对流扩散方程的变步长摄动有限差分格式

摄动有限差分(PFD)方法是构造高精度差分格式的一种新方法。变步长摄动有限差分方法是等步长摄动有限差分方法的发展和推广。对需要局部加密网格的计算问题,变步长PFD格式不需要对自变量进行数学变换,且和等步长PFD格式一样,具有如下的共同特点：从变步长一阶迎风格式出发,通过把非微商项(对流系数和源项)作变步长摄动展开,展开幂级数系数通过消去摄动格式修正微分方程的截断误差项求出,由此获得高精度变步长PFD格式。该格式在一、二和三维情况下分别仅使用三、五和七个基点,且具有迎风性。文中利用变步长PFD格式对对流扩散反应模型方程,变系数方程及Burgers方程等进行了数值模拟,并与一阶迎风和二阶中心格式及其问题的精确解作了比较。数值试验表明,与一阶迎风和二阶中心格式相比,变步长PFD格式具有精度高,稳定性与收敛性好的特点。变步长PFD格式与等步长PFD格式相比,变步长PFD解在薄边界层型区域的分辨率得到了明显的提高。     

对流扩散方程的三阶迎风格式的数值摄动高精度重构

利用高智提出的数值摄动算法,把求解对流扩散方程常用三阶迎风格式(3-UDS)(粘性项和对流项分别用二阶中心格式和3-UDS离散)进行了高精度重构,包括使用离散单元内所有节点的全域重构和分别使用上下游节点的上下游重构,得到两类新的更高阶精度迎风差分格式,称为高的迎风差分格式(记作GUDS)。讨论了GUDS的数学性质,GUDS比原来的3-UDS精度显著提高;全域重构的GUDS和3-UDS均为条件稳定,一些上下游重构GUDS为绝对稳定。本文通过稳定性分析和四个算例(一维常系数、变系数、非线性及二维变系数对流扩散方程)的计算证实了GUDS的优良性质。上下游重构GUDS为避免在3-UDS中使用人工粘性提供了一条有效途径,适合于求解高Reynolds数线性和非线性问题。     

一维对流扩散方程的一类新型高精度紧致差分格式

本文对一维无源线性对流扩散方程给出了4种高精度(O(h^2)-O(h^5))三点紧致差分格式，其中每一种格式都是在前一格式基础上进行简单修正得到的，故而计算起来很简便。数值算例表明本文方法优于以往的几种高精度差分格式，且适用于对流占优问题。     

热分层流动计算中若干差分格式的比较

本文应用常规的守恒方程及湍流模型，对二维池内热分层流动建立了数学模型，并在Ｐａｔａｎｋａｒ的压力校正法基础上对该数学模型进行了数值计算，计算中的差分格式为乘方格式、一阶迎风、二阶迎风和ＱＵＩＣＫ。通过与实验的比较分析，建议计算应采用ＱＵＩＣＫ格式，并在进行风格独立性试验的基础上使用加密网络。     

关于一维非恒定流方程的差分格式,底摩擦项形式和数值稳定性的关系

本文分析了一维非恒定流方程的差分格式、底摩擦项形式和数值稳定性之间的各种关系,论证了:(a)在格式中加入底摩擦项并不一定提高稳定性;(b)非对称型格式和中心差分格式应采用不同形式的底摩擦项;(c)一维非恒定流方程的一阶迎风格式和矢通量分裂格式的线性稳定性条件。     

方腔内热对流的高精度数值模拟

该文从二维方腔流动的涡流函数方程出发,建立了方腔内热对流的非定常数值计算模型。通过在空间上引入非均匀网格,提高壁面附近的分辨率;以及采用二阶守恒型的Arakawa格式处理非线性的对流项,既保证了多种物理量的守恒性,也同时提高了数值模拟的精度。数值计算表明,本文的计算格式与其它的同阶格式相比,具有更高的精度。     

对流扩散问题的一种紧致差分方法

针对一维含源线性对流扩散方程,本文以新的思路构造了一种无条件稳定的二阶基本差分格式,进而通过系数修正给出了一种条件稳定的三阶格式.在格式构造过程中指明了截断误差分析的局限性以及用有限差分格式构造高精度差分格式的真正困难所在,并对常见的几种差分格式从新的角度进行解释分析.数值算例表明本文方法优于以往常用的几种差分格式,且适用于对流占优问题.     

对流—扩散方程的一种高精度优化差分格式

本文提出了数值求解一维对流-扩散方程的一种高精度优化差分格式,计算了三个典型问题并和前人工作进行了比较,获得了更加令人满意的结果。     

二维浅水域潮流数值模拟的ADI—QUICK格式

本文采用ＡＤＩ－ＱＵＩＣＫ有限差分格式，用单一正交网格系进行空间离散，对二维浅水流动方程和污染物对流－扩散问题进行数值模拟。方法具有高阶精度，不呈现数值振荡，不带有可感受的数值衰减，计算过程稳定，计算方法简便等优点。本文以大连湾海域为实例，计算了Ｍ２－分潮流动规律。基于ＡＤＩ－ＱＵＩＣＫ格式编制的ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ程序对其它的浅水海域和河口的流动问题具有普遍的适应性。     

长江口北支涌潮的一维数值模拟

本文利用二阶TVD格式对长江口北支的涌潮现象进行了一维的数值模拟,成功捕捉了涌潮现象。高阶TVD格式原用于计算气动力学中激波的自动捕捉,具有高分辨率、高精度、不产生假振而且适应性强等性能。本文涌潮现象的计算结果与实际观测结果基本相符,说明了这类格式也适用于求解水动力学中的间断问题。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。