高效规整填料铜洗塔的设计及应用探讨

对采用具有新型塔内构件的高效规整填料铜洗塔，其设计和改造设计过程中的工艺计算、结构设计、铜洗塔运行的系统要求等进行了详细说明和分析，并介绍了两散装填料铜洗塔改规整填料塔的应用实例。规整填料铜洗塔应用实践证明，运用该技术改造现有铜洗塔，可大大降低精炼气中一氧化碳的含量，提高精炼气质量，降低物质和能量消耗。     

填料萃取塔的操作性能及设计计算

系统地介绍了填料抽提塔的两相流动及传质特性，设计计算，对填料塔的设计和操作有一定指导意义。     

国外气液传质设备的一些发展趋势

作为气液传质塔主要构件的塔板和填料在过去几十年中的发展速度各有快慢，竞争能力时有强弱。进入８０年代后，由于板波规整填料的成功应用，填料及其相关内件的开发研究速度明显快于板式塔。事实上，塔板和填料各有优缺点，各适用于不同的场合。未来几年中，以下几方面将得到重视和发展：工艺条件与塔与构件的一体化匹配；结构与材质的改进或更新；整塔的精心设计、制造、安装和操作；故障检测和诊断技术现代化；设计模型的理论化和     

填料塔中填料支承装置的选择

在填料塔的设计过程中，必须正确选择好填料支承装置。因为支承装置的好坏对保证填料塔的操作性能具有重大作用。假如选择的填料本身性能很好，它的通过能力很大，然而由于支承装置设计不当，造成塔内液泛提前到达，则会降低塔的生产能力，影响到整个工业生产中。本文对填料塔中填料支承装置的选择作一介绍。     

现代填料塔技术（三）填料塔气体分布器和其它塔内件

介绍填料塔进气结构和气体分布器，填料支承板，填料压板和填料床怪限制器的结构、设计和发展。     

鞍环填料的新构型—双过环性能分析

介绍新型鞍环填料－双鞍环填料的构型和特点。通过性能试验与对比分析，表明基基本性能和若干技术经济指标优于环矩鞍填料，可代替传统填料用于塔的节能改造以及热敏性能物系分离与真空精镏等的填料塔设计。     

填料塔设计软件的开发

利用面向对象的程序设计语言和软件开发的原理,结合填料塔的工艺设计过程,开发了填料塔的设计软件。程序采用了适用的载点算法,集成了填料塔压力降、塔径、塔高的计算和主要塔内件的设计功能,主界面采用选项卡标签控件,与填料塔的设计步骤相对应。验证表明本设计程序计算结果准确、合理。     

填料塔气液分布器优化设计规律

塔器硬件系列优化设计相对落后于工艺和控制的优化设计。综合国内外在填料塔硬件系列研发、应用的优秀产品及在大型填料塔硬件研究的新成果、经验和体会,文章归纳出了填料塔气液分布器优化设计规律,阐明了在塔的不同部位,不同工艺条件下,应当优选何种气液分布器。此规律可以指导填料塔气液分布器的选型或优化设计。经多年在炼油减压塔、乙烯汽油分馏塔等多座大型塔器中的应用,成效显著。     

Rombopak塔填料的性能和应用

Rombopak填料是近几年研究成功的一种规整结构的塔填料,它的应用已经相当普遍。这种填料由与其它规整填料不同的小薄片组成。在考虑填料全部的设计参数如效率、压降、能力和放大的情况下,借助标准试验物系测定了Rombopak填料的效率。通过比较证明这种新的填料优于传统的塔填料和其它的规整填料。     

气膜控制理论在化学吸收填料塔设计中的应用

给出了一种关于化学吸收填料塔的设计计算方法，这种方法运用气膜控制理论，不需要液相和气、液平衡关系数据，因而可以简化化学吸收填料塔的设计计算，便于编制ＣＡＤ软件。     

基于模态应变能法功能梯度Euler-Bernoulli梁和Timoshenko梁模型对损伤识别的影响分析

随着功能梯度梁的跨高比从小(厚梁)变到大(薄梁),梁的变形受到剪切变形的影响就会从大变到小。为了准确分析功能梯度梁的变形,跨高比小的厚梁采用Timoshenko梁模型,而跨高比大的薄梁采用Euler-Bernoulli梁模型。采用这两种梁模型进行功能梯度梁自由振动的有限元计算,分析单元刚度矩阵、质量矩阵和模态阵型等存在的差异。通过数值算例,研究了这两种梁模型的差异对模态应变能法的损伤识别指标的影响。对于厚梁,Timoshenko梁模型的损伤指标优于Euler-Bernoulli梁模型;对于很薄的梁(例如,l/h=25时的薄梁),Euler-Bernoulli梁模型的损伤指标优于Timoshenko梁模型。     

叁模量现象及叁模量梁理论

复合材料层合板在一些特殊的情况下可能出现叁模量现象.本文给出了一叁模量材料的实例,并对其制备的梁的极限承载力和挠度等进行了实测.在此基础上,推导了叁模量梁的极限承载力和极限挠度的计算公式.经与试验结果对照,证明对叁模量特征显著的材料,计算时应考虑三模量特性.用叁模量梁理论可以预测叁模量梁的极限承载力和挠度等.     

国外某600t/d级浮法玻璃熔窑的池底钢结构设计

介绍了国外某600 t/d级浮法玻璃熔窑的池底钢结构情况。其特点是:不设主横梁,只设池底纵向的主梁和横向的次梁,次梁之上满铺5 mm厚度的钢板。分别对池底次梁、池底主梁、立柱托梁进行了受力分析,并对每种梁所需截面特性进行了计算,确定了每种梁的横断面尺寸。     

Design,Modeling, Optimization,and Experimental Tests of a Particle Beam Width Probe for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer

Aerodynamic lens inlets have revolutionized aerosol mass spectrometry by allowing the introduction of a very narrow particle beam into a vacuum chamber for subsequent analysis. The real-time measurement of particle beam width after an aerodynamic lens is of interest for two reasons: (1) it allows a correction to be made to the measured particle concentration if the beam is so broad, due to poor focusing by non-spherical particles, that some particles miss the detection system; and (2) under constant lens pressure it can provide a surrogate particle non-sphericity measurement. For these reasons, a beam width probe (BWP) has been designed and implemented for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), although this approach is also applicable to other instruments that use aerodynamic lens inlets. The probe implemented here consists of a thin vertical wire that can be precisely positioned to partially block the particle beam at fixed horizontal locations in order to map out the width of the particle beam. A computer model was developed to optimize the BWP and interpret its experimental data. Model assumptions were found to be reasonably accurate for all laboratory-generated particle types to which the model was compared. Comparisons of particle beam width data from a number of publications are also shown here. Particle losses due to beam broadening are found to be minor for the AMS for both laboratory and ambient particles. The model was then used to optimize the choice of the BWP dimensions, and to guide its use during continuous operation. A wire diameter approximately 1.55 times larger than the beam width to be measured provides near optimal sensitivity toward both collection efficiency and surrogate non-sphericity information. Wire diameters of 0.62 mm and 0.44 mm (for the AMS “long” and “short” chambers, respectively) provide reasonable sensitivity over the expected range of particle beam widths, for both spherical and non-spherical particles. Three other alternative BWP geometries were also modeled and discussed.     

计入横向剪切时层合梁的弯曲弹性解

本文根据一阶横向剪切变形理论,导出了对称层合梁的挠曲线微分方程,求解了层合染在简单载荷作用下的挠度曲线和应力,横向剪切对挠度和应力的影响依赖于层合梁的材料常数,约束类型,载荷种类和跨高比,计算结果表明,横向剪切对层合梁挠度影响颇为显著,且当层合梁跨高比大于18时,可忽略横向剪切效应。     

Vergleich von Laser- mit Elektronenstrahlschweißen

Comparison of laser with electron beam welding . International industry requires products of the highest technical standards thus requiring application of the technologically most efficient and most economical processes. For this reason, the electron beam and laser welding processes are becoming more and more important. To provide a workpiece-relevant basis for deciding which technique should be used the following aspects will be investigated: generation of the beam, beam guidance systems, welding processes, application and power ranges, process controls, and equipment for industrial use. Finally a tabulated comparison should facilitate a detailed distinction between the two techniques.     

大型塔器支撑装置的优化设计(上)

塔器硬件系列优化是塔器全面优化的重要组成部分。其中大型塔器系列支撑装置的优化势在必行。积多年来数十座塔器改造与设计的经验和教训,归纳并总结了大型塔器所用工字钢梁系列、栅梁系列和桁架梁系列主梁的结构及性能特点,指出了强度核算方法。比较了规整填料塔、散装填料塔及板式塔新型主梁及支撑装置与常规主梁及支撑装置的优缺点。列举了系列支撑装置的优化设计实例。推荐填料主梁采用栅梁;工字钢梁宜支撑各种液体分布器;大型塔盘宜采用复合桁架梁或空间网架梁。     

A Differentially Pumped Particle Inlet for Sampling of Atmospheric Aerosols into a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer: Optical Characterization of the Particle Beam

Two methods of characterizing the particle beam generated with a differentially pumped particle inlet are presented. Both methods are based on optical scattering of a laser beam by the particle beam. The first method images a time integrated scatter signal from the entire particle beam onto a charge coupled device (CCD), and an Abel inversion is performed on the image data to arrive at the radial particle density distribution in the beam. The second method, based on counting individual (particle) scatter pulses, yields the radial particle density directly. Initial results of the performance of the particle inlet are reported for particles with diameters between 40 and 800 nm. Under optimal working conditions, particle beams were generated with a full angle divergence on the order of 1-2 mrad. The width, measured 285 mm downstream from the exit of the particle inlet, was 250mu m, half width at half maximum (HWHM).     

Grain-Size Dependence of Fracture Energy in Ceramics

A simple model incorporating thermal elastic anisotropy stresses is used to calculate the microcrack zone size around cracks in Al₂O₃. It is found that the ratio of microcrack zone size to grain size is almost constant for notched beam tests, but increases with grain size for double cantilever beam data. It is suggested that notched-beam ratios of fracture toughness are related to crack initiation, whereas double cantilever beam values are related to propagation and reflect R-curve behavior of the material.     

Measurement of adhesive shear properties by short beam shear test based on higher order beam theory

This paper refers to the measurement of the shear properties of adhesive bonding by a new beam theory using the short beam shear (SBS) test configuration. A novel higher-order sandwich beam theory has been developed to analyze the adhesive bonded beam that consists of two adhered laminates and a single layer of adhesive in between. The closed form analytical solution for the SBS test model of the adhesively bonded beam is obtained in terms of deflection and stress distribution. The present theory has been used for calculating the adhesive shear modulus from the structural compliance. The initiation of stiffness degradation for the short beam shear test model was used as the critical load value for deriving the adhesive shear strength. A finite element model is built for validating the present model, and to evaluate its suitability for measuring adhesive shear properties. The present theory shows better accuracy for measuring the shear modulus than existing theories for both thin and thick adhesive layers. The measured strength values are more accurate than those obtained from the single lap joint shear test model. This theory can be used for adhesive materials with linear elastic deformation behavior.