北京PM2.5数据分析处理

PM2.5是地球大气成分中含量很少的组分,但它对空气质量和能见度等有重要的影响。与较粗的大气颗粒物相比,PM2.5粒径小,面积大,活性强,易附带有毒、有害物质(例如,重金属、微生物等),且在大气中的停留时间长、输送距离远,因而对人体健康和大气环境质量的影响更大。因此,通过对PM2.5浓度的分析处理,能够作为判定空气污染程度的一个重要指标,从而能够为雾霾的防治起到参考作用。     

PM2.5的研究现状及健康效应

大气细颗粒物PM2.5是大气气溶胶的一部分,由于其粒径小以及可为毒性物质提供载体,对环境和人体健康产生很大的影响。文章总结了国内外有关细颗粒物PM2.5的研究现状,主要围绕PM2.5的物理化学特征、来源解析、健康效应、及其对能见度的影响等方面进行论述,并对其研究动向进行了展望。     

南通市大气PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价

通过分析南通市颗粒物组分网采样得到的PM2.517种金属浓度结果进行分析,并对所检出的重金属存在的风险、人体暴露和潜在生态风险健康进行评价。结果表明南通市PM2.5中重金属浓度均处于中等水平,检出的有毒重金属仅有Ni。重金属主要来源于土壤风沙灰尘,有毒重金属主要来源于金属冶炼、燃煤、汽车排放等。南通市环境空气PM2.5中重金属不同途径暴露强度是：直接摄入>皮肤接触摄入>呼吸摄入。儿童的暴露量在各个途径均高于成人。重金属Si暴露量最强,应予以重视。     

燃煤锅炉PM_(2.5)的危害及控制

燃煤锅炉排放的细颗粒物能吸附空气中的重金属、多环芳烃类、二恶英等毒性较大的污染物,对人体健康有严重危害,同时还会加剧酸雨,间接影响到人体健康。从生产源头到管理环节的过程中,针对PM2.5提出了控制措施和改进建议。     

我国大气细颗粒物中水溶性离子的研究进展

当前我国大部分城市仍然存在严重的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染问题.而水溶性离子作为PM2.5的主要成分之一,会从气候、环境和人体健康等方面影响人类的生存和发展.本文以细颗粒物水溶性离子中的SNA(Sulfate-Nitrate-Ammonium)为重点,从SNA的测定方法、质量浓度的时空分布特征、其形成过程中的影响因...     

哈尔滨市大气中TSP、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)相关性分析

对哈尔滨市大气环境中的TSP、PM10、PM2.5进行了采集和质量浓度的分析。实验结果表明:细颗粒(PM2.5)所占比例全年变化比较明显,1月、10月、11月和12月含量较高,均占到总量的55%以上,同时PM2.5/PM10也处于全年最高值,说明此期间细颗粒污染较为严重,环境危害较大;PM10含量全年变化相对稳定,PM10/TSP变化幅度仅为0.71~0.79,说明全年颗粒物质量分布的变化主要由PM2.5和PM2.5-10引起。根据TSP和PM10、PM10和PM2.5之间的相对关系曲线可以看出,两种大气颗粒物均来自相似的污染源,且污染源排放大气颗粒物的粒度分布长期比较稳定,而PM10和PM2.5的相关系数R值为0.973,也具备一定的相关性,可认为两者的变化趋势是一致的。     

大气有害颗粒物室内自然沉降实验研究

大气有害颗粒物(PM)对人体有极大的危害,紧闭门窗可使颗粒物自沉降,从而实现空气洁净。为研究室内有害颗粒物自然沉降的净化效果,该研究采用激光离散式颗粒物传感器与数据采集系统,对自然条件下室内大气有害颗粒物自然沉降进行实验研究。通过实验发现:室内大气有害颗粒物在重度污染(粒径小于2.5μm的PM150μg/m~3)浓度下,有较明显的自然沉降速率,PM粒径2.5μm～10μm、1.0μm～2.5μm、0.3μm～1.0μm自然沉降速率分别为:1.76μg/(m~3·min)、0.67μg/(m~3·min)和0.51μg/(m~3·min),当颗粒物为中度与轻度污染浓度时(150μg/m~3),自然沉降速率随浓度降低逐渐放缓;当密闭室内存在人员时,会加快室内大气有害颗粒物下降速率;此外,不同粒径的大气有害颗粒在空气中的分布均匀状态不同,粒径越大在空气中分布越不均匀,粒径越小越均匀,其在空气中自然沉降的速率越低。     

乘用车车内空气中PM2.5污染程度的研究

近年来,我国频繁出现持续雾霾天气,导致民众对其关注度居高不下。PM2.5又称细颗粒物,作为雾霾天气的主要污染物不仅能较长时间悬浮于空气中,且成分构成复杂,颗粒粒径小、活性强、悬浮时间长、运输距离远,从而成为多环芳烃、重金属、致病微生物等毒物的载体,吸入人体后严重危害人体健康。鉴于中国汽车保有量激增,广大消费者日益重视汽车内部空气中PM2.5浓度的问题。本文通过检测处于四种工况下车辆内外空气中的PM2.5浓度,对目前部分市售热门车型的密闭性、车内PM2.5浓度及车内空气净化系统的净化能力进行了系统评价。     

甘河工业园区环境空气重金属分布特征研究

以西宁市甘河工业园区管委会设置监测点,以监测点所采集大气颗粒物为样本,以大气可吸入颗粒物(PM2.5)为主要研究对象,系统地研究了该区域大气颗粒物的时间分布污染特征和重金属的相关性。通过运用数据库、EXCEL、SPSS等软件并通过对比《国家空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)和加拿大相关标准表明砷和铅可能存在污染情况,进行相关分析,结果表明砷、铅和锌存在较高相关性。     

大气颗粒物PM2.5化学组分分析方法概述

大气细颗粒物PM2.5中化学组分的分析方法做了简要的介绍,PM2.5的化学组分主要包括水溶性离子、无机元素、有机碳和元素碳,并分析了各种方法的优缺点,以便于在研究中选取更简单有效的方法,并展望了PM2.5中组分的研究前景.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。