Fabrication of 3D interconnected porous TiO2 nanotubes templated by poly(vinyl chloride-g-4-vinyl pyridine) for dye-sensitized solar cells

Porous TiO(2) nanotube arrays with three-dimensional (3D) interconnectivity were prepared using a sol-gel process assisted by poly(vinyl chloride-graft-4-vinyl pyridine), PVC-g-P4VP graft copolymer and a ZnO nanorod template. A 7 μm long ZnO nanorod array was grown from the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass via a liquid phase deposition method. The TiO(2) sol-gel solution templated by the PVC-g-P4VP graft copolymer produced a random 3D interconnection between the adjacent ZnO nanorods during spin coating. Upon etching of ZnO, TiO(2) nanotubes consisting of 10-15 nm nanoparticles were generated, as confirmed by wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The ordered and interconnected nanotube architecture showed an enhanced light scattering effect and increased penetration of polymer electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The energy conversion efficiency reached 1.82% for liquid electrolyte, and 1.46% for low molecular weight (M(w)) and 0.74% for high M(w) polymer electrolytes.     

SiO_2离子纳米粒子/聚苯硫醚复合材料的性能

以纳米SiO_2为核,通过表面接枝3-(三甲氧基硅丙基)二甲基十八烷基氯化铵,然后与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠进行离子交换反应,得到室温可流动SiO_2离子纳米粒子。将粒子作为填料与聚苯硫醚(PPS)共混制备复合材料。透射电镜结果表明7%(质量分数)填充量时粒子均匀分散在PPS基体中;力学测试表明粒子能够提高PPS的断裂伸长率,7%填充量时弹性模量最大;断面扫描电镜结果表明SiO_2离子纳米粒子通过其表面有机长链离子聚合物与PPS基体相互作用能够提高材料的韧性。热重分析结果表明10%填充量能够降低复合材料的初始热分解温度,这可能与填充量高时,表面柔性分子链降低聚合物分子链刚性所致。     

新型室温酯化法制备纳米SiO2引发剂和原位引发聚合

提出了一种在室温、潮湿和大气环境等温和条件下,通过酯化反应在纳米SiO2微球表面接枝偶氮分子,合成纳米SiO2引发剂的新方法.使用这种纳米SiO2引发剂原位引发单体苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯进行自由基聚合,在SiO2表面接枝聚苯乙烯或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯.结果表明:用合成的纳米SiO2引发剂原位引发单体聚合后,在纳米SiO2表...     

Preparation and photocatalytic properties of nanometer-sized magnetic TiO2/SiO2/CoFe2O4 composites

Magnetic TiO2/SiO2/CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (TiO2/SCFs) were prepared by a sol-gel process in a reverse microemulsion combined with solvent-thermal technique. TiO2/SCFs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometry, TEM, BET specific surface area measurement, and magnetic analysis. Structure analyses indicated that TiO2/SCFs presented a core-shell structure with TiO2 uniformly coating on SiO2/CoFe2O4 nanomagnets (SCFs) and typical ferromagnetic hysteresis. TiO2/SCFs showed larger specific surface area and better photocatalytic activities than TiO2 and TiO2/CoFe2O4 photocatalysts prepared by the same method. The doping interaction between TiO2 and CoFe2O4 reduced thanks to the inert SiO2 mesosphere.     

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on polyaniline/TiO(2) nanocomposites for ascorbic acid fuel cell systems

Polyaniline was grafted onto a mixture of rutile and anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. These nanocomposites were characterized by carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. FTIR and UV-vis confirm the formation of polyaniline on TiO(2) nanoparticles. The TEM shows that the composites consist of PANI and TiO(2) nanoparticles. Compared to the neat polyaniline, PANI/TiO(2) composites show a higher capacitance and also a higher activity per mass of polyaniline. Since the PANI/TiO(2) composites are stable during the electrooxidation of ascorbic acid, they can be used as an alternative catalyst for direct ascorbic acid fuel cells.     

Dispersion characteristics of TiO2 particles coated with the SiO2 nano-film by atomic layer deposition

Deposition of SiO2 nanofilm on TiO2 particles using atomic layer deposition method is reported. The SiO2 film was prepared at the room temperature using the chemicals Si(OC2H5)4, C2H5N and H2O as precursor, catalyst and reactant gas, respectively. The thickness, composition and uniformity of the SiO2 coating on TiO2 surface were characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, EDS and XPS measurements. In HRTEM analysis, the growth rate was about 0.33 angstroms/cycle. EDS and XPS analysis showed the surface composition of TiO2 nanoparticles was silicon oxide. Zeta potential, particle size distribution and sedimentation test results indicated that dispersibility of coated nanoparticles was higher than that of uncoated nanoparticles because of the electrostatic repulsion between the SiO2-coated layers on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. These results suggested that the SiO2 coating could modify the surface characteristics of the TiO2 nanoparticles and improve the dispersibility of the TiO2 primary nanoparticles.     

Low-temperature Preparation of Photocatalytic TiO2 Thin Films on Polymer Substrates by Direct Deposition from Anatase Sol

Anatase TiO2 sol was synthesized under mild conditions （75℃ and ambient pressure） by hydrolysis of titaniumn-butoxide in abundant acidic aqueous solution and subsequent reflux to enhance crystallization. At room temperature and in ambient atmosphere, crystalline TiO2 thin films were deposited on polymethylmethacrylate （PMMA）, SiO2-coated PMMA and SiO2-coated silicone rubber substrates from the as-prepared TiO2 sol by a dip-coating process. SiO2 layers prior to TiO2 thin films on polymer substrates could not only protect the substrates from the photocatalytic decomposition of the TiO2 thin films but also enhance the adhesion of the TiO2 thin films to the substrates. Field-emission type scanning electron microscope （FE-SEM） investigations revealed that the average particle sizes of the nanoparticles composing the TiO2 thin films were about 35-47 nm. The TiO2 thin films exhibited high photocatalytic activities in the degradation of reactive brilliant red dye X-3B in aqueous solution under aerated conditions. The preparation process of photocatalytic TiO2 thin films on the polymer substrates was quite simple and a low temperature route.     

胶乳共混法天然橡胶/二氧化硅纳米复合材料的制备及性能

采用胶乳共混法制备天然橡胶/二氧化硅(NR/SiO2)纳米复合材料。先用硅烷偶联剂KH-570对纳米二氧化硅进行改性,再经乳液聚合接枝上聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)得到PMMA-SiO2粒子,最后将其与用MMA改性的天然胶乳(NR-PMMA)共混制得NR/SiO2纳米复合材料。采用红外光谱仪、透射电镜、扫描电镜、热重分析仪、橡胶拉伸测试机对样品进行了表征。实验结果表明,PMMA成功地接枝于SiO2表面,PMMA-SiO2在橡胶基体中分散均匀,平均粒径在60nm～80nm之间,复合材料的拉伸强度比纯的NR提高了35%,定伸应力也有显著提高。     

Electrochemical properties of composite electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(ethylene imine) containing the inorganic silica fillers

In this study, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polymer blends containing inorganic silica fillers were studied in order to enhance the ion conductivity and interfacial properties. Lithium perchlorate (LiCIO4) as a salt, and silica (SiO2) as the inorganic filler were introduced in the polymer electrolyte composites and were examined to evaluate their use to improve the ionic conductivity. The addition of inorganic fillers in polymer electrolytes has resulted in high ionic conductivity at a room temperature. The structure and morphology of the solid polymer electrolytes were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ionic conductivity was measured by an AC impedance method. The enhanced conductivity was dependent on the decreased crystallinity and more heterogeneous morphologies.     

Effect of grafted polymer species on particle monolayer structure at the air-water interface

We have studied poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted(PMMA) particle monolayer systems at the air-water interface. In previous papers, we reported that PMMA chains grafted from particles (silica particle and polystyrene latex) were extended on water surfaces. Through observing deposited particle monolayers on substrates using SEM, we have confirmed that PMMA of large molecular weights were either dispersed or arrayed in structure with long inter-particle distances approximately 500 nm. In contrast, low molecular weight PMMA were observed to aggregate upon deposition. We speculated that the difference in morphology in deposited particle monolayers would be attributed to the affinity between the grafted polymer and the substrate. To examine the effect of this affinity three new polymer-grafted silica particles were synthesized with a fairly high graft density of about 0.14 approximately 0.43 nm(-2). As well as PMMA-grafted silica particles (SiO2-PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(t-butyl methacrylate)--grafted silica particles (SiO2-PHEMA and SiO2-PtBuMA) were also prepared and subjected to pi-A isotherm measurements and SEM observations. These pi-A isotherms indicated that polymer-grafted silica formed monolayer at the air-water interface, and the onset area of increasing surface pressure suggests that the polymer chains are extended on a water surface. However, the morphology of the deposited monolayer is highly dependent on polymer species: SiO2-PHEMA showed that the dispersed particle monolayer structure was independent of grafted molecular weight while SiO2-tBuMA showed an aggregated structure that was also independent of grafted moleculer weight. SiO2-PMMA showed intermediate tendencies: dispersed structure was observed with high grafted molecular weight and aggregated structure was observed with low grafted molecule weight. The morphology on glass substrate would be explaiened by hydrophilic interaction between grafted polymer and hydrophilic glass substrate.     

静电纺丝技术制备TiO2/SiO2复合中空纳米纤维与表征

用静电纺丝技术成功制备出复合中空 TiO 2/ SiO 2纳米纤维。用动态热分析仪、 红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、 扫描电镜、 透射电镜和 X射线能谱仪等分析技术对样品进行了表征。分析结果表明 , 得到的产物为复合中空TiO 2/ SiO 2纳米纤维 , 以非晶 SiO 2为外壳 , 内壁由粒径为 50 nm的晶态 TiO 2粒子组成 , 复合中空纳米纤维平均直径 2μm , 长度 > 100μm。讨论了复合中空纳米纤维的形成机制 , 复合纤维在烧结过程中 , 芯层 TiO 2纳米粒子向外表面扩散 , 与壳层 SiO 2粒子形成新化学键 , 得到复合中空纳米纤维。     

All-nanoparticle thin-film coatings

All-nanoparticle thin-film coatings that exhibit antireflection, antifogging (superhydrophilicity), and self-cleaning properties have been prepared via layer-by-layer deposition of TiO(2) and SiO(2) nanoparticles. The porosity and chemical composition of the coatings were determined using a simple method that is based on ellipsometry and does not require any assumptions about the refractive indices of the constituent nanoparticles. The presence of nanopores in the TiO(2)/SiO(2) nanoparticle coatings results in superhydrophilicity as well as antireflection properties. The superhydrophilicity of contaminated coatings could also be readily recovered and retained after ultraviolet irradiation.     

氢氧焰燃烧合成核壳结构纳米 TiO2/SiO2复合颗粒及机理分析

利用多重射流氢氧焰燃烧反应器，通过控制进料方式，以TiCl4和SiCl4为原料合成了具有典型核壳结构的纳米TiO2／SiO2复合颗粒，并分析了氢氧焰燃烧合成过程中核壳结构的形成机理．在纳米TiO2／SiO2复合颗粒中，无定形的SiO2均匀地包覆在晶态TiO2颗粒表面形成核壳结构，引入SiO2不但有效抑制TiO2晶粒的生长，而且抑制了锐钛相向金红石相的转变．在TiCl4和SiCl4次序进料时，TiCl4优先反应并通过成核生长生成TiO2纳米颗粒，SiCl4反应生成的SiO2通过在TiO2颗粒表面非均相成核生长，形成核壳结构的纳米复合颗粒．     

无溶剂SiO2纳米流体的制备及其导电性能研究

本文中首先以SiO2纳米粒子为核,通过脱水反应在SiO2纳米粒子表面接枝3-硅羟基-1-丙基磺酸(SIT),再通过一元弱碱解离反应,以离子键接枝反离子聚氧乙烯十八烷基胺(Ethomeen18/25),所形成的有机/无机杂化纳米材料在室温下呈金黄色的透明液体状,称其为无溶剂纳米流体.单分散态无溶剂SiO2纳米流体中,Si...     

Synthesis of SiO2-coated Bi2S3/poly(styrene) nanocomposites by in-situ polymerization

New nanocomposites containing silica-coated Bi2S3 nanofibers were synthesised by in situ polymerization using two distinct synthetic strategies: emulsion and suspension polymerization. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the nanocomposite particles showed that in both cases the Bi2S3/SiO2 nanoparticles were densely coated with poly(styrene). In situ emulsion polymerization afforded nanocomposites in which the nanofibers were coated with polymer spheres whilst suspension polymerization gives rise to a homogeneous polymer layer coat. The morphology of the poly(styrene) coating observed is discussed considering the surface modification of the nanofibers and the polymerization technique involved.     

纳米TiO2表面电位特性的研究

纳米颗粒表面Zeta电位对颗粒的分散稳定性影响很大.本文研究了包覆SiO2前后的纳米TiO2在不同pH值条件下、不同溶剂(水、乙二醇、乙醇)以及不同离子浓度情况下的Zeta电位变化,并用质子迁移理论进行分析,为制备稳定的分散体系提供一定的理论指导.     

TiO2@SiO2微球的制备及其光催化性能研究

采用模板法以钛酸丁酯为钛源,SiO2为模板球,制备出了TiO2包覆SiO2微球。利用SEM、TEM、XRD、EDS对样品形貌、结构和成分进行了表征分析,并测试了样品的光催化性能。结果表明TiO2@SiO2微球的光催化性能优于用相同方法制得的TiO2的光催化性能,当使用TiO2@SiO2微球为光催化剂时,在光照180min后甲基橙的降解率达到82%,而相同方法制得的TiO2为56%,较后者提高了26%,具有良好的光催化活性。     

SiO2-TiO2 复合微粒的研究

通过溶胶法制备了18nm 和40nm 两种粒径均匀、单分散的SiO₂2TiO₂ 复合微粒, 确定了最佳合成条件。电镜照片显示, 水和TiO₂ 粒子接枝于SiO₂ 粒子表面, 成针状向外生长。对包覆过程、复合纳米粉末煅烧行为、表面改性的研究表明, 1100℃～ 1200℃TiO₂ 由锐钛型向金红石型转变, SiO₂ 的鳞石英晶型也开始形成。甲醇改性的TS纳米粉末能较好的再分散于乙醇中。      

Improvement in performances of dye-sensitized solar cell with SiO2-coated TiO2 photoelectrode

The pure TiO2 and the nano-porous SiO2-coated TiO2 (STO) films were deposited on the FTO substrates by spray technique for the application of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). XRD pattern shows the pure TiO2 and STO films exhibits the same structure. We found that there is no much difference in dye absorption between the STO and the pure TiO2 films. The electrochemical impedance spectra reveal that insulating nature of the porous SiO2 increases surface resistance of the TiO2 film and supresses back transfer of the photogenerated electrons to the electrolyte. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveal that the surface morphology and the existence of SiO2 layer on the surface of the TiO2 films, respectively. The photoelectrochemical results show that the short-circuit photocurrent (J(SC)) increased from 16.73 mA cm(-2) to 18.31 mA cm(-2) and the open-circuit voltage (V(OC)) value changed from 0.71 V to 0.74 V for the STO films. The efficiency of cell has been greatly improved from 8.25 to 9.3%.     

减反射可见光与反射近红外线双功能镀膜玻璃

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺,用提拉法在光伏玻璃上制备了玻璃/TiO2-SiO2/SnO2∶F/SiO2减反射可见光与反射近红外双功能膜。用拟合方法研究了TiO2掺量对TiO2-SiO2膜层折射率的影响、以及溶胶中水含量对SiO2膜层折射率的影响;研究了快速热处理温度对SnO2∶F膜结构和方块电阻的影响,用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)测试了膜层的透射率,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了膜层的表面形貌。结果表明,TiO2掺量可以使TiO2-SiO2膜层的折射率在1.49~1.97之间变化,SiO2溶胶中的水含量能够在膜面上形成微孔,降低SiO2膜层的折射率。通过优化工艺,制备出了在可见光范围平均透过率约为96%、1120nm波长近红外起始反射的双功能复合膜。对得到的结果进行了讨论。