一氧化氮对采后水蜜桃果实衰老和清除自由基酶系影响

为研究一氧化氮(NO)处理对采后水蜜桃果实衰老和清除自由基相关酶的影响,分别采用0、5、10、20和30μL/L的NO气体熏蒸水蜜桃,然后置于20℃下贮藏10 d。结果表明:10μL/L的NO处理可有效地抑制水蜜桃果实软化。对自由基清除酶系影响研究表明,NO处理提高了贮藏期果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)活性,保持了较高抗坏血酸(ASC)含量。因此,适宜浓度(10μL/L)的NO处理能提高桃果实清除自由基酶系能力,抑制膜脂过氧化并保持细胞膜完整性,进而改善贮藏品质。      

肥城桃果实多酚氧化酶酶学特性的研究

以肥城桃果实为试材,分离纯化了导致酶促褐变的多酚氧化酶（PPO）,并对其性质进行了分析。结果表明,以叔丁基邻苯二酚和绿原酸为底物,加入十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）后使PPO活性分别增大19倍和12倍,催化效率分别提高11.5倍和17倍,PPO最适pH为6.5,2-羟基-2,4,6-环庚三烯酚酮显著抑制PPO活性。部分变性SDS-PAGE显示PPO在表观分子量分别为49ku和50ku有两条活性条带,等电聚焦IEF显示可溶性PPO和膜结合PPO都含有两个酸性范围的条带,其p I为5.7和5.8,膜结合PPO还有一条p I为5.4的条带。结合western杂交在膜结合PPO的3种同工酶中,只有2种能被抗体识别;全变性SDS-PAGE和western blot发现存在一条分子量为60ku的多肽。      

Effect of nitric oxide on ethylene production in strawberry fruit during storage

Strawberry is a non-climacteric fruit, with low ethylene production rate after harvest. Its response to nitric oxide (NO), which can be released from sodium nitroprusside (SNP), was studied. We have examined the effect of 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μmol l⁻¹ SNP aqueous solution on ethylene production, respiration rate, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and the activities of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase in post-harvest strawberry (“Fengxiang”). The most remarkable effect was obtained with 5 μmol l⁻¹ SNP aqueous solution, which significantly inhibited ethylene production, respiration rate, the activity of ACC synthase and reduced the content of ACC, but did not significantly affect the activity of ACC oxidase. SNP at 10 μmol l⁻¹ harmed the fruits; 1 μmol l⁻¹ SNP was too low to significantly extend strawberry storage life. It was suggested that NO could decrease ethylene output, through inhibiting ACC synthase activity reducing ACC content.     

套袋对清见橘橙果实蔗糖代谢的影响

研究6 种果袋对清见橘橙果实可溶性糖含量及蔗糖代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明：不同果袋对清见橘橙果实可溶性糖含量的影响不同,单层果袋显著提高了果实的可溶性糖含量。果实成熟时,套白色单层无纺布袋的果实蔗糖含量最高,套黄色单层袋和白色单层袋的果实果糖含量均最高,套白色单层袋的果实葡萄糖含量最高。单层果袋提高了果实中性转化酶（NI）、蔗糖合酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）的活性,以无纺布袋最为明显,而双层果袋对NI、SS、SPS活性的影响在多数测定点差异不显著。酸性转化酶（AI）活性随着果实的成熟而降低,套袋对AI活性的影响不显著。综上可知,单层果袋通过提高NI、SS、SPS的活性来提高糖含量,因此清见橘橙宜选择具有一定透光率且色泽浅的单层果袋。     

采后涂膜蔗糖基聚合物对香蕉糖积累及相关酶活性的影响

用0.5%、1%、3%和5%四种浓度的蔗糖基聚合物对巴西香蕉进行采后涂膜处理,研究了其对香蕉蔗糖积累、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(AI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的影响。实验结果表明:蔗糖基聚合物处理可延缓香蕉的转化酶和SS活性的下降趋势,推迟并提高了SPS的活性高峰,有利于蔗糖的积累和品质的改善,延长了香蕉的保藏时间。      

Inhibition of browning on the surface of peach slices by short-term exposure to nitric oxide and ascorbic acid

The effect of 0.2% ascorbic acid (AA), 5 μM nitric oxide (NO), and the simultaneous use of 0.2% AA and 5 μM NO solutions on inhibiting surface browning of fresh-cut peach slices stored at 10 °C and RH 95% was investigated. The browning index, relative leakage rate, microstructure, total phenol content, and activity of the phenol metabolism-associated enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) were evaluated. The results indicate that treatment with 0.2% AA, 5 μM NO and simultaneous use of 0.2% AA and 5 μM NO resulted in higher total phenol content, inhibition of PPO and POD activity, reduced membrane permeability and protection of cell microstructure to maintain compartmentation between enzymes and their substrates. In addition, NO increased PAL activity. The causes of inhibition in the browning of peach slices by NO are discussed.     

采后茉莉酸甲酯处理对桃果实青霉病及细胞壁降解酶的影响

以桃果实为试材,研究了采后不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯（Me JA）处理对损伤接种桃果实扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）病斑扩展的影响,并分析了最佳浓度Me JA处理后桃果实细胞壁降解酶活性的变化。同时研究离体条件下Me JA对P.expansum菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,100μmol/L Me JA对桃果实P.expansum的病斑抑制效果最好,并且显著（p≤0.05）抑制了菌丝生长和孢子萌发。100μmol/L Me JA处理明显抑制了桃果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）、果胶甲基反式消除酶（PMTE）、多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶（PGTE）和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性。由此表明,Me JA抑制桃果实青霉病的发生与延缓果实软化有关。      

外源NO对伽师瓜AOX基因克隆表达及抗氰呼吸的影响

为了探究外源一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)熏蒸处理对伽师瓜(Cucumis melo L.)采后贮藏过程中AOX基因表达及抗氰呼吸途径的影响,以伽师瓜为试材,采用外源60μL/L NO熏蒸3 h,以不充入NO气体作为对照,在(5±0.5)℃条件下贮藏49 d。根据甜瓜基因组数据库,通过EST设计引物,克隆获得伽师瓜AOX基因全长序列。得到的基因片段同其他物种的AOX基因具有高度的同源性,命名为Cm AOX。通过拼接获得AOX基因的c DNA全长序列,基因c DNA全长为1300 bp,开放阅读框架为1042 bp,拟编码346个氨基酸,预测分子量为39606.6 Da,等电点为9.00。该基因已在Gene Bank登录,登录号为:KM273124。通过荧光定量分析及抗氰呼吸速率的测定表明,经60μL/L NO处理果实的Cm AOX的表达量和抗氰呼吸速率明显高于对照果实。说明NO处理对伽师瓜采后贮藏过程中抗氰呼吸途径的影响可能与其调控AOX基因的表达密切相关。      

一氧化氮对绿熟和粉红期番茄采后抗氧化相关酶的影响

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金丝小枣在生长成熟过程中理化特性的变化规律

本文研究了6个不同生长成熟期(S1~S6)金丝小枣果实的色泽、叶绿素、可溶性糖及其代谢酶活性、有机酸及氨基酸的动态变化,以明确其代谢规律。研究结果表明:枣果生长成熟过程中,叶绿素含量降低,枣果由绿变红;葡萄糖、果糖均逐步积累,而山梨醇含量逐渐降低,蔗糖则在生长发育初期未被检出,其积累主要发生在枣果成熟后期,且其含量最高,金丝小枣为蔗糖积累型果实,蔗糖磷酸合成酶是蔗糖积累的关键酶;金丝小枣为苹果酸型果实,苹果酸随枣果的成熟而积累,而柠檬酸含量先上升后降低;Pro和Asp在枣果成熟过程中被大量合成,是成熟枣果中最主要的两种氨基酸。全红枣的可溶性总糖、糖酸比以及游离氨基酸总量最高,可作为金丝小枣鲜食的最佳采收时期。     

桃果酒酿酒酵母选育及酿造条件研究

12株野生酵母自济南市郊区桃栽培园区成熟桃表面分离,经杜氏管发酵和大瓶复筛,选择其中2株产酒能力强、产香好的酵母,驯化选育后1株酵母J11的产酒产香能力达到酿酒生产的要求。生理生化和分子生物学鉴定证明其为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)。确定了其在桃酒酿造中最适接种量,并以商品活性干酵母LALLEMAN D21为对照,研究了其发酵能力,证明其为桃酒酿造的优良酵母。最后,对桃酒酿造的工艺进行了优化。      

基于近红外光谱技术的黄桃脆片可溶性固形物和硬度定量检测方法

以多批次黄桃脆片为分析对象,分别采集了可见/短波近红外光谱(400~1000 nm)和长波近红外光谱(1000~2500 nm)原始信息,分别采用标准正态变量变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、移动平均平滑(MS),一阶导数(1-Der)预处理后,建立了全波段线性偏最小二乘法(PLS)和非线性支持向量机(SVM)预测模型,并结合外部试验进行可行性验证。结果表明,基于MSC-SVM的可见/短波红外光谱模型对可溶性固形物预测效果最佳,验证集的决定系数(R p)、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)、相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.761,1.998%和1.532;而基于MSC-SVM的长波近红外光谱模型对硬度预测效果相对最佳,对应R p、RMSEP和RPD分别为0.862,0.292 kg和1.991。基于近红外光谱系统可以实现对大批量黄桃脆片品质参数的快速无损检测。     

Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by arabinoxylans with molecular characterisation from wheat flour in cultured human monocytes

The immunomodulatory activity of the arabinoxylans (AXs) extracts from cereal sources has been reported to impart health benefits in terms of immune enhancement. This study investigated the effect of enzymatic extraction on extraction yield and structure of AXs from wheat flour pentosan fraction. Under the optimised conditions, the extraction yield of AXs reached up to 81.25%. Furthermore, the study determined whether water‐extracted AXs (WEAXs) and enzyme‐extracted AXs (E‐WEAXs) from wheat flour were able to differentially stimulate nitric oxide (NO) secretion through increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in human U937 monocytes. The results indicated that AXs concomitantly induced (P < 0.05) both NO and iNOS productions in U937 monocytes compared to untreated cells. Compared with WEAXs, E‐WEAXs resulted in a higher proportion of low Mw (1–10 KDa) AXs (49.51% vs. 19.11% in WEAXs), a higher A/X ratio (0.83 vs. 0.48 in WEAXs) and a higher yield (12.83 ± 0.35% vs. 7.54 ± 0.47% in WEAXs). Moreover, E‐WEAXs induced significantly (P < 0.05) greater NO and iNOS production per million viable cells (61.8 ± 2.7 μm and 42.41 ± 3.83 ng respectively) than WEAXs (51.6 ± 2.6 μm and 33.46 ± 1.48 ng, respectively). The findings suggest AXs may heighten innate immune activity in the absence of infection or disease through an iNOS‐mediated stimulation of NO production. The immunomodulatory activity of the wheat‐derived AXs was enhanced by enzyme treatment, with low Mw and high A/X ratio associated with elevated NO/iNOS levels in human monocytes compared to water extraction.     

配施饼肥对烤烟叶片含氮化合物代谢及酶活性的影响

通过饼肥用量盆栽试验,研究了K326中部叶在不同生育时期硝酸还原酶和中上部叶片含氮化合物总氮、烟碱、可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量的变化规律.结果表明,硝酸还原酶随着有机肥施用量的增加酶活性呈增加趋势,中上部叶片的总氮和烟碱含量随有机肥的增加呈上升的趋势,而蛋白质含量则呈下降的趋势,有机肥可以促进游离氨基酸含量的提高.     

Inhibitory effects of fruit extracts on nitric oxide-induced proliferation in MCF-7 cells

Nitric oxide is a free radical involved in the pathogenesis of cancer by increasing tumour vascularization and metastasis. Studies using nitric oxide inhibitors have shown decrease in tumour growth and a role in cancer therapy. To analyse the effect of fruits on nitric oxide, we carried out experiments using a nitric oxide donor on the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Proliferating MCF-7 cells were treated with the methanolic extract of the fruits. The inhibitory activity of fruit extracts on cell proliferation was measured using the MTT assay. Chiku and dragon fruit showed high inhibitory activity when compared to the other fruits tested. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content and nitric oxide scavenging activity were found to be high in pomegranate, chiku, litchi, durian, grape and apple. This study shows that phytochemicals present in fruits scavenge nitric oxide and inhibit MCF-7 cell proliferation.