干法脱硫装置前、后的烟气进行采样,并且对循环床燃煤电站ESP前、后的烟气进行采样,应用美国EPA标准方法测定了烟气中Hg～、Hg2+和HgP的质量分数,应用全自动汞分析仪测定固体样品中的汞质量分数.由汞平衡得出各个环节中的汞所占的份额,分析了湿法、半干法和循环床炉内燃烧脱硫技术脱除烟气中汞的特性.结果表明:在煤粉炉燃煤电站中,烟气中的汞主要以气态汞的形态存在;在循环流化床锅炉燃煤电站中,烟气中的汞主要以颗粒态的形态存在.通过计算各种灰的富集因子可知,汞在底灰中是耗散的,在DC灰、ESP灰、混合灰和脱硫产物中是富集的.在脱除烟气中汞的性能方面,循环床炉内燃烧脱硫技术的脱汞率分别大于新式整体半干法脱硫系统和烟气湿法脱硫系统的脱汞率,且新式整体半干法脱硫系统的脱汞率大于烟气湿法脱硫系统的脱汞率.     

电站燃煤锅炉飞灰特性对其吸附汞能力的影响

为了获得电站燃煤锅炉飞灰对汞的吸附特性,对电站煤粉锅炉和循环流化床锅炉2种燃烧方式下的飞灰进行了研究.通过分析孔隙结构、粒径和碳质量分数对飞灰吸附汞的影响,进一步探究飞灰对汞的吸附机理.结果表明:循环流化床锅炉的飞灰汞质量分数约为煤粉锅炉的10倍;飞灰中碳质量分数对飞灰吸附汞能力起促进作用;飞灰对汞的吸附能力与粒径大小有直接关系,随着飞灰粒径在24.5~362.5μm范围内增大,飞灰中汞质量分数呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在粒径77.5~106μm内出现峰值,约为560×10~(-9);汞质量分数较高的飞灰样品中4~6nm范围内的介孔含量较高,有利于飞灰对汞的吸附,且比表面积较比孔容积在汞吸附过程中发挥了更为重要的作用.     

Mercury emission and adsorption characteristics of fly ash in PC and CFB boilers

The mercury emission was obtained by measuring the mercury contents in flue gas and solid samples in pulverized coal (PC) and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) utility boilers. The relationship was obtained between the mercury emission and adsorption characteristics of fly ash. The parameters included unburned carbon content, particle size, and pore structure of fly ash. The results showed that the majority of mercury released to the atmosphere with the flue gas in PC boiler, while the mercury was enriched in fly ash and captured by the precipitator in CFB boiler. The coal factor was proposed to characterize the impact of coal property on mercury emissions in this paper. As the coal factor increased, the mercury emission to the atmosphere decreased. It was also found that the mercury content of fly ash in the CFB boiler was ten times higher than that in the PC boiler. As the unburned carbon content increased, the mercury adsorbed increased. The capacity of adsorbing mercury by fly ash was directly related to the particle size. The particle size corresponding to the highest content of mercury, which was about 560 ng/g, appeared in the range from 77.5 to 106 µm. The content of mesoporous (4–6 nm) of the fly ash in the particle size of 77.5–106 µm was the highest, which was beneficial to adsorbing the mercury. The specific surface area played a more significant role than specific pore volume in the mercury adsorption process.     

410 t/h循环流化床锅炉煤焦混烧热力性能试验研究

在额定蒸发量为410t/h的循环流化床锅炉上进行以烟煤、石油焦混合物为燃料的锅炉热力性能试验,根据ASME锅炉性能规程计算了锅炉热效率,并对温度、汽水流量、气态污染物排放、灰渣含碳量等多个参数进行了测试,整理得到了一些规律性的结果。结果表明,锅炉以烟煤、石油焦为燃料,添加石灰石脱硫,采用尾部飞灰再循环,额定负荷下锅炉热效率可达92.8%;炉内密相区温度分布均匀;床温、分离器入口温度、排烟温度和排渣温度等各温度稳定;主蒸汽流量、给水流量、减温水流量等汽水流量波动小;气态污染物均可控制在较低水平。这对我国循环流化床锅炉燃用煤焦混合物的设计和运行工作有一定借鉴意义。     

烟气汞形态分布及其受氯化物添加剂影响的研究

在自行设计的一维煤粉燃烧试验台上,研究了烟气汞形态的分布特征,并分析了NaCl作为添加剂与煤混烧对汞形态分布的影响.结果表明:在试验煤种烟气中,气态汞是烟气汞最主要的排放形式,二价汞是气态汞的主要形式,飞灰中的汞含量比底渣中的汞舍量高;NaCl的添加使气态二价汞和单质汞占总汞的百分比都有不同程度的下降,而颗粒态汞的比例相应增加,但随着NaCl添加量的增加,颗粒态汞的增加量逐渐趋于平缓,单质汞的减少量也相应降低,趋势趋于平缓.     

Transformation characteristics of Na and K in high alkali residual carbon during circulating fluidized bed combustion

In this study, the transformation characteristics of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) during combustion of Zhundong coal gasification fly ash in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors were investigated by examining gasification fly ash (TCf) from a 0.1-MW CFB test system. Experimental results indicated that TCf was rich in Na and K, with water-soluble and insoluble Na the main Na forms. Insoluble K was the major K form in TCf, accounting for 70.6% of total K. Reactor bed temperature exerted important effects on Na release during combustion such that, as bed temperature increased, the proportions of Na in bottom and circulating ash decreased while the Na in fly ash increased. Hydrochloric acid-soluble and insoluble Na in ash accounted for a large fraction of total Na. However, insoluble K was the principle K form in ash and bed temperature showed little influence on K release and distribution in ash during combustion. With decreased flue gas temperature, the Na content in deposition ash initially increased, then decreased, and eventually stabilized, while the K content in deposition ash was basically unchanged. Agglomeration of ash particles occurred during combustion, being more apparent at higher gas temperatures, and the agglomerates were rich in Na, K, sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), and calcium (Ca). Deposition ash Na was mainly contained NaCl and Ca/Na sulfates. The enrichment of these salts as well as of Ca sulfate in ash was the main cause of ash agglomeration and deposition.     

Preliminary study of trace element emissions and control during coal combustion

Hazardous trace element emissions have caused serious harm to human health in China. Several typical high-toxic trace element coals were collected from different districts and were used to investigate the emission characteristics of toxic trace elements (As, Se, Cr, Hg) and to explore preliminary control methods. Coal combustion tests were conducted in several bench-scale furnaces including drop tube furnace (DTF), circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion furnace, and fixed-bed combustion furnace. Calcium oxide was used to control the emission of arsenic and selenium. The granular activated carbons (AC) and activated-carbon fibers (ACF) were used to remove mercury in the flue gas from coal combustion. The chemical composition and trace element contents of ash and particulate matter (PM) were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), respectively. The speciation and concentration of mercury were investigated using the Ontario-Hydro method. X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD) was used to determine the mineral composition of production during combustion experiments. With the addition of a calcium-based sorbent, arsenic concentration in PM₁ sharply decreased from 0.25–0.11 mg/m³. In fixed-bed combustion of coal, the retention rates of selenium volatiles were between 11.6% and 50.7% using lime. In the circulating fluidized-bed combustion of coal, the content of selenium in ash from the chimney was reduced to one-fourth of its original value and that in leaching water from the chimney decreased by two orders of magnitude using lime. Calcium-based sorbent is an effective additive to control the emission of As and Se during coal combustion. The emission of chromium is influenced by the occurrence mode of Cr in coal. Chromium emission in PM_2.5 during coal combustion is 55.5 and 34.7 μg/m³ for Shenbei coal and mixed Pingdingshan coal, respectively. The adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon for Hg⁰ is significantly enhanced through ZnCl₂-impregnation. The activated carbon fibers showed decent efficiency in mercury adsorption, on which surface oxygen complex showed positive effects on mercury adsorption.     

飞灰未燃尽碳对吸附烟气汞影响的试验研究

采用HYDRA AA全自动测汞仪对3个燃煤电厂的飞灰未燃尽碳进行测试,并利用垂直炉试验系统对电厂飞灰吸附烟气汞进行了试验研究.结果表明：不同燃煤电厂飞灰中的未燃尽碳含量不同是由于各电厂不同煤种、不同燃烧工况以及机组的不同参数造成的;同一电厂的飞灰在灼烧后与原灰相比,对烟气汞的吸附效率相差不大;除了飞灰中的未燃尽碳对汞有吸附外,尾矿对汞也有一定的吸附作用;未燃尽碳含量高的飞灰对汞的吸附效率也较高.     

循环流化床锅炉的飞灰含碳量问题

循环流化床锅炉的飞灰含碳量问题近年来受到关注。对实际运行的多台燃烧各种燃料的220t／h锅炉的飞灰样品测定表明：飞灰的含碳量具有明显的不均匀性。分析了煤质、分离器及运行条件对飞灰含碳量的影响。结果表明：循环流化床锅炉燃烧过程中焦炭反应性逐渐下降;焦炭燃烧过程中发生的爆裂、磨损、失活等行为与煤种有关,对循环流化床锅炉飞灰碳燃尽有很大影响。气固混和不均匀是导致较高的飞灰含碳量的原因之一。图7表2参13     

降低循环流化床飞灰可燃物

循环流化床锅炉具有高效、低污染、煤种适应性广等优点 ,在我国得到大力发展。但目前国内流化床锅炉普遍存在着飞灰含碳量高 ,锅炉燃烧效率达不到设计值的问题。概述了影响飞灰含碳量的主要因素如煤种、煤的粒径及循环系统运行状况等。在对现有流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量高的原因及存在的主要问题进行探讨的基础上 ,提出了降低飞灰含碳量 ,提高燃烧效率的一些途径。