乌桕类可可脂及其巧克力结晶性质的研究(Ⅰ)

研究乌桕类可可脂结晶及其巧克力结晶性质的关系,揭示乌桕类可可脂巧克力加工性能差的原因。采用分光光度法、差示扫描量热法、粘度法研究乌桕类可可脂和天然可可脂及其巧克力的结晶、固化过程,探讨添加茶叶粉生物乳化剂对改善乌桕类可可脂巧克力加工性能的影响。研究表明乌桕类可可脂结晶固化速率比天然可可脂快,而乌桕类可可脂巧克力结晶速率较天然可可脂巧克力快得多。添加5%～8%茶叶粉不仅改善乌桕类可可脂巧克力加工性能,而且能提高巧克力的热稳定性和抗霜花能力。     

浅谈巧克力的组成成份与配方成份比例

巧克力是以可可料和砂糖为基础,添加乳制品、表面活性剂、调昧料、香料等加工制成的一类特殊食品。其基本组成成份为可可脂、可可粉、砂糖、乳粉。根据消费者的需要,对这些成份比例作不同的调整,制造各种品种的巧克力。可可脂:巧克力形状的成形和脆硬性,是由可可脂冷却结晶来实现。它是巧克力主要营养成份,它的单位发热量要比碳水化合物和蛋白质高出一倍以上。巧克力中可可脂的成份比例要根据巧克力的物理性状、风味,品质来考虑。一般油脂量占27～35％,比较低档便宜产     

乳粉对可可脂/代可可脂结晶特性的影响

为提高巧克力制品品质,研究了乳粉种类及添加比例对可可脂及代可可脂结晶特性的影响。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X-射线衍射(XRD),考察不同添加比例的全脂乳粉、脱脂乳粉和乳清粉对可可脂和代可可脂(基于棕榈油和棕榈仁油)在非等温条件下结晶行为的影响。结果表明:全脂乳粉或乳清粉的加入会降低可可脂和代可可脂的结晶和熔化温度,其中全脂乳粉的影响最为显著;脱脂乳粉的加入则表现为提高可可脂和代可可脂的结晶和熔化温度。添加脱脂乳粉或乳清粉后代可可脂仍然稳定在β′晶型,而全脂乳粉的加入则导致代可可脂冷却结晶后β晶型的出现。高比例的全脂乳粉或乳清粉的加入均会导致调温后可可脂结晶中亚稳定态β′晶型的出现,即阻碍了可可脂稳定态晶型β晶型的形成,影响了巧克力的调温效果,而脱脂乳粉的添加对可可脂的稳定晶型无影响。     

调温和油脂组成对巧克力原料油及其应用性能的影响

研究调温和油脂组成对巧克力油脂（可可脂与全氢化棕榈仁油硬脂混合物）的相容性、巧克力的质构以及在20 ℃贮藏3 个月过程中起霜稳定性的影响。结果表明：可可脂与全氢化棕榈仁油硬脂混合物未调温时随可可脂含量增加有明显的稀释作用,经调温后可可脂含量在30%～50%之间出现明显共晶;巧克力硬度受调温和巧克力油脂相容性影响显著。当巧克力油基中可可脂含量＜50%,巧克力硬度随可可脂增加而降低;当可可脂含量＞50%,经调温巧克力硬度显著增加而未经调温巧克力硬度较为恒定。20 ℃贮藏实验发现：未调温,巧克力可可脂含量越高,起霜越显著;调温后,样品可可脂含量在10%～50%范围内起霜程度降低,当可可脂含量＞50%及纯全氢化棕榈仁油硬脂时,产品得到明显改善而无起霜现象。从巧克力的熔化特性和巧克力表层的脂肪酸组成分析发现,当可可脂含量＞50%时,未调温巧克力引起起霜的机制是不稳定晶体向稳定晶体转化;当可可脂含量≤50%时,引起起霜的机制是可可脂与全氢化棕榈仁油硬脂较差的相容性,导致部分油脂迁移至表面重结晶。     

纯脂巧克力用脂及其分析、应用研究进展

近年来纯脂巧克力日渐受欢迎,但可可原料面临产量有限且不稳定的制约因素,限制了纯脂巧克力的发展。作为与可可脂组分及特性最为接近的可可脂替代品,类可可脂的原料来源广泛,产品稳定性有提升空间,并且在提升纯脂巧克力品质方面有改善作用,因此类可可脂的相关研究也获得国内外广泛关注。通过对可可脂及类可可脂的组成、结晶特性、分析方法及纯脂巧克力的耐霜、抗热品质改善等方面进行综述,以期对纯脂巧克力用脂、巧克力品质改善等提供相关参考。     

巧克力与糖衣产品的理想脂肪代用品

<正> 可可脂代用品在现代的巧克力生产领域中用以取替富含高脂肪的可可脂,已是不争的事实。Aarhus Olie公司较早期开发的一种以新鲜棕榈仁制造而成的CEBES,其价格不仅较便宜,而且能以稳定的晶体形式快速结晶,毋须渊温设备。这种可可脂代用品能赋予巧克力产品真实浓厚的香味和组织口感,为高质量的模制产品提供理想的光泽表面,以及很好的防霜斑能力和较长的保质期。 就应用方面来看,融化的CEBES     

巧克力油脂相容性研究进展

通过比较和分析可可脂、类可可脂、月桂酸型代可可脂、非月桂酸型代可可脂、乳脂、坚果油等巧克力用油的二元、三元等固相图,并结合其脂肪酸组成、甘三酯组成、晶体类型、结晶特性等,总结了巧克力用油的相容性,并探讨了可能引起相容性差异的原因,对巧克力用油相容性的评判给出了指导性建议.     

研制类可可脂的技术探讨

(一)前言 类可可脂又名可可脂相等物(CoCao Butferequivalent),简称CBE,是代替天然可可脂的特种脂肪,不仅是物性类似于天然可可脂,而且化学成分与三甘酯的组成也类似于天然可可脂。目前从世界上研制天然可可脂代用脂肪中,它是要求比较高的难度大的一个品种、它要求与天然可可脂在任何比例混溶而不影响巧克力制品的正常物性(室温硬度,口熔性及稳定性等),换言之;即在制造纯巧克力排中,使用类可可脂代替部份天然可可脂,从制备巧克力工艺和产品质量上基本与天然可可巧克力一样,而且经济上合算,欲满足这些要求,在研制技术上难度很大。     

聚甘油脂肪酸酯对可可脂结晶特性的影响

可可脂(CB)是巧克力及巧克力制品的主要成分,其热力学及结晶特性决定了产品的品质、加工特性和货架期。以聚甘油单硬脂酸酯31S、61S和聚甘油蓖麻醇酯(PGPR)为研究对象,利用差示扫描量热(DSC)和X射线衍射技术,研究乳化剂种类、添加量、变温条件对可可脂结晶特性的影响。研究发现:调温温度下,31S和61S具有促进可可脂结晶从Ⅳ型向Ⅴ型转变的效果;而PGPR在添加量大于0.1%的情况下,则表现出对Ⅳ型向Ⅴ型转变的抑制效果;在变温条件下,31S和61S具有促进可可脂热力学亚稳定态晶型的形成和晶型转换的效果,特别是促进了可可脂Ⅱ型晶型的形成,而PGPR无显著影响。     

甘油二酯对可可脂类油脂结晶和巧克力起霜的影响研究进展

可可脂类油脂富含对称型单不饱和甘油三酯,通过科学调控可可脂类油脂中的甘油二酯,可优化巧克力的调温工艺,控制其起霜行为。综述了可可脂类油脂中甘油二酯的含量与种类(包括脂肪酸饱和度、链长和位置分布),探讨其对油脂结晶行为的作用规律,进而分析其对巧克力抗霜性能的影响。在适宜含量下1,3-甘油二酯可促进油脂形成巧克力需要的Ⅴ型晶体结构,而1,2-甘油二酯则倾向于使油脂形成Ⅱ～Ⅳ型晶体结构,且作用程度受脂肪酸链长的影响。然而,高含量甘油二酯无法使油脂形成Ⅴ型晶体结构。当甘油二酯含量在3%～5%时,油脂虽可形成Ⅴ型晶体结构,但需根据具体含量对结晶参数进行调整。因此,有必要通过分提、复配等技术对可可脂类油脂的甘油二酯进行调控。     

Solid Fat Content,Pre-Crystallization Conditions,and Sensory Quality of Chocolate with Addition of Cocoa Butter Analogues

The objective of this study was to determine how the addition of two cocoa butter equivalents and cocoa butter improver affect the physical and sensory properties of chocolate. The laboratory-made chocolate samples were tempered at three different pre-crystallization temperatures (25, 27, and 29°C), using different concentrations (3, 5, and 7%) of two commercial cocoa butter equivalents as well as commercial cocoa butter improver of the chocolate. The nucleation time of the chocolate mass primarly depended on pre-crystallization temperature while the value of maximum torque of chocolate mass were influenced by both, pre-crystallization temperature and concentration of fats. Sensory evaluation revealed that cocoa butter equivalents were acceptable in chocolate formulation without producing a negative impact on the sensory quality, while usage of improver required adjustment of raw formulations or process parameters. The results of the instrumentally measured hardness revealed that addition of cocoa butter improver significantly (p > 0.05) increased hardness of chocolate samples.     

Review of cocoa butter and alternative fats for use in chocolate—Part A. Compositional data

This work reviews the literature on the compositional data of vegetable fats used or proposed as alternatives to cocoa butter in chocolate and confectionery products. Cocoa butter is the only continuous phase in chocolate, thus responsible for the dispersion of all other constituents and for the physical behaviour of chocolate. Unique to cocoa butter is its brittleness at room temperature and its quick and complete melting at body temperature. There were, and are, strong efforts to replace cocoa butter in part for chocolate production for technological and economic reasons. Such cocoa butter alternatives are the so-called cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs), cocoa butter substitutes (CBSs) and cocoa butter replacers (CBRs). These are mostly mixtures of various vegetable fats (often modified) and can consist of palm and palm kernel oil, illipé fat, shea butter, sal fat and kokum butter. In addition, a large variety of other vegetable oils can be used. Their composition according to triglycerides, fatty acids, sterols and other unsaponifiable components is discussed in this report.     

低热量巧克力制品的研究进展

从低可可脂用量巧克力的制备、低热量可可脂替代物的开发和低热量甜味剂替代蔗糖的研究3个方面论述了低热量巧克力制品的研究进展。主要涉及了结构化甘油三酯、功能性甘油二酯和碳水化合物基脂肪替代品等可可脂的低热量替代物的性质及其应用于巧克力制品中对流变性能、工艺特性等的影响,以期为低热量巧克力的研究与生产提供参考。     

类可可脂原料油中低熔点甘油三酯的组成、含量调控与综合利用

为了实现类可可脂在巧克力中更为高效的应用,降低其对产品品质的影响,综述了类可可脂原料油中低熔点甘油三酯的组成与熔化性质,概括了不同种类甘油三酯对巧克力霜变行为的作用特征;进一步讨论了控制低熔点甘油三酯含量的技术方法,包括基因工程和分提;最后,总结了经分提获得的低熔点成分的再利用。类可可脂原料油中低熔点甘油三酯可能对巧克力的制造(尤其是调温)和质量控制(如软化、起霜等)产生不利影响。通过分提选择性降低低熔点甘油三酯含量是制备高品质类可可脂的优选路径。     

制备类可可脂原料用油的研究进展

近年来,巧克力市场逐年壮大,可可脂的需求也随之不断增加。而可可脂产量有限,加之成本较高,可可脂替代品成为学者和商家研究的热点。其中,类可可脂以其特有的优势,成为可可脂替代品中独具特色的一种。对制备类可可脂的原料用油进行了归纳总结,分别从类可可脂的制备方法、原料油脂组成及其相关研究方面对原料油脂进行了概述,从而加深对类可可脂的了解。     

配料对巧克力品质影响的研究进展

巧克力浆料是由非脂相,如糖、可可粉、乳粉等物质分散于以油脂为连续相而形成的悬浮液体系。可可脂、可可液块和糖是巧克力的主要成分,这些组分会影响巧克力浆料的流变性、质构及其微观结构等,从而影响巧克力及巧克力制品的品质。研究巧克力品质的影响因素对于调整产品配方,改善加工工艺,提高产品品质具有重要的指导意义。本文主要从产品配方如原料油、糖类及微量组分对巧克力品质的影响进行了综述,期待能为巧克力生产提供一定的指导作用。      

巧克力香精新典范——可可脂浓缩物

<正> 钟情于巧克力的消费者们所关注的是巧克力的风味和产品所富含的奶油口感。在市场倡导天然健康食品的今天,为达到上述两个质量重点而又能减少产品的脂肪含量,原料供应商便开发出一种称为可可脂浓缩物的配料产品、在提供浓郁芳香口味的同时,能降低生产成本及加工方面所受的限制,也减少了产品的脂肪含量,为巧克力产品生产商及消费者带来了佳音。 风味质感来源 浓郁的巧克力香味基本上取决于可可豆中香味物质正确的平衡比例,这是因为某些香味特征只来自可可固体物,部分则来自可可豆的脂肪中,而来自可可固体物的香味又比来自可可脂肪的最     

Oil Migration in 2-Component Confectionery Systems

ABSTRACT:  Oil migration from high oil content centers into chocolate coatings results in product quality changes. The objective of this study was to monitor and model peanut oil migration in 2-layer systems of increasing phase complexity. Three 2-layer systems were prepared: peanut oil/cocoa butter; peanut butter paste/cocoa butter; and peanut butter paste/chocolate. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure liquid oil signal as a function of position over a storage time of 193 days at 25 °C. The 3 types of samples exhibited appreciably different patterns of oil migration. The peanut oil/cocoa butter samples had mass transfer typical of oil being absorbed into a liquid/solid region. The peanut butter paste/cocoa butter magnetic resonance profiles were characterized by mass transfer with a partition coefficient greater than unity. The peanut butter paste/chocolate samples exhibited a time-dependent peanut oil concentration at the interface between the chocolate and peanut butter paste. The spatial and temporal experimental data of the peanut butter paste/chocolate samples were modeled using a Fickian diffusion model, fitting for the effective diffusivity. Values of the diffusivity for the 6 chocolate formulations ranged from 1.10 to 2.01 × 10⁻¹³ m²/s, with no statistically significant differences.     

Fat Bloom and Chocolate Structure Studied by Mercury Porosimetry

The structure of dark chocolate samples was analyzed by mercury porosimetry in order to determine whether the formation of fat bloom was related to the presence of pores. The influence of cocoa butter concentration and tempering conditions on porosity were determined by using samples containing 29.5 or 31.9% fat, which were under, well or over-tempered. All Mercury porosimetry analysis confirmed the presence of a porous structure in all chocolates. Empty spaces represented about 1% of the whole volume of a well-tempered chocolate containing 31.9% cocoa butter but made up about 4% of the over-tempered chocolate. A well-tempered chocolate with only 29.5% cocoa butter showed the presence of about 2% empty spaces. From these observations and gas permeability a possible model for the microscopic structure was developed.