聚氧乙烯基型降滤失剂SJ-1的合成与性能评价

采用2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)与具有大分子侧链聚氧乙烯基(C2H4O)n的烯丙基聚氧乙烯醚(APEG)三元共聚得到钻井液用降滤失剂SJ-1,并对其进行了性能评价。通过单因素实验优化得到最佳合成方案为:单体质量分数为15%,反应温度控制在60℃,引发剂质量分数为0.2%,n(AM)∶n(AMPS)∶n(APEG)=14∶5∶1。通过红外光谱表征可知,所合成的聚合物结构和预计的结构一致。性能评价表明,所合成的聚合物具有较好的抗温能力(200℃),在盐质量分数为30%的盐水泥浆中仍具有较好的降失水能力。     

低分子量聚合物降滤失剂的合成与研制

以丙烯酸(AA)、烯丙基磺酸钠(AS)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,(NH4)2S2O8-Na HSO3为引发剂,采用自由基聚合方式,合成了一种低分子量聚合物降滤失剂。通过单因素实验法确定了合成降滤失剂的最佳条件:单体浓度为35%、引发剂浓度为8%、单体配比m(AA)∶m(AS)∶m(DMDAAC)为4∶4∶2、反应时间为6 h、反应p H值为7、反应温度为60℃。利用傅里叶红外光谱分析表明合成产物结构与设计结构一致。常温中压失水实验显示当降滤失剂加量为2%时,API滤失量为8.9 m L,表明合成产物具有较好的降失水性能。通过扫描电镜分析了滤饼的微观形貌,结果表明所合成降滤失剂能吸附于黏土表面,增加黏土颗粒的分散度,促使致密滤饼的形成,从而有效降低钻井液滤失量。     

低分子量聚合物降滤失剂的合成与研制

以丙烯酸(AA)、烯丙基磺酸钠(AS)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,(NH4)2S2O8-Na HSO3为引发剂,采用自由基聚合方式,合成了一种低分子量聚合物降滤失剂。通过单因素实验法确定了合成降滤失剂的最佳条件:单体浓度为35%、引发剂浓度为8%、单体配比m(AA)∶m(AS)∶m(DMDAAC)为4∶4∶2、反应时间为6 h、反应p H值为7、反应温度为60℃。利用傅里叶红外光谱分析表明合成产物结构与设计结构一致。常温中压失水实验显示当降滤失剂加量为2%时,API滤失量为8.9 m L,表明合成产物具有较好的降失水性能。通过扫描电镜分析了滤饼的微观形貌,结果表明所合成降滤失剂能吸附于黏土表面,增加黏土颗粒的分散度,促使致密滤饼的形成,从而有效降低钻井液滤失量。     

四元共聚钻井液降滤失剂的合成与性能评价

采用丙烯酰胺(AM)、烯丙基磺酸钠(SAS)、对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)与烯丙醇聚氧乙烯醚(APEG)制备了一种抗温耐盐AM-SAS-SSS-APEG四元共聚物用于钻井液降滤失剂。通过单因素法考察了单体配比、单体浓度、引发剂用量、反应温度等对合成降滤失剂性能的影响,确定了最佳合成条件为:单体质量比:m(AM)∶m(APEG)∶m(SSS)∶m(SAS)=6.5∶2.0∶0.5∶1.0,单体质量分数为20%,引发剂用量为单体总质量的0.2%,反应温度60℃。对该条件下制备的聚合物进行了红外光谱表征(FTIR);热重分析(TGA)表明,该聚合物具有较好的热稳定性;对不同条件下泥浆形成的滤饼进行了电镜扫描(SEM),对比滤饼形貌发现,加入降滤失剂后可形成薄而致密的泥饼。抗温耐盐实验结果表明,所合成的聚合物抗温能力较好(190℃),在盐水及复合盐水钻井液中均具有较好的降失水能力。     

抗高温聚合物降滤失剂YL-Ⅱ的合成与性能

选用丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、烷基丙烯酸(R-AA)和N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)4种单体,采用非常规的引发剂和pH值调节方法,以改进的水溶液自由基聚合法合成了抗高温聚合物降滤失剂YL-Ⅱ。确定了最佳合成条件为:n(AM):n(R-AA):n(AMPS):n(NVP)=5∶1∶2∶2,反应温度20℃,反应体系pH值10~11,反应时间4h,引发剂用量为单体总质量的0.4%,用Na2CO3调节反应体系的pH值。YL-Ⅱ在淡水、饱和盐水及复合盐水钻井液中均有良好的降滤失性能,表现出较好的抗钙、抗盐性能;抗温温度达到220℃,且在240℃时仍有一定的降滤失性能;在钻井液体系中添加量较少,使用方便,能够降低使用成本。     

NaHm/AMPS/AM/AA接枝共聚物降滤失剂的合成

文章以腐殖酸为原料制得可溶性腐植酸钠,再以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸和腐植酸钠为单体,采用过硫酸钾为引发剂,用水溶液聚合法合成了抗高温降滤失剂,通过设计正交试验得到最佳反应条件:m(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸)∶m(丙烯酰胺)∶m(丙烯酸)∶m(腐植酸钠)=3∶2∶1∶4,引发剂所占反应物的质量分数为0.7%,反应温度为65℃,pH=7,通过钻井液流变性能及滤失性测试,结果表明合成的降滤失剂有较好的提粘切作用、较好的高温(200℃)降滤失性能、抗盐至饱和。     

共聚物PAAND作钻井液降滤失剂的合成及应用评价

以丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)、乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,(NH4)2S2O8-Na HSO3为引发剂,采用自由基水溶液聚合的方式合成了一种四元共聚物钻井液降滤失剂。通过正交实验确定了具有最佳降滤失效果的合成条件,采用FTIR及1HNMR对共聚物的结构进行了表征。性能评价结果表明,合成的共聚物具有良好的耐温抗盐和降滤失性能,聚合物质量分数为1.5%时,淡水、盐水、饱和盐水以及复合盐水基浆的API滤失量(0.7 MPa,30 min)分别为5.6、9.7、19.0和16.1 m L。与新疆油田常用的SP-8、JT888、MAN104和HJ-3这4种降失水剂相比,合成的聚合物表现出了更好的降滤失性能。现场适用评价表明,该降滤失剂与新疆油田常用的钾钙基聚磺钻井液体系、正电胶钻井液体系以及聚磺钻井液体系都具有良好的现场适用性。     

抗高温水基钻井液降滤失剂的合成与应用

根据水基钻井液用降滤失剂作用机理,通过分子结构设计,以乙烯基磺酸类单体(A)、乙烯基酰胺类单体(B)和乙烯基羧酸类单体(C)为反应单体,采用水溶液聚合法合成了一种3元共聚物降滤失剂DQLS-200。以降滤失性能和抗温能力为主要参考指标,通过正交实验确定最佳合成条件为:三种单体A:B:C的物质的量之比为1:1:2,单体浓度20%,引发剂用量0.4%,反应温度40℃,反应时间6h。室内评价实验和结果表明:DQLS-200具有优良的降滤失能力,抗温达200℃以上。现场试验表明该降滤失剂与其他处理剂配伍性好,便于维护。     

用Williamson法合成四甘醇双甲醚

以四甘醇 (C8H18O5)、氯甲烷 (CH3Cl)及固体碱性氢氧化物 (MOH)为原料 ,按n (C8H18O5)∶n (CH3Cl)∶n (MOH) =1∶( 2～ 3)∶( 2～ 5) ,采用Williamson法合成四甘醇双甲醚。反应温度为55～ 90℃ ,反应压力 0 6MPa ,反应时间为 3h ,四甘醇转化率大于 99% ,双醚选择性为 78 6%。同时以四甘醇的副产四、五甘醇混合物为原料合成四、五甘醇双甲醚混合物 ,反应只需约 2h即可完成 ,双醚选择性为 93 5%。     

NaHm/AMPS/AM/AA接枝共聚物降滤失剂的合成

<正>以腐植酸为原料制得可溶性腐植酸钠,再以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸和腐植酸钠为单体,采用过硫酸钾为引发剂,用水溶液聚合法合成了抗高温降滤失剂,通过设计正交试验得到最佳反应条件:m(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸)∶m(丙烯酰胺)∶m(丙烯酸)∶m(腐植酸钠)=3∶2∶1∶4,引发剂所占反应物的质量分数为0.7%,反应温度为65℃,p H=7,通过钻井液流变性能及滤失性测试,结果表明合成的降滤失剂有较好的提粘切作用、较好     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。