铜合金在3.5%NaCl＋NH3（NH4^＋）溶液中的腐蚀磨损行为

本文通过测定HA177－2，BFe30－1－1在3．5％NaCl和3．5％NaCl＋NH3（NH4 ）溶液中的腐蚀速率、腐蚀磨损率和电化学行为以及观测腐蚀磨损后铜合金的微观形貌，研究了腐蚀后样品的表层性能。实验结果表明，NH3（NH4 ）的存在加速了铜合金的腐蚀、腐蚀磨损，使腐蚀电位E(corr)明显负移、腐蚀电流密度i(corr)增加；氨或铵离子对铜合金腐蚀磨损的加速作用与腐蚀磨损过程中的氨致脆性有关。     

硫酸盐还原菌对铜合金腐蚀电化学行为的影响

用电化学方法研究了硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）生物膜对HSn70-lAB和BFe30-1-1铜合金腐蚀的电化学行为；用扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）及X-射线能谱（EDS）分析了铜合金表面生物膜特征及其成分。结果表明，铜合金表面生物腐蚀与SRB的生长特性密切相关，SRB处于指数生长期时，Hsn70-lAB和BFe30-1-1铜合金的自腐蚀电位（Ecarr）和极化电阻（彤均迅速下降，腐蚀加剧，且后者腐蚀速度大于前者；而当SRB进人稳定生长阶段，两种合金的Ecarr和Rp均缓慢下降，腐蚀速度减缓，且二者腐蚀速度接近。表面生物膜的特征也有较大区别，HSn70-lAB铜合金表面的腐蚀产物膜比较平滑，BFe30-1-1铜合金表面的腐蚀产物膜较粗糙；且后者表面膜中S含量高于前者，腐蚀倾向明显增强。     

BFe30-1-1铜合金热压缩流变应力行为

通过在Gleeble-1500动态热模拟机上进行高温等温压缩试验，研究了BFe30—1—1合金在高温塑性变形过程中的流变应力行为。试验温度为800-950℃，应变速率为0．1-20s^-1.研究结果表明：BFe30-1-1合金的流变应力随变形温度的增加而减小，随应变速率的增大而增大；应变速率越大，流变应力下降越明显；获得了采用Zener-Hollomon参数来描述的BFe30—1—1合金高温变形的流变应力方程，计算获得该合金变形激活能Q为177．62kJ／mol。     

不锈钢在海水飞溅区的腐蚀行为

总结了5种不锈钢在青岛海域飞溅区暴露16年的腐蚀行为和 规律.2Cr13在飞溅区不能维持其表面的钝态,耐蚀性较差.含16%Cr以上的不锈钢在飞 溅区有较好的耐蚀性.1Cr18Ni9Ti、00Cr19Ni10和000Cr18Mo2在飞溅区暴露2～4年间,F179 在1、2年间,点蚀速度较大,此后它们的点蚀深度随时间无明显加深.不锈钢在飞溅区的点 蚀密度随暴露时间增大.增加Cr含量、添加Mo能提高不锈 钢在飞溅区的耐蚀性.     

B10铜镍合金在NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为的研究

研究了BFe10-1-1铜镍合金在0.5mol/L NaCl溶液中的选择性腐蚀行为,测其在不同pH值的试验溶液中的阳极极化曲线,并选择一定电化学条件下进行恒电位腐蚀。通过对腐蚀后溶液中的Cu2 和Ni2 含量的分析和对试样断面的微区成分分析,了解不同条件下的BFe10-1-1铜镍合金的选择性腐蚀规律。试验结果表明,BFe10-1-1铜镍合金的选择性腐蚀取决于腐蚀介质的酸碱度及腐蚀电位等电化学条件。在碱性溶液中的耐蚀性比其在酸性溶液中要好,在酸性和弱碱性溶液中脱镍,在强碱性溶液中低电位下脱铜,高电位下脱镍。     

铝合金在海洋环境中的腐蚀研究(Ⅲ)--海水飞溅区16年暴露试验总结

获得了10种铝合金在青岛海域海水飞溅区暴露16年的腐蚀结果，总结了它们在飞溅区的腐蚀行为和规律。在飞溅区，铝合金对点蚀、缝隙腐蚀较敏感。L4M在飞溅区的耐点蚀性能较差。LF2Y2、LF3M的耐点蚀性能好于L4M。在10种铝合金中LD2CS的耐点蚀性能最好。180YS、LF21M除点蚀、缝隙腐蚀外还发生层间腐蚀。LY11CZ（BL）、LY12CZ（BL）和LC4CS（BL）的包铝层起着牺牲阳极的作用，基体受到有效保护。铝合金在飞溅区的缝隙腐蚀比点蚀严重。在海水飞溅区暴露的铝合金，开始4年的点蚀速度较快，4年后点蚀速度随时间逐渐减慢。暴露8－16年，铝合金的点蚀深度没有明显加深。     

含铬低合金钢在海水中的腐蚀研究

研究了含铬低合金钢在海水中的腐蚀行为 ,分析了其腐蚀率随时间的变化及铬元素对钢海水腐蚀行为的影响 .对铬钢的耐蚀性逆转和铬元素对钢海水腐蚀的影响提出了新的看法 .含铬低合金钢在海水中短期浸泡的耐蚀性比碳钢好 ,长期浸泡的耐蚀性比碳钢差 .碳钢的腐蚀率随时间逐渐下降 ,而含铬低合金钢的腐蚀率随时间逐渐上升 .铬元素使钢在海水中的初始腐蚀率降低 ,但它同时改变了钢的腐蚀率随时间下降的性质 ,使钢的腐蚀率逐渐上升 ,从而导致含铬低合金钢在海水中长期暴露的耐蚀性与碳钢发生逆转 .     

铜及铜合金在我国实海海域暴露16年局部腐蚀规律

本项目研究了19种铜及铜合金在我国青岛、舟山、厦 门、榆林四个海水腐蚀试验站暴露1、2、4、8、16年的局部腐蚀规律.暴露实验表明，榆林站全浸区因温度高和海生物附着共同作用是铜合金表现一定的局部腐蚀现象；舟山海域因为高流速的含泥沙海水的冲刷作用，也使铜合金发生局部腐蚀；厦门海域对铜合金的局部腐蚀有一定的减缓作用，使铜合金板材没有局部腐蚀发生，但厦门海域的这种减缓作用有一定的限度；青岛海域全浸区的局部腐蚀程度不高，但暴露后期在潮差区铜合金的局部腐蚀比全浸区严重.     

加热管盘管泄漏原因分析

某加热管组的加热管盘管材质为BFe10-1-1铜合金，设备使用几年后发生泄露。采用光学金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对加热管盘管的失效原因进行分析，找到了失效模式和原因。加热管组的加热管盘管失效模式为焊缝处发生脱镍腐蚀中的栓状腐蚀。失效原因为加热管盘管焊缝处金相组织存在枝晶偏析，枝晶间被择优脱镍腐蚀并氧化；加热管盘管焊缝内表面不平整，容易留存冷凝水，腐蚀孔一旦形成后，也更容易存储和富集腐蚀性元素S和Cl的冷凝水，加剧腐蚀。     

原子力显微镜在微生物腐蚀研究中的应用

利用原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscopy,AFM)研究硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate Reducing Bacteria,SRB)、微生物膜和腐蚀前后铜合金材料BFe30-1-1的表面形貌,得到了高分辨率的表面形貌图,测得SRB的大小、点蚀坑的深度和直径,分析了腐蚀后BFe30-1-1的表面粗糙度参数.结合电化学参数说明,浸蚀14d的铜合金表面形成了不均匀的微生物膜,加速了试片表面的局部腐蚀.AFM作为一种具有纳米级分辨成像能力的工具,是观察材料的表面特征和腐蚀形貌及测量材料表面纳米粗糙度的理想仪器.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.