地震基岩面的选取对深厚场地地表地震动参数的影响

地震基岩面的选取对场地设计地震动参数取值的合理性有重要影响。以苏州城区的钻孔剖面为研究对象,选取剪切波速介于400~800 m/s的9个土层顶面作为地震基岩面,采用等效线性方法考虑土的非线性特性,采用一维波传法分析地震基岩面的选取对地表地震动特性的影响。结果表明:1地表峰值加速度PGA随地震基岩面剪切波速的增大而增大,PGA的增大幅度随输入地震动强度的增大而减小;2地表加速度反应谱放大系数?谱谱值也随地震基岩面土层剪切波速的增大而增大,且?谱谱值随输入地震动强度的增大而减小;对于中强地震的近场地震动作用,基岩面深度对周期小于1.0 s的?谱谱值的影响较大;而对于特大地震的远场地震动作用,基岩面深度对周期小于4.0 s的?谱谱值均有较大影响;3远场地震动作用时的?谱谱值明显大于近场地震动作用的?谱谱值;4取剪切波速不小于700m/s的土层顶面为地震基岩面较为适宜。     

Development of Design Response Spectra Based on Various Attenuation Relationships at Specific Location

Peninsular Malaysia is located and lies in a low seismic region. Although Malaysia is not located in the active fault seismic area, it is closed to the Sumatran active seismic zones. Tall building are fIequently felt the tremor generated fTom Sumatran subduction and fault zones especially in the west cost of Peninsular Malaysia such as Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and Penang. Existing design response spectra was developed based on attenuation relationship for each subduction and fault zone. In this study, the design response spectra were developed based on various attenuation relationships for selected location in Kuala Lumpur area, namely, Mutiara Damansara, Bandar Petaling Jaya and Bandar Puteri Puchong. The development of design response spectra based on various attenuation relationships is more reliable in selecting the appropriate attenuation relationship for the study area. Seven attenuations have been chosen and results show that Megawati et al. are the most appropriate attenuation relation for fault zone, where the predicted PGA （peak ground acceleration） is 0.0187 g which is the proposed PGA value for this study area. This study also found that most of soil in the study area can be categorized into SD （stiff soil） according to site classification in the NEHRP 2000 Provision/UBC 97. Bandar petaling Jaya was found to be highest AF （amplification factor） of 3.74 for stiff soil and Mutiara Damansara with AF of 2.67 for very dense soil or soft rock. The proposed design response spectra for each location were developed based on UBC 1997 （Uniform Building Code 1997）. The peak RSA （response spectrum acceleration） of 0.30 g for soil type SD for Bandar Petaling Jaya is the maximum level of acceleration on the soil surface with a period range of 0.10 to 0.52 seconds. All these values can be used for the seismic safety evaluation of existing structures and as a guideline in designing new structures to resist future earthquake, within the study area.     

Experimental Verification to Estimate Ground Thermal Conductivity Using Spiral Coil Type Ground Heat Exchangers

This paper presents an experimental study on the evaluation of thermal response of a spiral coil type GHE （ground heat exchanger）. This GHE was installed on partially saturated landfill ground that was composed of silt and clay in the runway area of Incheon International airport. TRT （thermal response test） was conducted for more than 65 hours under continuous operation conditions. Ground thermal conductivity was derived based on line source theory, which has usually been found to be appropriate for line type GHEs such as U, W and 2U types. A reasonable method to derive ground thermal conductivity using the infinite line source theory for a spiral coil type GHE was introduced. Ground thermal conductivity from the TRT using spiral coil type GHE was compared with those from the analytical equivalent model of ground thermal conductivity.     

不同类型地震波作用下超高层结构动力响应分析

目前,由于长周期地震动的缺乏,国内外对于长周期地震动特性及在长周期地震动作用下的超高层结构地震响应的研究尚不成熟。该文选取长周期地震动Tom波、地表反应波LS-R波、普通地震动El Centro波作为输入,对在不同类型地震波作用下的超高层结构进行了模型振动台试验,并对试验结果进行了分析。通过对三条不同类型地震波作用下超高层结构的动力响应分析,以时频分析的角度分析了超高层结构地震反应与输入地震动特性之间的关系及超高层结构在长周期地震动作用下与普通地震动作用下的地震反应差异等。     

New insights on effects of directionality and duration of near‐field ground motions on seismic response of tall buildings

The effects of ground motion directionality on seismic response of buildings are at the center of ongoing debate among earthquake engineering professionals and researchers. This has prompted a renewed interest to have a better understanding of directionality effects of near‐field pulse‐like ground motions on seismic response of tall buildings to further improve seismic design in this respect. In particular the prediction of the maximum displacement response along the structural axis which is called the critical displacement response. This paper presents the results from parametric studies that investigate the directionality effects on nonlinear dynamic response of simple structures and a tall building. The outcome of these analyses was the development of a method, which relies on the maximum velocity to provide a good approximation to the critical displacement response. The method developed is computationally efficient and involves less calculation than other methods. In addition, it was determined that the building responses to records rotated to fault‐normal can lead to significant underestimation of the maximum response along the structural axis, using the fault‐parallel ground motion also may lead to large response differences and smaller yet significant differences when using the maximum direction ground motion.     

常德某电厂场地地震动反应分析

为了模拟50年超越概率为10％、2％、1％、震中距40km的地震,首先产生了基岩地面响应合成时程图,然后以合成的50年超越概率为10％、2％、1％的基岩地震波作为输入,使用一维剪切波理论对穿过场地土层的输入响应进行地震反应计算并分析地表动反应,最终目的是对常德地区某电厂场地进行地震反映分析。计算所得到的加速度时程图、加速度反应谱以及放大谱对工程设计人员有较大的帮助。     

Seismic response and fragility analysis of fiber-reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure

为研究在关键部位采用聚乙烯醇纤维增强混凝土材料的结构的地震反应,利用Perform-3D软件对一栋10层的框架 剪力墙结构进行单向罕遇地震（50年超越概率2%）作用下的非线性动力时程反应分析。结果表明,随着结构地震损伤程度的增加,纤维增强混凝土的优良性能发挥更加充分,对结构的抗震性能改善作用也更加明显;结构基本周期对应的加速度反应谱强度S_a(T₁)能较好地反映结构的损伤程度,适合作为地震动强度衡量指标。依据FEMA P695建议的增量动力分析方法,对22对地震动记录进行标准化处理和调幅,并通过结构地震易损性函数,给出结构在不同强度地震作用下达到“防止倒塌”极限状态的失效概率。对于框架-剪力墙结构,建议可采用墙肢塑性铰转角作为其“防止倒塌”极限状态地震易损性分析的结构反应参数。     

考虑地震动空间非一致性的岩体地下洞室群 地震反应分析

 阐述人工合成考虑空间非一致性的多点地震动加速度时程步骤,提供合理的空间非一致地震动输入。在此基础上,建立一大型地下洞室群的三维数值计算模型,分析一致与非一致两种地震动输入情况下该地下洞室群的地震响应特征。研究结果表明,洞室群地震响应与激振源的位移时程曲线形式接近,表明围岩的惯性效应可以忽略;地震波幅值对于地下洞室地震响应具有决定性作用,而地震动的空间非一致特性对于讨论的轴向长度水平(轴线长度尺寸为300～400 m)的地下洞室的破坏未产生不利影响。因此,在进行类似的岩体地下洞室地震动安全评价时可以不考虑地震动空间非一致性的影响。     

Seismic response of R/C structures subjected to simulated ground motions compatible with design spectrum

In seismic response analysis of building structures, the input ground motions have considerable effect on the nonlinear seismic response characteristics of structures. The characteristics of soil and the locality of the site where those ground motions were recorded affect the contents of ground motion time histories. This study describes a generation of synthetic ground motion time histories compatible with seismic design spectrum, and also evaluates the seismic response results of multi‐story reinforced concrete structures by the simulated ground motions. The simulated ground motion time histories have identical phase angles to the recorded ground motions, and their overall response spectra are compatible with seismic design spectrum with 5% critical viscous damping. The input ground motions applied to this study have identical elastic acceleration response spectra, but have different phase angles. The purpose of this study was to investigate their validity as input ground motion for nonlinear seismic response analysis of building structures. As expected, the response quantities by simulated ground motions presented better stability than those by real recorded ground motions. It was concluded that the simulated earthquake waves generated in this paper are applicable as input ground motions for a seismic response analysis of building structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近场强震作用下上海地区百米高层建筑地震动反应分析

首先,依据汶川地震中不同震中距基岩地震波记录,选取假设上海近场发生M8.0级强震时的基岩地震波.然后,对上海某百米高层建筑场地进行深覆盖土层地震反应分析,获得该场地在近场强震时的地表波.最后,以此百米高层建筑为例,分析该结构在此地表波作用下的地震动反应特点,从而评估近场强震对上海高层建筑的影响.分析结果表明:结构在双向地震动作用下的反应与单向地震动作用下的反应有明显不同.其中,地震动垂直分量对结构顶层节点竖向反应放大作用显著;地震动水平分量对结构顶层节点三个方向反应都有放大效应;地震动水平分量对结构层间位移角起决定性作用;地震动水平分量对结构底层角柱内力的影响大于地震动垂直分量对其的影响.     

近断层大脉冲地震动对网架结构动力反应影响的研究及其简化计算模型

针对工程中常见的大跨空间网架结构在近断层大脉冲地震中的反应特点进行了较为深入的研究,得到了如下有益的结果：①为了便于工程设计中的应用,通过理论推导和数值模拟的方法,提出了一种考虑弯-剪效应的简化弹簧-质量-阻尼等效体系,该体系用以替代下部支撑结构,并和上部网架一起参与动力耦合反应|②简单阐述了近断层大脉冲地震动的特点,对同一个结构输入相同加速度幅值（0.1g）的脉冲地震动与非脉冲地震动两种地震波,分析比较了结构反应的差别,讨论了大脉冲速度谱与结构固有周期对结构反应影响的相关性|③对比分析了实际模型与简化模型在不同地震动作用下的结构反应,其结果验证了简化模型的合理性与准确性。该研究成果对从事本领域的科技人员了解大脉冲地震动对结构的影响有很好的示范效应。同时为设计人员简化计算提供了科学、简便的计算模型。     

竖向强震作用下密贴地铁地下交叉结构动力响应分析

研究密贴地铁地下交叉结构的地震反应特性,对地铁地下结构穿越工程的建设和安全运营有着重要的现实意义。利用 FLAC^3D 有限差分程序对北京地区典型密贴地铁地下交叉结构进行了地震响应的数值模拟分析,研究了竖向强震作用下地铁区间隧道密贴下穿地铁车站结构体系的地震反应特性,并与单一地铁车站的地震反应特性进行了比较,研究表明：密贴地铁车站交叉主体结构由于车站-隧道结构间的相互作用,较单一地铁车站主体结构竖向位移及受力具有明显的增减,并与输入地震动的特性有关,且各监测部位增减幅值基本一致;由于土体对地震动高频成份的显著滤波作用,因此高频丰富的汶川卧龙波作用下地铁车站主体结构竖向相对位移差–时程及应力差–时程明显小于低频丰富的阪神波作用下地铁车站主体结构竖向相对位移差–时程及应力差–时程;地铁车站主体结构竖向相对位移差 - 时程及应力差–时程对于输入地震动的峰值加速度不太敏感。     

铰链式护坡及其地震反应特性分析

考虑土与结构动力相互作用的影响,建立了铰链式护坡的非线性动力相互作用的有限元分析模型,对其进行了地震反应数值模拟,分析了在不同地震动作用下的应力、加速度和相对水平位移反应特性,结果表明：在相同强度和频谱的地震动作用下,护坡中上部和底部的最大动应力幅值较大,护坡顶部和底部的加速度和水平位移较大;在相同强度和不同频谱的地震动作用下,在Loma Prieta波作用下护坡的动力反应比Kobe波作用下护坡的动力反应大。从护坡的地震反应特性考虑,护坡顶部和底部是地震动作用下的薄弱区域,在抗震设计中应引起重视。另外,对于护坡的中上部也应引起相应的重视。     

高层建筑钢结构在多维地震动输入作用下的反应

本文首先建立了非对称建筑结构在二维水平地震动作用下的一般性振型分解方法,探讨了利用反应谱法计算二维水平地震动作用下地震效应所需要解决的问题。通过时程分析法,对大量的工程算例分别进行了一维水平地震动和二维水平地震动作用下的数值计算,同时对结构在不同情况下的地震效应最大值相互之间的比例关系进行了统计,探讨了利用相互垂直单向地震作用效应的组合来代替双向地震作用效应的可行性,并将此推广至反应谱法中。文章最后提出了一个二维水平地震动作用下的地震效应的反应谱计算方法,供工程设计参考。     

An Earthquake Catalogue for El Salvador and Neighboring Central American Countries （1528-2009） and Its Implication in the Seismic Hazard Assessment

Merging all available databases, a comprehensive and updated earthquake catalogue for El Salvador and surrounding areas has been compiled, containing a total of 2,584 events for the period 1528-2009, covering the geographic window delimited by the coordinates 11.0°-16.5° N and 85.5°-92.0° W, focal depths of 0.0 to 304 km, and the moment magnitudes in the interval 5.0 〈 Mw 〈 8.1. Events in the catalogue are distributed into six seismogenic sources taking into consideration the tectonic regime affecting E1 Salvador, the interplay and complexities between shallow crustal, intraplate and interface subduction seismicity has been thoroughly investigated, primarily with the aim of developing detail criteria to delimit the seismogenic sources in order to perform a consistent seismic hazard assessment. A uniform hazard spectrum for San Salvador and seismic hazard maps and their uncertainty have been calculated for the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions using zone and zone free methods. The references cited in the article constitute a comprehensive list of sources of information on the tectonics and seismicity of El Salvador and neighboring Central American countries.     

Pseudo-Dynamic Testing for Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings with Seismic Isolation System Using Scrap Tire Rubber Pad Isolators

Investigation of seismic performance of buildings with STRP （scrap tire rubber pad） seismic isolators by means of pseudo-dynamic tests and numerical simulation is presented. The isolated building is numerically modeled, while the base isolation layer is considered as the experimental substructure in the pseudo-dynamic tests. The test result verifies that the STRP isolator shows acceptable shear deformation performance predicted by the design methods, and demonstrated that seismic isolation using STRP works as a protective measure to provide enhanced seismic performance of the building indicated by the reduction of top floor absolute acceleration, drift and base shear as designated.     

Design of Dissipative Braces for an Existing Strategic Building with a Pushover Based Procedure

The research presented in this paper deals with the seismic protection of existing frame structures by means of passive energy dissipation. An iterative displacement-based procedure, based on capacity spectrum, to design dissipative bracings for seismic retrofitting of the frame structures is described, and some applications are discussed. The procedure can be used with any typology of dissipative device and for different performance targets. In this work, the procedure has been applied, with both traditional pushover （load profile proportional to first mode） and multimodal pushover, to an existing RC （reinforced concrete） frame building. In the application, the buckling restrained braces have been used in order to prevent damages to both the structure and non structural elements. The use of multimodal pushover proves to be more effective than pushover based on single mode in case of medium rise RC frame building （higher than 30 m） but, once this building is retrofitted, and therefore regularized, with a bracing system, the difference between using monomodal or multimodal pushover becomes insignificant.     

远场长周期地震动下桩-土-层间隔震结构振动台试验研究

软土地基条件下土-结构相互作用(SSI)效应会对隔震结构的减震效果及动力特性产生影响。远场长周期地震动使隔震建筑这类长周期结构地震响应强烈,考虑SSI效应后地震响应可能更大。开展软土地基上层间隔震结构模型振动台试验研究,对比分析远场长周期和普通地震动下隔震层和隔震结构的楼层加速度和位移响应,研究远场长周期地震动下桩-土-层间隔震结构动力响应规律及减震效果。结果表明：软土地基具有明显的滤波效应,抑制高频分量,放大中低频分量;普通地震动下层间隔震结构的减震效果较显著,随着输入加速度峰值增大,减震效果降低,而远场长周期地震动下的层间隔震结构的减震效果比普通地震动下的差;基础及隔震层的转动效应明显,隔震层对基础转动有一定放大效应,远场长周期地震动下的隔震结构的放大效应较普通地震动下的明显,并对隔震层位移反应的影响较大。     

The Role of Architectural Considerations in Seismic Performance of Buildings： A Case Study in Iran

Experience from recent earthquakes such as Gilan, Zanjan, Bam and Lorestan earthquakes in Iran indicated that the constructed buildings are vulnerable against earthquake. Vulnerability of these structures is due to various reasons such as designing without considering seismic regulations, problems of regulations （design goals）, implementation problems, changing of the building occupancy class, increasing the weight of building stories, adding new stories to the building and changing in architecture of building without considering structural system. So the main objective of this research is to examine the features of building configuration and their effects as for the damages to buildings in past earthquakes. For this purpose, initially four occurred earthquakes in Iran are selected as case study. Then three types of buildings （steel structure, concrete structure and masonry buildings） are analyzed with details. Results showed that the most of damages are occurred in the old steel structures and masonry buildings which their ages are more than 25 years. The study showed that most of the buildings in the study area are steel structure and masonry buildings while concrete structures are infrequent which most of them had no or slight damages. Therefore, the importance and need to enhance the performance of available buildings against earthquake forces by rehabilitating methods would be more important than before. Also results indicated that the decisions related to architectural plan which have significant effect on seismic performance of buildings, can be divided into three categories： configuration of building, restrictive formal architectural plan and dangerous structural components, as these categories are not obstacle of each other, it is possible that each category has an influential effect on others. So organizing the design decisions in this way is very important so as to manage their effects and interdependencies.     

长周期结构弹塑性时程分析的地震波选取

长周期结构在大震作用下进入弹塑性状态,结构刚度退化,周期延长,地震波对应的反应谱与规范反应谱在长周期段的拟合程度对结构的安全性判 断有较大影响。提出长周期反应谱拟合系数作为长周期结构在弹塑性时程分析中地震波选取的依据,通过六千多条强震记录的统计分析,得到不同场地条件 下适用于长周期结构弹塑性时程分析的地震波库,保证所选取地震波对应的反应谱与规范反应谱在3~6s段统计意义上相一致。