Principles of the design of a system for automating blast furnaces

Conclusions To improve the methods used in smelting, it is recommended that the 1033-m³ blast furnace at the Chusovoi plant be equipped with an efficient automation system based on the use of programmable controllers and the “Smelter Adviser” expert system. This will make it possible to more reliably evaluate the current state of the smelting operation and to use efficient coordinated control actions. The anticipated effects of those actions during smelting are substantiated by modeling. It is also possible to calculate many different generalized indices of the thermal state of the furnace and coefficients used in factor analysis. Those indices and coefficients are needed to comparatively analyze and plan the operation of the blast furnace. The computer-based “Smelter Adviser” expert system can also be used as a trainer to teach blast-furnace operators new techniques for conducting a heat with the use of information technologies and computer technology. Ural State Technical Institute, Chusovoi Metallurgical Plant, and AOZT “NTF IPM”. Translated from Metallurg, No. 7, pp. 21–26, July, 1999.     

Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature.

The authors developed and meta-analytically examined hypotheses designed to test and extend work design theory by integrating motivational, social, and work context characteristics. Results from a summary of 259 studies and 219,625 participants showed that 14 work characteristics explained, on average, 43% of the variance in the 19 worker attitudes and behaviors examined. For example, motivational characteristics explained 25% of the variance in subjective performance, 2% in turnover perceptions, 34% in job satisfaction, 24% in organizational commitment, and 26% in role perception outcomes. Beyond motivational characteristics, social characteristics explained incremental variances of 9% of the variance in subjective performance, 24% in turnover intentions, 17% in job satisfaction, 40% in organizational commitment, and 18% in role perception outcomes. Finally, beyond both motivational and social characteristics, work context characteristics explained incremental variances of 4% in job satisfaction and 16% in stress. The results of this study suggest numerous opportunities for the continued development of work design theory and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eclecticism at work: Approaches to job design.

Explores a particular aspect of work-job design-and emphasizes the range of alternatives available. Job enlargement and modified work weeks are briefly examined. It is suggested that the orientation of the problem solver and the issue of problem formulation are vital, but usually neglected aspects of job design. Some approaches to job design which capitalize on the existence of individual differences in the work force are considered. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

从设计观点看难浸金矿石的预处理工艺

本文从工厂设计的角度，评述现行的预自理工艺，并从技术，经济，环境等方面进行比较，结合国情和资源特征，提出了现阶段适宜的工艺选择。     

The anthropometric laboratory of Ireland.

Extends the analysis of F. Galton's (1885, 1892) anthropometric data presented by R. C. Johnson et al (see record 1986-11384-001) by presenting historical information about the anthropometric laboratory of Ireland. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高炉耐火炉衬设计原则及“陶瓷杯”的应用

随着新型耐火材料的发展，“耐火材料法”在高炉内衬的设计中也得到了越来越广泛的应用，采用该法的主要好处是热损失小、炉缸状况稳定。以“耐火材料法“为基础，将导热性不同的材料进行合理安排后设计出了用于高炉炉缸的“陶瓷杯”。从１９８４年到１９９３年已有２３套“陶瓷杯”得到了安装或订购。     

Principles of the design of highly porous layered composites working in the bending mode

A comparative analysis is made of the spesific mechanical characteristics of a sandwich-type laminated porous composite under bending. The external layers of the composite are compact while the internal layer consists of a highly porous material made by using a pore-forming agent. The specific stiffness, strength, and yield load as a function of the volume fraction of pores Θ and the porous/compact-layer thickness ratio λ are considered. The stiffness, strength, and yield load are shown to be affected by variations of Θ and λ when the weight of the composite is constant. Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 3/4(412), pp. 70–78, March–April, 2000.     

Sonification design for complex work domains: Dimensions and distractors.

Sonification—representing data in sound—is a potential method for supporting human operators who have to monitor dynamic processes. Previous research has investigated a limited number of sound dimensions and has not systematically investigated the impact of dimensional interactions on sonification effectiveness. In three experiments the authors investigated accuracy for identifying changes in six target auditory dimensions of a continuous pulse stream under three conditions: no distractor, one distractor, and five distractors. In Experiment 1 amplitude, frequency, harmonics, speed, tremolo (cycles per pulse), and width were tested. Accuracy and patterns of interaction between the dimensions were mapped. In Experiment 2 the same dimensions were tested but tremolo was operationalized as cycles per second (Hz). The patterns of interaction between the temporal dimensions differed from Experiment 1. In Experiment 3 the amplitude contour of the pulse stream was changed. The dimensions tested were amplitude, frequency, formants, speed, tremolo (cycles per period), and width. Results showed low accuracy for formants and many interactions, both positive and negative between the dimensions. The authors interpret the results in terms of theories of perceptual interference in auditory dimensions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The design and evaluation of a step test for the rapid prediction of physical work capacity in an unsophisticated industrial work force

The influence of 100--600 microng of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) injected into the right lateral ventricle of the brain on behavior and activity of the cerebral cholinergic system was studied in Wistar rats. Proportionally to dosage, GABA inhibited motor and exploratory activity in the rats. Reduction in the content of acetylcholine in the pons and medulla oblongata was accompanied by increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. GABA changed AChE activity differently in various parts of the brain. GABA depressed motor and exploratory activity in rats in a degree dependent on its dosage and inborn exploratory of the rats, and this effect was accompanied by changes in the cerebral cholinergic system.     

Lithium chloride and avoidance of novel places.

In Exp I, 40 male hooded rats were exposed to a distinctive chamber (Chamber A, part of a 2-chamber apparatus) that was novel for half of the Ss but familiar for the other half. Each S was subsequently injected with lithium chloride or saline. In a test trial conducted 24 hrs later, all Ss were given a choice between Chamber A and Chamber B, which was novel for all Ss. The group made familiar with Chamber A and then given lithium showed a significant preference for that side or an avoidance of the novel side, a "spatial neophobia." Exp II, with 40 Ss, confirmed the spatial neophobia effect and demonstrated that it did not depend on the particular conditioning procedure used in the 1st experiment. The spatial neophobia effect was related to similar effects in the taste aversion literature and to the results of research on lithium-induced decreases in exploratory behavior. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Operator work design and robotics system performance: A serendipitous field study.

The effect of increased operator control on the performance of a robotics line was examined. The introduction of a new payment system led operators to assume more responsibility for fault management. Data covering 101 shifts before and 127 shifts after the change showed a progressive improvement in system uptime. As predicted, initial gains were attributable to a quicker response to operating faults, shown by a reduction in downtime per incident; later additional gains were attributable to fault prevention. The implications of the findings for both theory and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Advancing mental health in political places.

The author describes his career as a psychologist serving in elected office. He found that by his attending to individual concerns, supporting community consensus on key issues, playing the outsider role, leading an issue individually, and calling media attention to a problem, city hall could be moved to action. In the state legislature, the author serves in the minority but has made an impact by amending legislation, sponsoring less controversial bills, or generating enough public support for a bill that the majority advances its own similar bill. He identified the following mental health needs in Ohio: better understanding by legislators of the nature and impact of mental illness, adequate funding, mental health parity legislation, and more effective advocacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On being ethical in legal places.

Comments that many ethical pitfalls may await psychologists who participate as expert witnesses in the legal process. This article describes the ethical problems and examines their origin in light of important differences in purpose between psychological practice and legal process. Special attention is given to problems of objectivity in the assessment process, ethical issues in the interpretation of data in the courtroom, and the client's psychological welfare. Suggestions for maintaining ethical practice in the role of expert witness are provided. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

合金钢棒材生产线半连轧可逆式粗轧机主传动系统设计方案选择

根据合金钢棒材生产工艺的特点及粗轧机对传动系统的要求,结合作者多年设计和实践经验,介绍了半连轧可逆式粗轧机主传动系统设计时,如何选择变频装置、传动电动机、整流变压器、电源补偿装置,重点对比分析了三电平交-直-交变频装置和交-交变频装置的特点及性能价格、同步电动机和异步电动机的结构和性能参数以及无功补偿和谐波补偿的特点,最终给出了选择建议。     

Maternal anthropometric factors and risk of primary cesarean delivery

OBJECTIVES: This study examined absolute and proportional gestational weight gain and prepregnancy body mass index as predictors of primary cesarean delivery. METHODS: Data were derived from a prospective study of pregnancy outcome risk factors in 2301 women in greater New Haven, Conn, who had singleton deliveries by primary cesarean (n = 312) or vaginal delivery (n = 1989) and for whom height, prepregnancy weight, and weight gain were available. Women were divided into 4 body mass index groups (underweight, low average, high average, and obese) and further subdivided into 8 groups according to median proportional or absolute weight gain. RESULTS: Risk of cesarean delivery increased with increasing body mass index and gestational weight gain greater than the median for one's body mass index. Proportional weight gain was more predictive of cesarean delivery than absolute weight gain. Underweight women gaining more than 27.8% of their prepregnancy weight had a 2-fold adjusted relative risk of cesarean delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Proportional weight gain is an important predictor of cesarean delivery for underweight women; high body mass index is also predictive of increased risk.