完全匹配层（PML）吸收边界条件的理论分析

本文以屏蔽微带线为例,应用谱域方法推导了时域差分(FDTD)法中所用的完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件的公式,并且严格证明了有关参数的选择原则.计算表明,在屏蔽微带线中,这种吸收边界条件的反射系数可以小于-80dB.本文所给出的推导方法对于平面分层介质结构是普遍适用的,因为谱域中的每一个波谱实际上都代表一个平面波.文中所给出的推导揭示了这种吸收边界条件的机理,它对于正确使用以及进一步改进这种吸收边界条件都是有意义的.     

Fast spectral domain algorithm for rapid solution of integralequations

A fast spectral domain algorithm is presented for rapid solution of planar surface integral equations. The method of moments coupling integral matrix is formulated in the spectral domain but not explicitly calculated. Thus, in conjunction with an iterative equation solver, the pertinent matrix/vector products are evaluated with complexity O(n) where n is the number of unknowns. Validation and timing results are presented for an array analysis approach using a hybrid finite element (FE)-boundary integral implementation     

Discrete all-pole modeling

A method for parametric modeling and spectral envelopes when only a discrete set of spectral points is given is introduced. This method, called discrete all-pole (DAP) modeling, uses a discrete version of the Itakura-Saito distortion measure as its error criterion. One result is an autocorrelation matching condition that overcomes the limitations of linear prediction and produces better fitting spectral envelopes for spectra that are representable by a relatively small discrete set of values, such as in voiced speech. An iterative algorithm for DAP modeling that is shown to converge to a unique global minimum is presented. Results of applying DAP modeling to real and synthetic speech are also presented. DAP modeling is extended to allow frequency-dependent weighting of the error measure, so that spectral accuracy can be enhanced in certain frequency regions     

基于稀疏迭代的非连续谱高频雷达信号处理方法

在拥挤频谱环境中,雷达系统在多个非连续频段发射信号并在接收端进行综合相干处理,是一种获得等效大带宽的方式. 本文专门就非连续谱调频连续波(discontinuous spectrum-frequency modulated continuous wave, DS-FMCW)及其在高频雷达中的应用展开研究. 首先提出采样点平移方法,建立DS-FMCW快时间维的非均匀采样序列谱估计模型;随后,进一步建立DS-FMCW距离-多普勒二维谱估计模型,提出解决距离徙动的方案;最后为解决距离高旁瓣问题,基于一种适用于单次快拍的迭代式稀疏重构算法提出DS-FMCW的距离与距离-多普勒谱估计方法,并提出相应的快速谱求解方法. 仿真试验表明:所提DS-FMCW距离-多普勒处理方案能有效补偿距离徙动;当频带利用率大于20%时,所提谱估计方法能够稳定地分辨距离维间隔为雷达固有距离分辨率的1/3的两个目标,且距离估计精度优于经典最小二乘算法以及正交匹配追踪算法;所提快速算法单次迭代运算量低,适用于实时系统.     

FD—TD在分析FSS中的应用

本文讨论了用FD TD分析FSS的有关问题,提出了一种适合于在任意入射角情况下分析FSS的有效吸收边界条件,分别以单层、双层FSS为例进行了计算.数值结果和矢量模式法、谱域法的结果非常一致.     

基于光谱维小波特征的混合像元投影迭代分解

混合像元线性分解是高光谱遥感应用的关键技术之一.本文利用小波变换多分辨率分析的特点,提出了一种以小波低频系数为特征的混合像元投影迭代分解的方法.首先利用离散二进小波提取了高光谱影像特征,再基于影像特征,用投影迭代方法自动确定出端元光谱,并以限制性的最小二乘方法估计出混合像元的组分.实验结果表明,本文方法能够较大的提高遥感影像混合像元的分解精度.     

Design of NPR DFT-Modulated Filter Banks via Iterative Updating Algorithm

In this paper, an efficient algorithm is proposed to design nearly-perfect-reconstruction (NPR) DFT-modulated filter banks. First, the perfect-reconstruction (PR) condition of the oversampled DFT-modulated filter banks in the frequency domain is transformed into a set of quadratic equations with respect to the prototype filter (PF) in the time domain. Second, the design problem is formulated as an unconstrained optimization problem that involves PR condition and stopband energy of the PF. With the gradient vector of the objective function, an efficient iterative algorithm is presented to design the PF, which is updated with linear matrix equations at each iteration. The algorithm is identified as a modified Newton’s method, and its convergence is proved. Numerical examples and comparison with many other existing methods are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Reflection and transmission characteristics of an uncoincidentaljunction on rectangular dielectric waveguides

A novel approach to the analysis of an uncoincidental junction in a rectangular dielectric waveguide is presented. The boundary condition equations on the junction plane are presented through the tangential components of guided modes and radiation modes which are excited at the discontinuity. To obtain the reflection and transmission coefficients at the discontinuity, the equations are transformed into the spectral domain by the two-dimensional Fourier transformation. In the spectral domain, the orthogonal relationship between the guided and radiation modes is used to determine the reflection and transmission coefficients approximately. The parameters corresponding to the phase constant of the radiation fields in the spectral domain are defined by using an iterative calculation. The reflection and transmission coefficients are determined exactly. These coefficients are compared with 10-GHz band experiments. The analysis shows good agreement with experimental results     

Iterative Multiuser Detection with Spectral Efficient Protocol for Relay-Assisted SC-FDE

This letter proposes an iterative multiuser detection scheme using spectral efficient protocol for relay-assisted single- carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE). The proposed system achieves spatial diversity over fading channels in a distributed fashion. In the proposed system, two sources with user-specific interleavers access a relay simultaneously, which increases spectral efficiency of time-division multiple-access (TDMA)-based relay protocol. Interference from the other source is removed by an iterative detection method in the frequency domain at the destination. Simulation results show that the proposed system can obtain diversity gain without sacrificing spectral efficiency and approaches the single-user bound.     

The application of contraction theory to an iterative formulation of electromagnetic scattering

Contraction theory is applied to an iterative formulation of electromagnetic scattering from periodic structures and a computational method for insuring convergence is developed. A short history of spectral (ork-space) formulation is presented with an emphasis on application to periodic surfaces. To insure a convergent solution of the iterative equation, a process called the contraction corrector method is developed. Convergence properties of previously presented iterative solutions to one-dimensional problems are examined utilizing contraction theory and the general conditions for achieving a convergent solution are explored. The contraction corrector method is then applied to several scattering problems including an infinite grating of thin wires with the solution data compared to previous works.     

A fast-domain decomposition method for the solution ofelectromagnetic scattering by large objects

A nonoverlapping domain decomposition method is proposed for the finite element solution of the scattering problem by electrically large, inhomogeneous, infinite cylinders of arbitrary cross section. To minimize the size of the total computational domain, a second-order-absorbing boundary condition (ABC) is applied upon an outer boundary of arbitrary shape which may be conformal to the surface of the scatterer. This domain is then partitioned into concentric subdomains circumscribing the object. A second-order transmission condition, derived from the ABC, is prescribed upon the interfaces between two adjacent subdomains. This particular configuration is responsible for the fast convergence of the domain decomposition iterative algorithm, which is parallelizable. Numerical results obtained with a nonparallelized computer code are presented, which emphasize the superiority of this technique in terms of memory storage requirements and computing times over the standard finite element approach, as well as over the rigorous hybrid finite element-integral equation formulation     

Finite-element solution to electromagnetic scattering problems bymeans of the Robin boundary condition iteration method

A new numerical method, called the Robin boundary condition iteration (RBCI), is proposed for the finite-element (FE) solution of electromagnetic scattering problems in open boundary domains. The unbounded domain is truncated to a bounded one by means of a fictitious boundary that contains the scatterer and on which a suitable nonhomogeneous Robin (mixed) boundary condition is assumed for the Helmholtz equation in the bounded domain. The Robin condition is expressed by means of an integral formula (the second Green identity) in terms of the field in the interior of the bounded domain, with the integration surface being a surface strictly enclosed by the truncation boundary. The discretized differential and integral equations are then coupled together to solve the problem. The formulation is completely immune from the well-known interior resonance problems. A simple and effective iterative solving scheme is described. Examples are also provided to validate RBCI and compare it with other methods     

Scattering by superquadric dielectric-coated cylinders using higherorder impedance boundary conditions

A general method for deriving higher order impedance boundary conditions is described. It is based on solving an appropriate canonical problem exactly in the spectral domain. After approximating the spectral impedance terms as a ratio of polynomials in the transform variable, elementary properties of the Fourier transform are used to obtain the corresponding boundary condition in the spatial domain. The method is applicable to multilayer coatings with arbitrary constitutive relations. Higher-order boundary conditions which neglect the effects of curvature are derived for a dielectric coating using the method. The boundary condition equation and the magnetic field integral equation are solved simultaneously using the method of moments, yielding the bistatic and monostatic radar cross section for dielectric-coated superquadric cylinders. The method is also applicable to a combined field integral equation (CFIE) solution, which can be used to eliminate the internal resonance problem associated with either the electric field integral equation (EFIE) or magnetic field integral equation (MFIE)     

Application of SSOR Preconditioning Technique to Method of Lines for Millimeter Wave Scattering

In this paper, symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) preconditioned CG technique are introduced into method of lines (MOL) to further enhance the computational efficiency of this semi-analytic method. Millimeter wave scattering by an infinite plane metallic grating is used as the examples to describe its implementation, whose analysis usually needs fast algorithms because of electrically large dimension. For arbitrary incident wave, Helmholz equation and boundary condition are used to calculate the impedance matrix and then to obtain reduced current-voltage linear matrix equation in spatial domain. An effective symmetric successive overrelaxation preconditioned conjugate gradient iterative method, SSOR-PCG, is chosen to solve this matrix equation. With SSOR as the preconditioner as well as its efficient implementing in CG algorithm, PCG method can converge to accurate solution in much fewer iteration steps.     

基于位置域迭代学习的激光导引头测试系统时变周期干扰抑制

激光导引头测试系统是对激光导引头进行参数标定及性能测试的专用测试设备,其性能和精度决定了导引头的品质。为了提高某激光导引头测试系统的性能,抑制时变周期干扰对测试系统的影响,提出一种基于位置域的迭代学习控制方法。通过对不同转速下干扰成分的时域/位置域频谱分析,得到时变周期干扰具有角位置定周期的特征,基于迭代学习的思想提出一种位置域的迭代学习控制结构,依据算法的收敛性条件和滤波器的相位延迟特性,给出控制参数的整定准则和相位补偿方法,并对其应用效果进行了实验验证。在最大转速指令下的实验表明,采用位置域迭代学习控制方法后,角位置稳态跟踪精度提高了65.8%,在此基础上,对位置域迭代周期进行修正,角位置稳态跟踪精度进一步提高了61.5%。     

Spectral design of weighted median Filters:A general iterative approach

A new design strategy for weighted median (WM) filters admitting real and complex valued weights is presented. The algorithms are derived from Mallows theory for nonlinear selection type smoothers, which states that the closest linear filter to a selection type smoother in the mean square error sense is the one having as coefficients the sample selection probabilities (SSPs) of the smoother. The new design method overcomes the severe limitations of previous approaches that require the construction of high order polynomial functions and high dimensional matrices. As such, previous approaches could only provide solutions for filters of very small sizes. The proposed method is based on a new closed-form function used to derive the SSPs of any WM smoother. This function allows for an iterative approach to WM filter design from the spectral profile of a linear filter. This method is initially applied to solve the median filter design problem in the real domain, and then, it is extended to the complex domain. The final optimization algorithm allows the design of robust weighted median filters of arbitrary size based on linear filters having arbitrary spectral characteristics.     

Analysis of electromagnetic coupling through a thick aperture inmultilayer planar circuits using the extended spectral domain approachand finite difference time-domain method

Electromagnetic coupling plays a very important role in the design and development of integrated antenna arrays and microwave circuits. With the availability of accurate computer-aided design tools, proper characterization and analysis, this coupling phenomenon could be used to simplify the packaging and fabrication process, to reduce manufacturing cost, and also to add flexibility to the design of multilayer structures in many cases. An accurate and efficient spectral domain approach (SDA) is proposed as a means to study the coupling effect through an arbitrary aperture in a thick common ground plane of multilayer planar circuits. In addition, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is present as an alternate approach to this type of problem and also is used as a validation tool for the spectral domain method because of its simplicity, generality, and accuracy. The proposed methods are applied to different aperture coupled structures for illustration     

海杂波AR谱多重分形特性及微弱目标检测方法

该文研究了海杂波功率谱的多重分形特性。为了克服频谱傅里叶分析的缺点,用现代谱估计的方法来计算海杂波的功率谱。AR模型是一个线性预测模型,它通过序列的自相关函数矩阵来估计功率谱,并且具有更精确的频谱分辨率。该文主要分析基于AR谱估计的海杂波功率谱的多重分形特性,以及在微弱目标检测中的应用。首先,以分数布朗运动(FBM)模型为例,证明其功率谱具有多重分形特性。其次,根据X波段雷达的实测海杂波数据,通过多重去趋势分析法(MF-DFA)验证了海杂波AR谱的多重分形特性。最后,分析了海杂波AR谱的广义Hurst指数以及影响参数,并提出一种基于局部AR谱广义Hurst指数的目标检测方法。实验结果表明,该种检测方法具有海杂波背景下微弱目标检测的能力。与现有的分形检测方法和传统的CFAR检测方法对比,该算法在低信杂比情况下具有较好的检测性能。     

A Hybrid SIM-SEM Method for 3-D Electromagnetic Scattering Problems

A new method combining the spectral integral method and spectral element method (SIM-SEM) is proposed to simulate 3-D electromagnetic scattering from inhomogeneous objects. In this hybrid technique (a special case of the finite element boundary integral (FEM-BI) combination), the SEM with the mixed-order curl conforming vector Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre (GLL) basis functions are used to represent the interior electric field with high accuracy, while the SIM on a cuboid surface is used as an exact radiation boundary condition. The Toeplitz property of the SIM matrix is utilized to reduce the memory and CPU time costs in an iterative solver by using the fast Fourier transform algorithm. Unlike the traditional FEM-BI combination where the BI portion usually dominates the computational complexity, the computational costs are much lower in the SIM-SEM method. Numerical results verify the accuracy and capability of this method, confirming that the SIM-SEM method is a good alternative for solving scattering problems from inhomogeneous objects.      

Time-frequency scaling transformation of the phonocardiogram basedof the matching pursuit method

A time-frequency scaling transformation based on the matching pursuit (MP) method is developed for the phonocardiogram (PCG). The MP method decomposes a signal into a series of time-frequency atoms by using an iterative process. The modification of the time scale of the PCG can be performed without perceptible change in its spectral characteristics. It is also possible to modify the frequency scale without changing the temporal properties. The technique has been tested on 11 PCGs containing heart sounds and different murmurs. A scaling/inverse-scaling procedure was used for quantitative evaluation of the scaling performance. Both the spectrogram and a MP-based Wigner distribution were used for visual comparison in the time-frequency domain. The results showed that the technique is suitable and effective for the time-frequency scale transformation of both the transient property of the heart sounds and the more complex random property of the murmurs. It is also shown that the effectiveness of the method is strongly related to the optimization of the parameters used for the decomposition of the signals