高轴压比、低剪跨比双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙拟静力试验研究

为解决双钢板混凝土组合剪力墙与钢梁难以实现现场免焊装配化连接的问题,提出了一种采用分体垫片式单边螺栓端板连接的装配式节点构造,设计并制作了两个足尺试件进行低周往复加载试验及有限元分析,研究了连接节点的变形机理、破坏形态、承载能力、延性、耗能能力以及刚度退化性能。研究结果表明：根据节点区竖放H型钢翼缘厚度不同,节点破坏模式可分为梁端塑性铰破坏和柱壁破坏;发生梁端塑性铰破坏的节点滞回曲线呈饱满的梭形,表现出良好的抗震性能,柱壁及节点区内填混凝土基本保持完好;发生柱壁破坏的节点表现为螺栓孔周钢板受拉形成圆形屈服面,内填混凝土压溃,承载力较低且刚度退化严重,耗能能力较差,加载后期节点的转角主要源于节点区的转动,该失效模式在设计中应予以避免。     

圆高强钢管UHPC梁抗弯性能研究

高强钢管高强混凝土的应用越来越广泛,但目前对于其徐变特性的试验研究较少。该文对15根不同含钢率的高强钢管高强混凝土轴压短柱进行了365 d的收缩和徐变测试,并将试验结果与常用的徐变预测模型MC90、ACI209和MC2010等进行了对比。试验结果表明：高强钢管高强混凝土的徐变系数远小于素混凝土,当加载365 d后,素混凝土的徐变系数是高强钢管高强混凝土的2倍以上;含钢率对钢管混凝土试件的徐变有一定影响,徐变系数随着含钢率的增大而减小。在对比的3种常用徐变预测模型中,MC2010模型的徐变预测结果与试验结果吻合最好,可推荐用于高强钢管高强混凝土的收缩和徐变效应计算。此外,还将高强钢管高强混凝土与普通钢管混凝土的徐变试验结果进行了对比,结果表明,钢管混凝土的徐变随着核心混凝抗压强度的增加而减小。研究成果可为高强钢管高强混凝土轴心受压构件在正常使用阶段的徐变预测及徐变变形控制提供依据。     

Compressive strength and durability properties of ceramic wastes based concrete

This paper presents an experimental study on the properties and on the durability of concrete containing ceramic wastes. Several concrete mixes possessing a target mean compressive strength of 30 MPa were prepared with 20% cement replacement by ceramic powder (W/B = 0.6). A concrete mix with ceramic sand and granite aggregates were also prepared as well as a concrete mix with natural sand and coarse ceramic aggregates (W/B = 0.5). The mechanical and durability performance of ceramic waste based concrete are assessed by means of mechanical tests, water performance, permeability, chloride diffusion and also accelerated aging tests. Results show that concrete with partial cement replacement by ceramic powder although it has minor strength loss possess increase durability performance. Results also shows that concrete mixtures with ceramic aggregates perform better than the control concrete mixtures concerning compressive strength, capillarity water absorption, oxygen permeability and chloride diffusion. The replacement of cement and aggregates in concrete by ceramic wastes will have major environmental benefits.     

Effect of aggregate properties on the strength and stiffness of lightweight concrete

An experimental program was carried out to obtain the compressive strengths and elastic moduli of cold-bonded pelletized lightweight aggregate concretes. Three types of aggregates were made with different fly ash contents. Experimental data were analyzed statistically. Test results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with 95% confidence level (α=0.05) show that the properties of lightweight aggregates and the water/binder ratio are two significant factors affecting the compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete.     

Compressive strength and electrical properties of concrete with white Portland cement and blast-furnace slag

Electrical resistivity is an important characteristic of concrete because it allows evaluation of the accessibility of aggressive agents prior to the beginning of the corrosive process and estimation of the corrosion propagation. This study investigated the apparent electrical resistivity of concrete mixes with white Portland cement and with and without blast-furnace slag using Wenner’s four-electrode method. The compressive strength of concrete cylinders and the electrical conductivity of the pore solution were tested. Examined slag contents were 50% and 70% by mass and the results were compared to reference mixtures of 100% white Portland cement and 100% grey Portland cement, as well as to mixtures with equal percentages of slag and grey Portland cement. Larger amounts of slag resulted in increased electrical resistivity and decreases in the electrical conductivity of the pore solution, when compared to the reference concretes. The mixture made of 50% slag and 50% white Portland cement showed, on average, compressive resistance levels between 35 MPa and 60 MPa, electrical resistivity values that were approximately five times greater, costs that were 14.6% less per m³, and whiteness similar to the reference concrete. These results indicate that white Portland cement can be partially substituted by blast-furnace slag.     

Compressive strength,modulus of elasticity,and water permeability of inorganic polymer concrete

Inorganic polymer concretes (IPCs) were produced from rice husk–bark ash (RHBA) combined with fly ash (FA) as a cementitious raw material. Six different mixtures were used to study the properties of IPC. Since RHBA is rich in silica material, varying the ratio of FA to RHBA results in differing SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios. To keep the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio constant, the ratio of FA to RHBA was fixed at 80:20 by weight. High concentration sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution were used as a liquid component of the concrete mixture. The mixing and curing of these inorganic polymer concretes were performed under ambient conditions. Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and water permeability of the IPCs were investigated at specified intervals up to 90 days. The results showed that the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and water permeability of IPCs depend on the mix proportions, especially the solution to ash (S/A) ratio and the paste to aggregate (P/Agg) ratio. Moreover, the results showed that the water permeability and the elastic modulus of IPCs were significantly related to their compressive strength.     

方形中空夹层钢管超高性能钢纤维混凝土柱抗爆性能数值模拟与实验验证

建立了爆炸荷载作用下方形中空夹层钢管超高性能钢纤维混凝土(Ultra-High Performance Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Filled Double Skin Steel Tube,UHPSFRCFDST)柱动态响应及其损伤破坏三维有限元数值模型。首先通过模拟结果与爆炸破坏试验结果的对比分析,验证了数值模型和计算方法的有效性。进而运用参数化分析方法,研究了空心率、含钢率、内、外层钢管厚度及其强度等关键参数对UHPSFRCFDST柱抗爆性能的影响。研究结果表明,UHPSFRCFDST柱具有优越的抗爆性能,所建立的三维有限元模型能够有效地分析UHPSFRCFDST柱在爆炸荷载作用下的动态响应及其损伤破坏;在一定范围内减小空心率及提高外层钢管强度可有效提升UHPSFRCFDST柱抗爆性能;提高含钢率、减小内、外层钢管高厚比均能够显著提升UHPSFRCDST柱抗爆性能;内层钢管强度对UHPSFRCFDST柱的抗爆性能影响并不明显。     

Compressive strength and chloride resistance of self-compacting concrete containing high level fly ash and silica fume

The influence of high-calcium fly ash and silica fume as a binary and ternary blended cement on compressive strength and chloride resistance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) were investigated in this study. High-calcium fly ash (40–70%) and silica fume (0–10%) were used to replace part of cement at 50, 60 and 70 wt.%. Compressive strength, density, volume of permeable pore space (voids) and water absorption of SCC were investigated. The total charge passed in coulombs was assessed in order to determine chloride resistance of SCC. The results show that binary blended cement with high level fly ash generally reduced the compressive strength of SCC at all test ages (3, 7, 28 and 90 days). However, ternary blended cement with fly ash and silica fume gained higher compressive strength after 7 days when compared to binary blended fly ash cement at the same replacement level. The compressive strength more than 60 MPa (high strength concrete) can be obtained when using high-calcium fly ash and silica fume as ternary blended cement. Fly ash decreased the charge passed of SCC and tends to decrease with increasing fly ash content, although the volume of permeable pore space (voids) and water absorption of SCC were increased. In addition when compared to binary blended cement at the same replacement level, the charge passed of SCC that containing ternary blended cement was lower than binary blended cement with fly ash only. This indicated that fly ash and silica fume can improve chloride resistance of SCC at high volume content of Portland cement replacement.     

钢管混凝土梁在侧向冲击荷载作用下动力响应的试验研究和数值模拟

为研究不同轴压比对钢管混凝土柱侧向冲击性能的影响,该文对已有的冲击试验进行了验证。在验证模型基础上建立了不同轴压比的钢管混凝土柱在侧向冲击作用下的动力有限元模型,计算得到连续变化轴压比下钢管混凝土的抗冲击性能参数。结果表明：轴压比对钢管混凝土的侧向抗冲击性能有显著影响。在轴压比小于0.7时,轴力对钢管混凝土构件侧向抗冲击能力有提高作用,当轴压比大于0.7时,轴力对钢管混凝土侧向抗冲击能力有削弱作用。     

Damage and its restraint of concrete with different strength grades under double damage factors

This paper presents the damage and its regularity of concrete of different grades under the simultaneous actions of load and freezing–thawing cycles, and analyzes the inhibiting effect of air entraining and steel fibers on damage. The loss of dynamic elastic modulus and the flexural strength of specimens are tested. Experimental results show that the damage process is accelerated and the damage extent increased under simultaneous actions of load and freezing–thawing cycles. The lower the grade of concrete is, the greater the damage is. At higher stress ratio, concretes suffer more serious damage. The addition of steel fiber or air entraining admixture or the combination of the two to concrete can improve its resistance to damage. Experimental results also show that stress ratio has little influence on the weight loss of high strength concrete under double damage conditions.     

Development of the stiffness damage test (SDT) for characterisation of thermally loaded concrete

This paper describes the use of the Stiffness Damage Test (SDT) technique for quantifying the degree of deterioration experienced by thermally loaded concretes. The applicability of the SDT for assessing temperature damaged concrete has been experimentally investigated and analysed. Results have shown the SDT parameters to be sensitive to the influences of test age, the level of temperature exposure and the degree of damage caused by that exposure. A strong and consistent degree of correlation between the results obtained from the SDT and the standard test measurements (compressive strength, static modulus and ultrasonic pulse velocity) has been found. The use of the SDT as a tool for detecting pre-damage and the development of microcracking in concrete specimens subjected to compressive loading have been confirmed by Acoustic Emission (AE) test techniques.     

Adding limestone fines as cementitious paste replacement to improve tensile strength,stiffness and durability of concrete

The addition of a filler such as limestone fines (LF) to fill into the voids between aggregate particles can reduce the cementitious paste volume needed to produce concrete. In previous studies, it has been found that the addition of LF to reduce the cementitious paste volume would substantially increase the cube strength, and reduce the heat generation and shrinkage of the concrete produced. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the effects of adding LF as cementitious paste replacement on the tensile strength, stiffness and durability of concrete. For the evaluation, a series of concrete mixes with LF added to replace an equal volume of cementitious paste were tested for their workability, cube strength, tensile splitting strength, modulus of elasticity, water penetration depth and chloride permeability. The results showed that the addition of LF as cementitious paste replacement would at the same water/cement ratio, and even at the same cube strength, improve the tensile strength, stiffness and durability of concrete.     

Effects of different nanomaterials on hardening and performance of ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC)

Nanomaterials have attracted much interest in cement-based materials during the past decade. In this study, the effects of different nano-CaCO₃ and nano-SiO₂ contents on flowability, heat of hydration, mechanical properties, phase change, and pore structure of ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) were investigated. The dosages of nano-CaCO₃ were 0, 1.6%, 3.2%, 4.8%, and 6.4%, by the mass of cementitious materials, while the dosages of nano-SiO₂ were 0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2%. The results indicated that both nano-CaCO₃ and nano-SiO₂ decreased the flowability and increased the heat of hydration with the increase of their contents. The optimal dosages to enhance compressive and flexural strengths were 1.6%–4.8% for the nano-CaCO₃ and 0.5%–1.5% for the nano-SiO₂. Although compressive and flexural strengths were comparable for the two nanomaterials after 28 d, their strength development tendencies with age were different. UHSC mixtures with nano-SiO₂ showed continuous and sharp increase in strength with age up to 7 d, while those with nano-CaCO₃ showed almost constant strength between 3 and 7 d, but sharp increase thereafter. Thermal gravimetry (TG) analysis demonstrated that the calcium hydroxide (CH) content in UHSC samples decreased significantly with the increase of nano-SiO₂ content, but remained almost constant for those with nano-CaCO₃. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results showed that both porosity and critical pore size decreased with the increase of hydration time as well as the increase of nanoparticles content to an optimal threshold, beyond which porosity decreased. The difference between them was that nano-CaCO₃ mainly reacted with C₃A to form carboaluminates, while nano-SiO₂ reacted with Ca(OH)₂ to form CSH. Both nano-CaCO₃ and nano-SiO₂ demonstrated nucleation and filling effects and resulted in less porous and more homogeneous structure.     

Synthesis and crystal structure of double Ln(III) malonates with Co(NH3) 6 3+ in the outer sphere

Double Ln(III) malonates of two different compositions crystallize from malonate solutions containing [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ ions. Lanthanides of the beginning of the series form compounds of the composition [Co(NH₃)₆][Ln(mal)₂]₃·6H₂O (I) (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd; mal = C₃H₂O^2?), and those of the end of the series form compounds of the composition [Co(NH₃)₆]₂[Ln₃(mal)₇(Hmal)(H₂O)₄]·nH₂O (II) (Ln = Tb, Ho, Er, Tm). Structure I is based on trimeric anionic complexes [Ln₃(mal)₆]^3? linked with each other to form a branched 3D network with [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ cations and water molecules accommodated in large voids. The coordination mode of malonate ions in I with the coordination capacity equal to 5 was unknown previously for lanthanide malonate compounds. The Ln(1) atom has the maximum possible for malonate compounds coordination number (CN) 12, and the Ln(2) atom has CN 9. The structure of II consists of anionic chains [Ln₃(mal)₇(Hmal)(H₂O)₄] _n ^3? between which the [Co(NH₃)6]₃₊ cations and water molecules are arranged. One independent malonate ion in the structure is coordinated in the bidentate chelate fashion to the Ln(1) atom, and the other independent chelate-bridging ligand is coordinated in the bidentate fashion to the Ln(2) atom and in the monodentate fashion to the Ln(1) atom. As a result, tetrameric fragments linked in anionic chains are formed in the structure of II. The Ln(1) and Ln(2) atoms have CN 8.     

The influence of poly(acrylic acid) molar mass and concentration on the properties of polyalkenoate cements Part I Compressive strength

The influence of poly(acrylic acid), PAA molar mass, concentration and glass volume fraction were investigated on the compressive strength of polyalkenoate cements after ageing for 1, 7 and 28 days in water at 37°C. The compressive strength increased with the molar mass of the polyacid. The increase in compressive strength with molar mass was greater at higher PAA concentrations. Increasing the polyacid concentration generally increased the compressive strength, until PAA concentrations greater than 50% m/m were achieved. Increasing the glass volume fraction had little influence on the compressive strength of cements made with low PAA concentrations, however the compressive strength increased with glass volume fraction for cements that had a high PAA concentration. Increasing the ageing time of the cement prior to testing generally resulted in an increase in compressive strength. However the influence of ageing time was greater in cements made with high PAA concentrations.     

Preparation and properties of poly(urea–formaldehyde) microcapsules filled with epoxy resins

The poly(urea–formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules filled with epoxy resins have potential for self-healing or toughening polymeric composites. A series of PUF microcapsules containing epoxy resins were synthesized by selecting different process parameters including surfactant type, surfactant concentration, adjusting time for pH value and heating rate. The effects of process parameters on the size and surface morphology of microcapsules were discussed. The storage stability, solvent resistance and the mechanical strength of microcapsules were investigated. The morphology of microcapsules was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM). The results indicate that the formation of microcapsules is affected by the surfactant type. The size of microcapsules can be controlled by the surfactant concentration. The surface morphology of microcapsules can be adjusted by the surfactant concentration, the adjusting time for pH and the heating rate. The microcapsules prepared by using surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) show good storage stability, excellent solvent resistance and appropriate mechanical strength.     

Properties of electrospun CdS and CdSe filled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofibres

Electrospinning technique was used to fabricate poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) fibres incorporating CdS and CdSe quantum dots (nanoparticles). Different nanoparticle loadings (2, 5 and 10 wt% with respect to PMMA) were used and the effect of the quantum dots on the properties of the fibres was studied. The optical properties of the hybrid composite fibres were investigated by photoluminescence and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectrophotometry were also used to investigate the morphology and structure of the fibres. The optical studies showed that the size-tunable optical properties can be achieved in the polymer fibres by addition of quantum dots. SEM images showed that the morphologies of the fibres were dependent on the added amounts of quantum dots. A spiral type of morphology was observed with an increase in the concentration of CdS and CdSe nanoparticles. Less beaded structures and bigger diameter fibres were obtained at higher quantum dot concentrations. X-ray diffractometry detected the amorphous peaks of the polymer and even after the quantum dots were added and the FTIR analysis shows that there was no considerable interaction between the quantum dots and the polymer fibres at low concentration of quantum dots however at higher concentrations some interactions were observed which shows that QDs were present on the surfaces of the fibres.     

Synthesis and characterization of Fe(III)-silicate precipitation tubes

Fe(III)-silicate precipitation tubes synthesized through “silica garden” route have been characterized using a number of analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These tubes are brittle and amorphous and are hierarchically built from smaller tubes of 5-10 nm diameters. They remain amorphous at least up to 650 °C. Crystobalite and hematite are the major phases present in Fe(III)-silicate tubes heated at 850 °C. Morphology and chemical compositions at the external and internal walls of these tubes are remarkably different. These tubes are porous with high BET surface area of 291.2 m²/g. Fe(III)-silicate tubes contain significant amount of physically and chemically bound moisture. They show promise as an adsorbent for Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cr(III) in aqueous medium.     

Determination of the bilinear stress‐crack opening curve for normal‐ and high‐strength concrete

An improved version of the method proposed to ACI committee 446 and to RILEM TC 187‐SOC to determine the fracture parameters of concrete is applied in this study to several mixtures of normal and high‐strength concretes. The results are processed with a C++ program developed by the authors to automatise the mathematical operations required to obtain the bilinear softening curve of concrete from the experimental results. Numerical simulations of the tests are also carried out using finite elements with an embedded cohesive crack. The comparison between numerical and experimental results confirms that the experimental and numerical procedures are appropiate for normal‐strength concretes and high‐strength concretes.     

Non‐proportional size scaling of strength of concrete in uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions

A procedure for non‐proportional size scaling of the strength of concrete based on the weakest‐link statistics is proposed to synchronize strength data from specimens of different geometries and different loading modes. The procedure relies on proportional size scaling of strength to determine the parameters of the statistical model and often on finite element analysis to calculate the coefficient of the equivalent strength. The approach for non‐proportional size scaling is capable to synchronize the uniaxial strength data of concrete from uniaxial tensile specimens and 3‐point bending specimens, or the biaxial tensile strength data of circular plates in different loading mode. The non‐transference of the uniaxial strength data to the biaxial strength data is unclear in its mechanism but possibly due to the variation of statistical distribution of microcracks with stress states in different specimens.