Vehicle Dynamic State Estimation: State of the Art Schemes and Perspectives

Next-generation vehicle control and future autonomous driving require further advances in vehicle dynamic state estimation. This article provides a concise review, along with the perspectives, of the recent developments in the estimation of vehicle dynamic states. The definitions used in vehicle dynamic state estimation are first introduced, and alternative estimation structures are presented. Then, the sensor configuration schemes used to estimate vehicle velocity, sideslip angle, yaw rate and roll angle are presented. The vehicle models used for vehicle dynamic state estimation are further summarized, and representative estimation approaches are discussed. Future concerns and perspectives for vehicle dynamic state estimation are also discussed.      

基于四旋翼无人机的车辆自主抄牌

针对传统车辆抄牌效率低的问题,提出一种基于四旋翼无人机的车辆自主抄牌方法。使用无人机采集大量车辆俯视图样本,对图像进行预处理和下采样,然后提取车辆图像的梯度直方图特征,将图像特征输入到卷积神经网络中,训练出车辆识别模型,最后使用模型识别车辆;根据车辆的形状特征估计车辆姿态;根据车辆的位姿信息计算无人机抄牌的位置和角度;搭建无人机实验平台测试无人机自主抄牌系统。实验结果表明无人机可以自主拍摄到清晰的车牌图像,实现了车辆抄牌的自动化。     

空气流动阻力下非线性车辆队列最优能耗控制方法

为了优化车辆队列在长距离行驶过程中的能源消耗,对空气流动阻力下车辆队列能耗优化间距策略以及相应的队列控制方法进行了研究;首先根据车辆队列在行驶过程中受到的空气流动阻力,建立基于异构风阻系数的车辆动力学模型;其次,设计基于滑模控制的非线性车辆队列控制方法,使其能够在不同风阻系数下稳定地收敛到期望的车辆队列;在此基础上,构建稳态下车辆队列能量消耗评价模型,并通过优化分析,计算能量消耗最优下的车辆队列期望车间距;最后通过数值仿真的手段验证所提控制方法的有效性与可行性;该结果表明:所设计的控制器能够使整个车辆队列达到期望的控制效果;得到的最优车间距能够使得特定条件下车辆队列稳态能量消耗降低。     

基于虚拟现实的装甲车辆运动仿真研究

装甲车行驶中车体姿态的仿真是模拟驾驶训练系统的关键技术.为实现不同地形下基于虚拟现实的装甲车辆驾驶模拟,本文提出了基于虚拟现实的装甲车辆运动仿真方法.首先,构建装甲车辆的结构、外形和真实的地形,采用第一和第三视角同步显示驾驶场景;其次,建立车辆行驶的动力学模型,求解车身在不同地形下的车身姿态数据;最后,通过Unity3D引擎实现整个场景和车体姿态的动态渲染.通过实验证明,该方法能够准确的模拟各种地形条件下的车体姿态,真实的仿真车辆的运行状态.     

全天候车辆实时检测系统

为解决全天候车辆检测技术精度不高的难题,提出了一种新型联合检测算法。通过在混合高斯背景建模法中加入膨胀、腐蚀算法,减少了视频车辆图像中的大量断点和随机噪声;利用最小面积法设置外接矩形框并通过不断调整矩形框的大小和位置,准确框选出视频图像中的目标车辆。由于夜间光线场景复杂,以能被明显区分的车前灯作为目标,通过直方图双峰阈值法和分水岭分割法将其从视频图像的背景中分离,并基于车前灯的形态参数,设置合适的车灯匹配条件,提出一种实时的车灯配对、车辆跟踪算法,大幅提高了夜间车辆检测的准确度。提出的新型联合车辆检测算法,有效地消除了由于外界光线环境改变造成的车辆检测误差,为全天候车辆检测提供了新思路,具有很强的针对性和重要的现实意义。     

A practical and useful autonomous towed vehicle for port area inspection

This paper presents a novel underwater vehicle for port area inspection, which has various navigation modes (towed mode, autonomous mode and kite mode) to stand against fast and changeable sea currents. The property assures safe and reliable observation performance irrespective of current speed. Since in a port area sea currents are fast and complex, such a vehicle must be practical and useful for port area application. The unique point of the vehicle is the employment of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) as a towed vehicle. In general, AUVs and towed vehicles are mutually contradictory. This paper describes the process of development to achieve the three different navigation modes. The system components and the results of computer simulations and towing tank tests to investigate the stability of the vehicle are presented. In addition, results of the first sea trial are also presented. These results show that the vehicle can navigate stably in the three different navigation modes.     

基于非局部注意力和局部特征的车辆重识别算法

车辆重识别是指从不同的摄像机来重新识别出同一辆车。车辆重识别非常容易受到车辆角度以及光照等其他因素的影响,是一项非常有挑战性的任务。许多车辆重识别方法都过分关注车辆全局特征,而忽略了车辆图像的局部有分辨力的特征,造成了车辆重识别精度不高的问题。针对这一问题,本文提出一种整合非局部注意力的和多尺度特征的车辆重识别方法,使用注意力机制获取车辆显著特征,并融合多尺度特征从而提高车辆重识别的检索精度。首先,使用骨干特征提取网络与注意力模块获取车辆的显著性细粒度特征。然后,将特征分为多个分支进行度量学习,分别学习车辆的局部与全局特征,将全局特征与细粒度的局部特征融合,构建车辆重识别的特征。最后,利用该方法提取不同车辆的特征,计算不同车辆的相似度,从而判断是否具有相同的身份。实验结果表明本文提出的车辆重识别算法具有更高的精度。     

基于Edge Boxes的大型车辆车标检测与识别

传统车标检测与识别算法难以检测大型车辆车标,且速度较慢。提出了一种基于Edge Boxes的大型车辆车标检测与识别方法。Edge Boxes算法是一种成熟的图像分割算法,能够快速且有效地检测物体位置,满足大型车辆车标检测与识别问题的准确性及实时性的需求。该方法首先根据车标在车辆中的空间位置关系初选车标候选区,然后利用Edge Boxes算法进行目标提取,进而将提取得到的目标送入利用线性约束编码构建的车标检测分类器和车标识别分类器进行训练与识别,得到车标检测与识别结果。对不同卡口的不同天气和光照条件下采集的4 480张图像（含50类大型车辆）进行实验,实验结果表明,在检测与识别性能以及时间消耗方面均优于传统方法,具有良好的实用前景。     

基于CAE分析的平台化车型开发前期工程

为缩短汽车开发周期、降低开发成本、提升产品竞争力,基于整车模型变形技术和CAE技术研究平台化车型开发的前期工程.应用整车模型变形技术,结合新产品的初步定义,调整同平台相似车型模型的整车外造型曲线或关键尺寸,对新车型进行CAE分析和数据统计.某款正向开发车型的实例表明,前期工程的开展对快速预测新产品整车性能和高效指导设计有很大帮助。     

含时延的车辆队列事件触发一致性控制研究

为应对通信过程中的传输时延以及车辆间连续信息交互带来的信息冗余、资源浪费,提出一种基于事件触发机制的车辆队列一致性策略,以保证车辆队列能够稳定运行;为此,构建一个考虑车辆间的跟驰行为和通信时延的三阶异质车辆队列动力学模型,提出一种基于事件触发的一致性车辆队列控制器的设计方法;在此基础上,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论和代数图论,对车辆队列的稳定性进行分析,得出了使车辆队列稳定的事件触发条件和通信时延的上界;在MATLAB平台上进行仿真实验,验证了所提车辆队列控制方法的有效性。     

基于振动传感器的车辆信号采集与分析

设计了一种有效的模拟信号调理方法,并研制了一种基于全向振动传感器的信号采集探测系统,对车辆振动信号的数据进行采集与检测。根据传感器的输出可判断周围空间内车辆的存在与否,并对该信号进行试验研究,试验结果表明：车辆与人的信号输出有很大的差异,从而可以区分人和车辆。当车辆沿不同距离通过传感器时,传感器输出变化规律不同,故该信号采集与探测能探测车辆。     

Effect of tangent track buckle on vehicle derailment

In order to investigate the effect of a tangent track buckle on the dynamic derailment of a railway vehicle, a coupled vehicle/track dynamics model is developed, in which the vehicle is modeled as a 35 D.O.F. multibody system and the track is modeled as a 3-layer discrete elastic support model. Rails are assumed to be Timoshenko beams supported by discrete sleepers, and the effects of vertical and lateral motions and rolling of the rail on the wheel/rail creepages are taken into account. The sleepers are treated as Euler beams on elastic foundation for the vertical vibration, while as lumped masses in the lateral direction. A moving sleeper support model is developed to simulate the effect of the periodical discrete sleepers on the vehicle/track interaction. The vehicle and the track are coupled by wheel/rail contacts whereas the normal forces and the creep forces are calculated using the Hertzian contact theory and the nonlinear creep theory by Shen et al., respectively. The equations of motion of the coupled vehicle/track system are solved by means of an explicit integration method. A tangent track buckle is simulated with a cosine function, which describes the misalignment of the track with different lengths due to its buckling. In the analysis the effects of the buckle wavelength and amplitude and of the vehicle speed on the dynamic behavior of the coupled vehicle/track system are considered. The present paper analyzes in detail the conventional derailment coefficients which include the ratio of the wheel/rail lateral force to the vertical force, the wheel load reduction, and the new criteria indicating the wheel/rail contact point traces and the wheel rise with respect to the rail. These criteria are simultaneously used to evaluate the risk of derailment of the whole vehicle. The numerical results obtained indicate that the track misalignment caused by the buckle and the vehicle speed have a great influence on the whole vehicle running safety when the vehicle passes through the buckled tangent track.     

不同前车车型对后车前端进气的影响

针对尾随行驶过程中前车对后车发动机舱冷却性能产生影响的问题,以轿车、皮卡车、面包车和城市公交客车作为前车车型,以轿车作为后车车型,分析不同车距下后车发动机舱进气质量流量比以及冷凝器入口的速度分布和流场.结果表明,当前车为轿车时对后车前端进气影响较小;当前车为皮卡车时后车前端进气随着车距的增加会先减少后增多,在车距为1倍后车车长时减少约7%;当前车为面包车或城市公交客车时对后车发动机舱的进气影响的变化规律一致,当车距为0.2倍后车车长时减少约13%.     

Estimation of moving vehicle locations using wheel shape information in single 2-D lateral vehicle images by 3-D computer vision techniques

An approach to the estimation of moving lateral vehicle locations for driving assistance using wheel shape information in single 2-D vehicle images by 3-D computer vision techniques is proposed. The location scheme is supposed to be performed on a vehicle with a camera mounted on the front bumper. An analytical solution is applied to estimate locations of the lateral vehicle. Firstly, the rear wheel shape of a lateral vehicle moving in a nearby lane is imaged. By using the Hough transform, the projected wheel shape, which is an ellipse, is detected. Secondly, the equation of the detected ellipse is used to infer the orientation angle of the lateral vehicle with respect to the camera view direction. Finally, the center of the ellipse shape is used to determine the relative position of the lateral vehicle with respect to the camera lens center. Moreover, an edge-point verification algorithm is utilized to extract the ellipse shape more precisely in the image processing stage. Both computer simulated and real images are tested and good experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for estimating lateral vehicle locations. The results are useful for driving assistance and vehicle collision avoidance and are discussed in detail.     

基于隐式参数化的白车身建模方法

针对利用传统方法进行新车型概念设计时,需要在大量待选方案的基础上分别建立CAD模型和CAE模型,耗费大量人力和时间的问题,介绍车身隐式参数化建模的基本构成元素和高级构成元素、多层面建模技术和映射连接技术,以及基于隐式参数化的车身建模思路;对某车型前部白车身进行隐式参数化建模;对参数化模型与原有限元模型进行碰撞仿真分析和对比,结果表明用隐式参数化建模方法进行车型概念开发可行,能实现早期开发中车辆结构性能的快速评估.     

基于模糊着色Petri网的车辆运动轨迹预测

车辆运动轨迹的准确预测可以对潜在交通冲突进行实时有效预测,并为解决交通冲突提供最佳策略。以真车实验数据为基础,分析车辆运动轨迹的影响因素,建立车辆运动轨迹方程,根据坐标变换以及各个方程变量参数之间的转换关系,将车速纵向和横向加速度、车身侧倾角以及俯仰角速度作为模型输入,构建论域以及隶属度函数。此外,根据车辆不可能在较短时间内状态发生急剧变化建立相应的模糊规则,建立模糊着色Petri网模型,对车辆运动轨迹进行预测。以真实路车实验数据对模型进行训练与测试,测试结果表明该Petri网模型能够对短时长内的车辆运动轨迹进行有效预测。     

车辆平顺性的虚拟现实仿真技术

探讨了基于虚拟现实的车辆平顺性振动仿真原理，利用软件编程的方法实现了汽车在虚拟道路上的行驶运动。汽车行驶时，能够表现车箱(包括驾驶员)的垂向运动、横向运动和俯仰运动，驾驶员的垂向运动、横向运动和俯仰运动，汽车轮胎的旋转运动。其运动规律皆由车辆平顺性动力学分析数据来确定。从而实现了车辆平顺性振动运动在计算机屏幕上的虚拟显示，以图形图像运动来直观的表现车辆的平顺性。     

基于重心动力学及虚拟模型的负载型四足步行平台对角步态控制方法

为提高负载型四足步行平台对角步态行走的稳定性,减小较大的腿部质量及偏心质量对稳定行走的影响,提出融合重心动力学及虚拟模型的控制方法．应用虚拟模型控制方法对机身及摆动腿加速度进行求解．结合平台重心动力学模型得到其所受合外力,而后应用二次规划将平台合外力分配到支撑腿足端．接着运用逆向动力学和关节空间PD控制得到步行平台关节力矩．通过Adams和Simulink对负载型四足步行平台对角步态行走进行仿真,并将该方法与虚拟模型控制算法进行对比．结果表明重心动力学及虚拟模型控制方法能够使平台姿态角稳定在目标值附近,在平台受到侧向冲击情况下横滚角、俯仰角分别减小约42%、21.8%,在机身偏心全向行走过程中减小50%、89%．证明了所提控制方法能够有效应对较大的腿部质量及偏心质量的影响,提高负载型四足步行平台对角步态行走的稳定性和鲁棒性．     

Integrated design technique for materials and structures of vehicle body under crash safety considerations

With the rapid development of the vehicle industry, crashworthiness has become a crucial aspect in vehicle body design. In fact, crashworthiness is a multivariable optimization design problem for a vehicle body, regardless of structure or material. However, when crashworthiness involves a large number of design variables, including both material and structure variables, it is more difficult to deal with. In this paper, an integrated design technique for materials and structures of vehicle body under crash safety consideration is suggested. First, a finite element model of the vehicle body is established according to relevant vehicle safety standards. Then, the material parameters of the vehicle body are set as analytical factors for factor screening. Next, significant factors are obtained using a three-level saturated design integrated with multi-index comprehensive balance analysis and the MaxUr ⁽³⁾ method, with an improved evaluation method. These screened material parameters along with the corresponding continuous variables of the structure, are considered as the design variables of the integrated design of the vehicle body. Both the weight and the crashworthiness properties are set as the design objectives. Optimal Latin hypercube sampling and radius basis functions are utilized to construct highly accurate surrogate models. Furthermore, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II is implemented to seek the optimal solutions. Finally, two cases considering the roof module and the frontal module of a vehicle body are analyzed to verify the proposed method.