大跨双层屋盖结构风洞试验与风振响应研究

对南太湖湿地奥体公园复杂体型体育场双层屋盖结构进行了风荷载的风洞试验与风致动力响应研究。屋盖由高低两个开口椭圆屋面叠合而成,两屋面之间设置观光走廊。利用风洞模型试验测定了双层屋盖上下表面的平均和脉动风压时程数据。通过计算分析得到了屋盖结构局部测点的极值风压以及平均风荷载整体合力与最不利风向角。然后基于有限元方法对该屋盖进行了风振响应的动力时程分析,获得了结构风振系数、等效静力风荷载的分布图以及考虑风振效应的最不利风向等数据和结论。     

The effect of amplitude-dependent damping on wind-induced vibrations of a super tall building

Full-scale measurements of wind effects on a 70 storey tall building have been conducted. The tall building that has a height of 367 m is the second tallest structure in Hong Kong. The amplitude-dependent characteristics of damping have been obtained by using the random decrement technique from the field measurements of acceleration responses. The objective of this study is to present detailed investigations into the effects of amplitude-dependent damping on the wind-induced responses of the super tall building based on the measured non-linear damping and wind action characteristics. An efficient and less time consuming digital simulation technique is developed to generate time series of turbulent wind loads acting on the tall building based on the measured wind speed records. The predicted dynamic responses of the building using the actual amplitude-dependent damping characteristics are compared with those computed by using constant damping parameters assumed by the structural designers or estimated from the field measurements in order to evaluate the adequacy of current design practices and to apply that knowledge to structural design of tall buildings. It is observed from this study that the effect of amplitude-dependent damping on the dynamic responses of such a super tall building is significant and knowledge of actual damping characteristics is very important in the accurate prediction of wind-induced vibrations of a tall building.     

大跨度屋盖表面风致雪压分布规律研究

采用了两相流理论模拟风荷载雪漂作用,认为空气相和雪相的关系为单向耦合,雪在风(空气相)的作用下发生漂移,基于此对通用流体软件FLUENT进行了二次开发。以一实际大跨屋盖结构--北京首都机场3号航站楼T3A为研究对象,首先将风洞试验测得的屋盖表面风压分布数据与计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics)计算结果进行了对比,两者的一致性一定程度上证实了风致雪漂计算方法的准确性。接着细致分析了几个主要参数(湍流模型的类型、阀值摩擦速度及来流风速、风向等)对屋盖表面雪压变化的影响。结果表明,相对标准k-ε模型而言,可实现k-ε模型得到的结果有更多的沉积区域;随着阀值摩擦速度的提高或来流风速的降低,沉积率相应增大。     

大跨屋盖结构风致抖振响应研究

建立基于非定常风荷载的大跨屋盖结构风致动力响应的试验和分析方法。该方法采用多通道测压系统扩大同步测压点的数目,更全面地获得屋盖表面风压的时空特性,为准确计算结构风致响应奠定了基础。在动力分析方法上应用CQC法计算屋盖结构的风振响应,考虑多模态及模态间的耦合影响,编制了结构风致动力效应计算程序SWDP。最后对上海铁路南站工程屋盖结构的抖振响应结果进行了计算和分析。结果表明,采用多通道测压系统可以有效地扩大同步测压点的数目;基于非定常风荷载的CQC方法是计算复杂大跨屋盖结构风振响应的有效方法;背景响应对于总响应的贡献通常是不可忽略的。     

Large eddy simulation of wind effects on a long-span complex roof structure

This paper presents a combined study of numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests for the determinations of wind effects on a long-span complex roof of the Shenzhen New Railway Station Building. The main objective of this study is to present an effective approach for the estimations of wind effects on a complex roof by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. A new inflow turbulence generator called the discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation (DSRFG) approach was applied to simulate inflow boundary conditions of a turbulent flow field. A new one-equation dynamic subgrid scale (SGS) model was adopted for the large eddy simulations (LES) of wind effects on the station building. The wind-induced pressures on the roof and turbulent flow fields around the station building were thus calculated based upon the DSRFG approach and the new SGS model integrated with the FLUENT software. In parallel with the numerical investigation, simultaneous pressure measurements on the entire station building were made in a boundary layer wind tunnel to determine the mean, fluctuating, and peak pressure coefficient distributions. The numerically predicted results were found to be consistent with the wind tunnel test data. The comparative study demonstrated that the recommended inflow turbulence generation technique and the new SGS model as well as the associated numerical treatments are useful tools for structural engineers to assess wind effects on long-span complex roofs and irregularly shaped buildings at the design stage.     

Wind effects on a long-span beam string roof structure: Wind tunnel test, field measurement and numerical analysis

The Guangzhou International Convention & Exhibition Center (GICEC) with roof dimensions of 210 m wide and 457 m long is the largest exhibition center in Asia and the 2nd largest of this kind in the world. This paper presents results from a combined study of wind tunnel test, full-scale measurement, and numerical analysis of wind effects on the long-span beam string roof structure. In the wind tunnel test, wind-induced pressures including mean and fluctuating components were measured from the roof of a 1:300 scale GICEC model under suburban boundary layer wind flow configuration. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method and the quasi-steady approach as well as probability analysis were adopted to estimate the characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures on the roof. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of wind actions and wind-induced structural responses of the roof were conducted during the passage of Typhoon Nuri. The field data such as wind speed, wind direction, and acceleration responses, etc., were continuously and simultaneously monitored from a wind and structural response monitoring system installed on the roof structure during the typhoon. Detailed analysis of the field data was performed to investigate the characteristics of the typhoon-generated wind and the wind-induced vibration of the long-span roof structure under typhoon condition. The dynamic characteristics of the roof were determined from the field measurements and comparisons with those calculated from the finite element model (FEM) of the structure were made. The damping ratios of the roof structure were estimated by means of the random decrement method and the amplitude-dependent damping characteristics were presented and discussed. Finally, the full-scale measurements were compared with the model test results to examine the accuracy of the wind tunnel test results and to identify possible modelling errors in the numerical study. The results presented in this paper are expected to be of considerable interest and of use to researchers and professionals involved in designing long-span roof structures.     

大跨度可开合空间网架屋盖风致效应

大跨度屋盖结构作为风敏感性较强的结构,风荷载是其控制荷载之一,可开合屋盖由于外形和结构的多变性,其风致效应更为复杂.以某大跨度可开合空间网架屋盖结构为研究对象,利用刚性测压风洞试验实测了屋盖内外表面的风压系数,对比了开合状态下屋盖表面风压的分布特征.基于本征正交分解(POD)及瞬态动力有限元分析,得到屋面节点的位移响应...     

Full-scale measurements of wind effects on the Jin Mao building

The Jin Mao Building located in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, which has a height of 420.5 m and 88 floors, is currently the tallest building in Mainland China. This paper presents some selected results obtained from the full-scale measurements of wind effects on the Jin Mao Building during the passage of Typhoon Rananim in August, 2004. The field data including acceleration responses, wind speed and wind direction were simultaneously and continuously recorded during Typhoon Rananim. Detailed analysis of the field data was conducted to investigate wind effects on the super tall building. The characteristics of typhoon-generated wind and wind-induced responses of the 88-storey building are presented and discussed. Dynamic properties of the building are determined based on the field measurements, and comparison with those calculated from the finite element model of the building is made. The amplitude-dependent characteristics of damping that were obtained using the random decrement technique on the basis of the field measurements are investigated. Furthermore, wind tunnel experiment is conducted to study wind effects on the Jin Mao Building through force balance model test, and the full-scale measurements are compared with the wind tunnel test results for verification of wind tunnel test techniques. Finally, the serviceability of the super tall building under typhoon conditions is discussed.     

Influence of an upstream building on the wind-induced mean suction on the flat roof of a low-rise building

The effect of an upstream building on the suction forces on the flat roof of a low-rise building placed in the wake of the former is analyzed. The analysis has been performed by wind tunnel testing of a flat roof, low-rise building model equipped with pressure taps on the roof and different block-type buildings (only configurations where the upstream building is as high or higher than the downstream one are considered in this paper). The influence of the distance between both buildings on the wind loads on the downstream building roof is analyzed, as well as the height of the upstream one and the wind angle of incidence. Experimental results reveal that the wind load increases as the relative height of the upstream building increases, the wind load being highest for intermediate distances between buildings, when a passage between them is formed.     

Wind effects on the world’s longest spatial lattice structure: Loading characteristics and numerical prediction

The 486-m long roof structure of Shenzhen Citizens’ Centre is the world’s longest spatial lattice structure. This paper presents some selected results from a combined wind tunnel and numerical simulation study of wind effects on the extra-long-span roof structure. In this study, simultaneous pressure measurements on its entire roof are made in a boundary layer wind tunnel, and the measured wind pressures, such as mean, root-mean-square (rms) and peak pressure coefficient distributions on the roof are presented and discussed. Based on the measured data from a number of pressure taps, a numerical simulation approach using backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) is developed for the predictions of wind-induced pressure time series at other roof locations which are not covered in the wind tunnel measurements. The BPNN is trained with the pressure data time series measured from adjacent pressure taps. The good performance of the developed neural network is demonstrated by comparing the predictions with the model test results, illustrating that the BPNN approach can serve as an effective tool for the design and analysis of wind effects on large roof structures in conjunction with wind tunnel tests.     

Wind pressures and buckling of cylindrical steel tanks with a conical roof

Tanks with a conical roof are studied in this paper under wind load, for a roof which is supported by rafters and columns. Buckling occurs in the form of deflections in the cylindrical shell and the buckling mode is localized in the windward region. Both bifurcation analysis and geometrically nonlinear analysis have been performed using finite element discretizations of the structure. The wind pressures have been obtained from wind tunnel experiments performed as part of the research, and have been obtained for tank geometries for which information was not previously available. The results show high imperfection sensitivity of tanks with a conical roof, and buckling loads for wind velocities in the same order as those expected to occur in the Caribbean region.     

Wind pressures and buckling of cylindrical steel tanks with a dome roof

An experimental/computational strategy is used in this paper to evaluate the buckling behavior of steel tanks with a dome roof under exposure to wind. First, wind tunnel experiments using small scale rigid models were carried out, from which pressure distributions due to wind on the cylindrical part and on the roof were obtained. Second, a computational model of the structure (using the pressures obtained in the experiments) was used to evaluate buckling loads and modes and to study the imperfection sensitivity of the tanks. The computational tools used were bifurcation buckling analysis (eigenvalue analysis) and geometrical nonlinear analysis (step-by-step incremental analysis). Geometric imperfections and changes in the buckling results due to reductions in the thickness were also included in the study to investigate reductions in the buckling strength of the shell. For the geometries considered, the results show low imperfection sensitivity of the tanks and buckling loads associated with wind speeds 45% higher than those specified by the ASCE 7-02 standard.     

Reliability analysis of long span steel arch bridges against wind-induced stability failure

An efficient method for reliability assessment of long span steel arch bridges against wind-induced stability failure is presented in this paper. The prediction of wind-induced stability of such bridge structures is performed by an eigenvalue method and the reliability estimates are determined by a generalized first-order reliability algorithm. A software strategy for interfacing the present method with ANSYS is developed via a freely available MATLAB software tool (FERUM). A numerical example involving a detailed computational model of a long span steel arch bridge with a main span of 550 m is presented to demonstrate the applicability and merits of the present method and the software strategy. Finally, the most influential random variables on the reliability of long span steel bridges against wind-induced stability failure are identified by a sensitivity analysis.     

大跨悬挑屋盖风振系数研究

针对荷载规范中对大跨悬挑屋盖结构风振系数计算的不足,利用时程分析法,在有限元建模的基础上,直接采用风洞试验数据,计算了某大跨悬挑屋盖结构的荷载风振系数和位移风振系数,研究了其随风向角的变化规律,并讨论了不同风向角下结构参数的影响。     

大跨度曲面屋盖风压分布特性的试验研究

通过某机场航站楼的刚性模型风洞试验研究,得到了上下屋盖表面的平均、脉动风压系数,对其风压分布特性进行了研究。结果表明:上表面屋盖主要呈现负压,在屋盖迎风面边缘出现较大气流分离;下表面屋盖迎风面出现正压,背风面主要为负压,风压系数变化梯度较大,风荷载特性更加复杂。     

福建大学生体育场钢屋盖铸钢节点设计

福建大学生体育场屋盖为大跨度空间钢管桁架。本文主要介绍了铸钢节点的设计计算。对于计算结果进行了详细的讨论。经验可供同类工程参考。     

Simplified formulas for evaluation of wind-induced interference effects among three tall buildings

The base-bending moment (BBM) response and the mean BBM of grouped high-rise buildings are studied by a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using the high-frequency force balance technique. Interference excitations of two upwind buildings with various heights in different upwind terrains are considered. An effective method is proposed to represent the distribution of the envelope interference factor (EIF) among three tall buildings. The results show that two upstream buildings cause more adverse dynamic effects on the downstream building than a single upstream building does. Significant correlations are found in the distributions of the interference factors of different configurations and upwind terrains. Relevant regression equations are proposed to simplify the complexity of the multi-parameter wind-induced mean and dynamic interference effects among three tall buildings. Finally, an example of how to use the data provided in this paper and the proposed methodology is presented.     

Direct measurement of wind-induced displacements in tall building models using laser positioning technique

This paper introduces a laser positioning measurement system with the aim of establishing a new technique in the direct measurement of wind-induced tip displacement of tall building models in simulated wind environment. The experiment was carried out on a semi-rigid aeroelastic model of the CAARC standard tall building of 1/375 length scale in the NUS-HDB boundary layer wind tunnel, National University of Singapore. The displacements measured using laser positioning technique were compared with those involving the conventional strain gauge. The paper also presents the application of this technique to measure the relative displacement between two building models.     

Compensation of high-frequency components of wind load by wind tunnel testing

To analyze the wind-induced response of structures, wind tunnel tests are often carried out to determine the wind loads on structures. However, due to the influence of similarity requirements in wind tunnel tests, the resulting data from the model test still needs to be translated by similarity rules for predicting the real loads on prototype structures. During this process, an inevitable result is that the high-frequency components of fluctuating wind loads get lost, which leads to some unexpected errors in the subsequent wind-induced response analysis. To solve this problem, a frequency compensation method is put forward. The purpose of this method is to reconstruct the high-frequency part of fluctuating wind loads based on experimental data and some basic principles of the aerodynamics of bluff bodies. The causes and effects of the frequency compensation problem are discussed first, then a practical method of frequency compensation is proposed by combining the fluctuating wind energy spectrum theory and the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition technique. Based on this method, the wind-induced response of a single-layer reticulated shell is analyzed to show the validity and necessity of this method.     

高层建筑的等效设计风荷载与风振响应研究

基于某典型高层建筑详细的风洞试验结果,计算分析了该结构的基础等效静风荷载及结构顶部峰值加速度响应,与前期的风洞试验结果相对比,评估了不同风洞试验条件和周边建筑对试验结果的影响,获得的结果可以用于此结构的抗风设计以及居住者舒适度评估。