基于复用的自适应随机预约多址协议

为解决多业务环境下VSAT ATM中多址协议的信道分配效率及QoS问题,提出了基于复用的自适应随机预约多址协议(MRRAA)。在MRRAA中,由于rt-VBR业务所需带宽变化,其预约的时隙常有剩余,能被其他业务复用。复用rt-VBR业务剩余时隙时,按优先级顺序,首先是nrt-VBR,其次ABR,最后是UBR业务。用流体流方法表明,MR RAA在信源突发性比较高时,能大幅度提高信道的利用率,而又不违反业务的QoS要求。     

基于周期轮询的GPON上行链路动态带宽分配算法

本文对GPON基本原理以及MAC层上行链路DBA机制进行了深入分析和介绍。在此基础上，遵照ITU-T规范，提出了一种基于周期轮询的GPON上行链路DBA算法。这种DBA算法，可实现包括五种T-CONT类型，四种带宽分配方式在内的上行链路动态带宽分配，支持多种QoS业务。文中晟后，对提出的DBA算法性能进行了简要仿真分析。     

一种新的HomePNA网络动态带宽分配算法

基于同轴的家庭电话线网络联盟(HomePNA)3.0网络是一个上下行共享同一频段,使用同步媒体接入控制(SMAC)或异步媒体接入控制(AMAC)方式工作的系统.为保障视频、语音和数据等多业务的服务质量(QoS)特性,文章提出了一种新的动态带宽分配算法,即高优先级业务基于流的带宽预留和低优先级业务基于流量统计的上行带宽分配.给出了模型和仿真结果,证明了这种算法的正确性.     

Efficient medium arbitration of FSAN‐compliant GPONs

The steadily rising demand for multimedia and data services, the falling cost and omnipresence of Ethernet and the maturity of passive optical networks (PON) technology, promise to radically change the landscape in the local loop. The heart of a gigabit PON system (recently standardized by FSAN/ITU) is the medium access controller (MAC), which arbitrates access to the upstream link among users with fluctuating traffic demands and effects the multiplexing and concentration policy. At the same time, it has to safeguard the service quality and enforce the parameters agreed in the service level agreements (SLAs) between the users and the service provider. In this paper, a MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented. The architecture and implementation in hardware of a MAC algorithm capable of allocating bandwidth down to a resolution of a byte with QoS differentiation is the focus of this paper. It employs the bandwidth arbitration tools of the FSAN/ITU G.984.3 standard and maps SLA parameters to GPON service parameters to create an efficient, fair and flexible residential access system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种APON上行带宽分配方案

文中介绍了APOW（ATM无源光网络）,在此基础上提出了APON上行带宽动态分配的一种方案--“最小分配”方案：即光线路终端（OLT）在分配上行带宽时,首先满足各光网络单元（ONU）的基本带宽需求,以保证电话等实时业务的传输;同时又以特定的算法使ONU中的上行发送缓冲队列最短。最后,使用仿真手段对本方案与“平均分配”方案进行了性能比较。“最小分配”方案的平均信元接入时延、ONU上发缓冲区尺寸、上行带宽使用效率和信元丢失率等性能指标均优于“平均分配”方案。     

Enhanced Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks

As broadband access is evolving from digital subscriber lines to optical access networks, Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) are considered a promising solution for next generation broadband access. The point‐to‐multipoint topology of EPONs requires a time‐division multiple access MAC protocol for upstream transmission. In this paper, we propose a new enhanced dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm with fairness called EFDBA for multiple services over EPONs. The proposed algorithm is composed of a fairness counter controller and a fairness system buffer in the optical line terminal. The EFDBA algorithm with fairness can provide increased capability and efficient resource allocation in an EPON system. In the proposed EFDBA algorithm, the optical line termination allocates bandwidth to the optical network units in proportion to the fairness weighting counter number associated with their class and queue length. The proposed algorithm provides efficient resource utilization by reducing the unused remaining bandwidth made by idle state optical network units.     

Bandwidth allocation for multiservice access on EPONs

Ethernet passive optical networks are a low-cost high-speed solution to the bottleneck problem of the broadband access network. A major characteristic of EPONs is the shared upstream channel among end users, mandating efficient medium access control to facilitate statistical multiplexing and provision multiple services for different types of traffic. This article addresses and provides an overview of the upstream bandwidth allocation issue for multiservice access provisioning over EPONs, and proposes an algorithm for dynamic bandwidth allocation with service differentiation. Based on the multipoint control protocol (MPCP) and bursty traffic prediction, our algorithm enhances QoS metrics such as average frame delay, average queue length, and frame loss probability over other existing protocols     

A Two‐Step Scheduling Algorithm to Support Dual Bandwidth Allocation Policies in an Ethernet Passive Optical Network

In this paper, we design a two‐step scheduling algorithm to support multiple bandwidth allocation policies for upstream channel access in an Ethernet passive optical network. The proposed scheduling algorithm allows us a simultaneous approach for multiple access control policies: static bandwidth allocation for guaranteed bandwidth service and dynamic bandwidth allocation for on‐demand, dynamic traffic services. In order to reduce the scheduling complexity, we separate the process of the transmission start‐ time decision from the process of grant generation. This technique does not require the timing information of other bandwidth allocation modules, so respective modules are free from a heavy amount of timing information or complex processing.     

Supporting MPEG video transport on DOCSIS-compliant cable networks

A novel quality of service (QoS) scheduling mechanism suitable for transporting variable bit rate video in the upstream direction over a DOCSIS (data over cable system interface specification)-compliant cable network is presented. It is shown, via simulation using real life video traces, that the proposed scheduling service provides significant improvements as compared to the existing DOCSIS QoS scheduling services, with regard to bandwidth utilization and latency distribution. The proposed scheduling service is also applicable to transport integrated services over the Internet and can be utilized by other emerging multimedia applications, where data are bursty in nature and variable in bit rate     

Fair Delay Optimization-based Resource Allocation Algorithm for Video Traffic over Wireless Multimedia System

The major issue related to the realization of wireless multimedia system is the design of suitable medium access control (MAC) protocol. The design challenge is to maximize the utilization of the limited wireless resources while guaranteeing the various quality of service requirements for all traffic classes especially for the stringent real-time constraint of real time variable bit rate (rt-VBR) video service. In this paper a novel resource allocation algorithm for video traffic is proposed. The proposed allocation algorithm aims to provide fair delay for video packets by minimizing the delay difference among transmitted video packets. At the same time it adaptively controls the allocated resources (bandwidth) for video traffic around the corresponding average bit rate, and has the ability of controlling the quality of service (QoS) offered for video traffic in terms of packet loss probability and average delay. A minimized control overhead of only two bits is needed to increase the utilization efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves very high utilization and provides nearly fair delay among video packets. Its efficiency is also investigated under traffic integration condition with voice and data traffic to show that the QoS offered to video traffic does not change in the presence of the highest priority voice traffic while data traffic increases the channel utilization to 98% by using the remaining bandwidth after voice and video traffic while a good QoS is offered to voice and data traffic.

EPON中保证QoS的动态带宽分配算法

作为一种新技术，EPON系统采取在下行信道使用广播方式而在上行信道使用时分多址(TDMA)方式，为用户提供共享传输介质的接入方式，因此就需要一种接入控制机制来为用户分配带宽。为了使EPON系统更好地支持QoS并且进一步提高带宽利用率，提出了一种新的固定周期轮询动态带宽分配算法，针对不同时延特性业务采用不同的授权分配算法。算法包括两部分：OLT时ONU的调度以及ONU内部不同优先级的队列之间的调度。最后讨论了包时延、系统吞吐量等仿真结果和性能分析。     

一种在EPON中支持多业务接入的DBA公平算法

上行带宽的动态带宽分配是以太网无源光网络(EPON)系统的一个重要研究领域,文章提出了一种区分业务优先等级的动态周期轮询算法.该算法保证了高优先级业务的实时传输,同时为中、低优先级业务提供了基本的带宽,兼顾了动态带宽分配的效率和公平性.文中通过公式推导,给出了算法的具体实现过程,从理论上证明了新算法的可行性.     

基于OFDM-PON动态带宽分配算法研究

正交频分复用是一种多载波调制技术,用于解决各种无线和有线通信系统中因信道色散引起的符号间干扰问题。近年来的研究表明,OFDM在无源光网络方面有广泛地应用前景。文中以OFDM-PON为对象,对其传输性能、动态带宽分配算法进行了研究。提出了基于传统CP算法的改进算法,使OFDM-PON系统的上行带宽分配性能得到改善。经过建模仿真证明,系统上行业务时延和链路利用率都得到了提高。     

Analysis of fair rate calculations in resilient packet ring aggressive mode

Resilient packet ring (RPR) standardized as IEEE 802.17 is a new medium access control (MAC) protocol for metro-ring networks. RPR supports spatial reuse which increases the achieved throughput but it can also result in congestion and starvation of nodes on the ring. Therefore, it is necessary to employ mechanisms to enforce a fair allocation of the ring bandwidth in RPR. In order to maintain fairness among nodes, a fairness algorithm is deployed at each RPR node. When a node detects congestion, it calculates a fair rate which is advertised to all upstream nodes contributing to congestion. Upon receiving the fair rate, the upstream nodes limit the rate of their injected traffic to the advertised fair rate. Consequently, the congested node can utilize the unused capacity and add its local traffic to the ring. In this paper, we develop an analytical model for fair rate calculation in the RPR aggressive mode fairness algorithm in the parking-lot scenario. This model provides an insight on dynamics of the RPR fairness algorithm and can be used to evaluate its performance. We investigate this problem in two cases. First, we assume that the link propagation delay is zero and derive the fair rate equations for this ideal case. We then consider the link propagation delay and develop a more realistic model. We verify the accuracy of our model by simulation results. Furthermore, we use the developed model to study the impact of various parameters on convergence of the fair rate.     

Dynamic Subcarrier Assignment for OFDM-PON Network Based on RSOA for ACCORDANCE

In this paper, we overview the principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network （OFDM-PON） systems, with a particular focus on upstream architectures capable of achieving 10Gbit/s colorless upstream transmission using Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier （RSOA）. We propose an architecture of RSOA based OFDM-PON which can achieve 10Gbit/s upstream transmission over a single wavelength. A novel Dynamic Subcarrier Assignment （DSA） algorithm is also proposed to support my architecture, namely Service based Polling in Pipeline （SPP） dynamic subcarrier algorithm. A simulation was conducted to study the performance of SPP algorithm. Compared with the traditional dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, service based polling meets the quality of in pipeline algorithm service requirements excellently, and adapts orthogonal frequency division multiplexing passive optical network better with higher bandwidth efficiency and lower algorithm complexity.     

Multi-thread polling: a dynamic bandwidth distribution scheme in long-reach PON

With the advances in optical technology, the span of a broadband access network using Passive Optical Network (PON) technology can be increased from today's standard of 20 km to 100 km or higher, and thereby serve a lot more users. Such an extended-reach PON is known as SuperPON in the literature, and we call it a Long-Reach PON (LR-PON). A major challenge in LR-PON is that the propagation delay (for data as well as control signals) between the telecom central office (CO) and the end user is increased by a very significant amount. Now, traditional PON algorithms for scheduling the upstream transmission, such as dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms, may not be sufficient; actually, they may lead to degraded performance because of the long delay of the CO-to- Users "control loop." This challenge motivates us to propose and study a multi-thread polling algorithm to effectively and fairly distribute the upstream bandwidth dynamically. This algorithm exploits the benefits of having multiple polling processes running simultaneously and enabling users to send bandwidth requests before receiving acknowledgement from the CO. We compare the proposed algorithm with traditional DBA, and show its advantage on average packet delay. We then analyze and optimize key parameters of the algorithm, such as initiating and tuning multiple threads, inter-thread scheduling, and fairness among users. Numerical results demonstrate the algorithm's advantage to decrease the average packet delay and improve network throughput under varying offered loads.     

Class-limited algorithm for supporting QoS and fairness in Ethernet passive optical network

Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) becomes a key technology for the next generation broadband access networks due to its cost-effectiveness and high data rate. One of the research issues in EPON is to support service differentiation and fairness. For service differentiation, the conventional limited algorithm is extended with strict priority queuing (SPQ). However, due to ONU-bounded bandwidth allocation, those extensions from the limited algorithm have difficulties in supporting QoS and fairness when the uplink is instantaneously overloaded. To overcome the disadvantages of ONU-bounded bandwidth allocation, instead of allocating the bandwidth on per ONU basis, the proposed class-limited algorithm allocates the bandwidth on per service class basis. Our simulations show that the class-limited algorithm is more efficient to differentiate services and to fairly share residual bandwidth than other limited schemes combined with SPQ, particularly for instantaneous overload condition.     

Contention-free distributed dynamic reservation MAC protocol withdeterministic scheduling (C-FD3R MAC) for wireless ATMnetworks

This paper proposes a novel MAC protocol for wireless ATM networks, which is characterized by a contention-free mechanism of the reservation request and a deterministic nature of mobile-assisted (distributed) uplink scheduling under a framework of the dynamic reservation TDMA, as discussed in the current standardization activities of ETSI Project BRAN (broadband radio access network) and the wireless ATM working group in the ATM Forum. The design objective of the proposed MAC protocol is to guarantee the real-time constraint of the real-time VBR (rt-VBR) traffic class while maximizing the multiplexing gain among all ATM traffic classes, especially with a fixed length frame. The proposed deterministic scheduling scheme for the rt-VBR traffic class lends itself to implementing the minimal configuration of control data units for reservation request as desired under the limited wireless resources. Simulation experiments using statistically multiplexed MPEG-2 video streams are performed for a 25 Mbits/s wireless ATM access link scenario. It has been shown that the proposed framework guarantees the delay constraint of rt-VBR sessions along with its cell loss rate significantly reduced, while improving the average delay performance of the nrt-VBR in the range of 10%-30% without compromising the channel utilization as compared to the DSA++ system     

Network coding based joint signaling and dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme for inter optical network unit communication in passive optical networks

As an innovative and promising technology, network coding has been introduced to passive optical networks (PON) in recent years to support inter optical network unit (ONU) communication, yet the signaling process and dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) in PON with network coding (NC-PON) still need further study. Thus, we propose a joint signaling and DBA scheme for efficiently supporting differentiated services of inter ONU communication in NC-PON. In the proposed joint scheme, the signaling process lays the foundation to fulfill network coding in PON, and it can not only avoid the potential threat to downstream security in previous schemes but also be suitable for the proposed hybrid dynamic bandwidth allocation (HDBA) scheme. In HDBA, a DBA cycle is divided into two sub-cycles for applying different coding, scheduling and bandwidth allocation strategies to differentiated classes of services. Besides, as network traffic load varies, the entire upstream transmission window for all REPORT messages slides accordingly, leaving the transmission time of one or two sub-cycles to overlap with the bandwidth allocation calculation time at the optical line terminal (the OLT), so that the upstream idle time can be efficiently eliminated. Performance evaluation results validate that compared with the existing two DBA algorithms deployed in NC-PON, HDBA demonstrates the best quality of service (QoS) support in terms of delay for all classes of services, especially guarantees the end-to-end delay bound of high class services. Specifically, HDBA can eliminate queuing delay and scheduling delay of high class services, reduce those of lower class services by at least 20%, and reduce the average end-to-end delay of all services over 50%. Moreover, HDBA also achieves the maximum delay fairness between coded and uncoded lower class services, and medium delay fairness for high class services.     

Providing rate guarantees for internet application traffic across ATM networks

The TCP⁄IP protocol suite is the standard requirement for all applications that need to communicate over the Internet. As TCP⁄IP applications are unable to specify the QoS parameters needed for most Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) services, they tend to use the unspecified bit rate (UBR) service category when running across ATM networks. The UBR service utilizes any bandwidth that is left unused by the rest of the ATM services. This has led the ATM Forum's Traffic Management Group to define a new service category called guaranteed frame rate (GFR). GFR is intended to provide minimum cell rate guarantees and fair access to excess bandwidth left over from higher-priority services. This article first presents a tutorial overview of GFR and then presents a survey of the research work that has been carried out toward the design and implementation of associated ATM switch mechanisms.