白背三七对小鼠胃肠蠕动功能的影响

目的:观察白背三七对小鼠胃肠蠕动功能的影响。方法:在体观察白背三七对正常小鼠和阿托品致便秘模型小鼠胃排空率和小肠碳末推进率的影响;离体观察白背三七对正常离体小肠和阿托品抑制离体小肠收缩频率和收缩张力的影响。结果:白背三七能提高正常小鼠胃排空率和小肠碳末推进率,与正常对照组比较具有显著性差异(p<0.01或p<0.05);能提高阿托品致便秘小鼠胃排空率和小肠碳末推进率,与阿托品组比较具有显著性差异(p<0.01或p<0.05);能提高正常小鼠离体小肠收缩频率和收缩张力,与正常对照组比较具有显著性差异(p<0.01或p<0.05);能提高阿托品抑制离体小肠收缩频率和收缩张力,与阿托品组比较具有显著性差异(p<0.01或p<0.05)。结论:白背三七能增强小鼠胃肠蠕动功能。      

Enteral feeding of patients with surgical diseases of the digestive tract using the Soviet balanced food mixture Inpitan

"Inpitan" is the first Soviet full-value balanced food mixture for tube feeding, produced under industrial conditions. It was used for enteral nutrition of 50 patients with different diseases of the upper gastro-intestinal tract. The mixture contains protein (12%), fat (30%), carbohydrates (58%), all the necessary mineral substances, and water- and fat-soluble vitamins. Depending on the clinical situation the patients received 2000-3200 ml of the mixture/day. The use of "Inpitan" with the energy density of 1 kcal/ml as the only source of nutrition during 7-75 days has demonstrated its high nutritious effectiveness. When the mixture was introduced directly into the small intestine according to the authors' schedule, no dyspeptic symptoms (eructation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, meteorism, diarrhea) were recorded, dipsosis and the sense of starvation disappeared, the body weight increased, biochemical parameters returned to normal, the time of the preoperational preparation was significantly reduced, the post-operational complications were better managed.     

Sources of variability in rat feeding trials with single meal tests.

The responses of the laboratory rat to the ingestion of a single test meal, as measured by the contents of the stomach and small intestine and the plasma amino acid (PPA) concentrations in portal and systemic blood, were investigated under different experimental conditions. The variations introduced were different cages, different pre-experimental diets and training the rats to eat for a short daily period. The rate of stomach emptying was slower in rats housed in anticoprophagy cages than in those kept in wire mesh cages and the variability was smaller, but the PAA concentrations were unaffected by the type of cage. Rats maintained during the pre-experimental period on three different diets had similar PAA concentrations after an 18 h fast. Trained rats exhibited more rapid stomach emptying than did untrained animals, but the quantity of material in the small intestine was little affected. Training affected the systemic, but not the portal, PAA concentrations. Suggestions are made of suitable experimental conditions for assessing the short-term response to single meals.     

Survival of Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores during in vitro simulation of gastric passage

The enteric pathogen Bacillus cereus must survive gastric passage in order to cause diarrhea by enterotoxin production in the small intestine. The acid resistance and the survival after gastric passage were assessed by in vitro experiments with acidified growth medium and gastric simulation medium with B. cereus NVH 1230-88 vegetative cells and spores. First, batch incubations at constant pH values for 4 h, which represented different physiological states of the stomach, showed that spores were resistant to any gastric condition in the pH range of 2.0 to 5.0, while vegetative cells were rapidly inactivated at pH values of ≤4.0. Second, a dynamic in vitro gastric experiment was conducted that simulated the continuously changing in vivo conditions due to digestion dynamics by gradually decreasing the pH from 5.0 to 2.0 and fractional emptying of the stomach 30 to 180 min from the start of the experiment. All of the B. cereus spores and 14% (± 9%) of the vegetative cells survived the dynamic simulation of gastric passage.     

牡蛎肽肠内营养制剂对小鼠肠道功能作用的研究

本文主要探讨牡蛎肽肠内营养制剂对小鼠肠道功能的作用。将动物随机分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组和低、中、高剂量组5组,灌胃给予不同剂量牡蛎肽肠内营养制剂,每天测定各组体重和进食量,最后测定食物利用系数、小肠推进率、小肠吸收等评价指标。结果显示,与阴性对照组相比,低、中剂量组食物利用系数和小肠推进率均有明显增加,低剂量组木糖浓度明显增高。可见,牡蛎肽肠内营养制剂能促进小肠推进和消化吸收,可以作为肠内营养制剂应用于临床营养支持。     

Effect of soy protein isolates in the diet of animals on the histochemical characteristics of the digestive tract

Histochemical methods were used to study the mucus-producing processes in the stomach and intestine of experimental animals under conditions of long-term feeding with soybean protein isolates. These methods helped in determining the action of neutral glycoproteins and sulfated polysaccharides in the stomach and intestine of the test animals. The experiments conducted have shown the absence of side effects of soybean isolates on the morphology of the stomach and intestine and on the qualitative polysaccharide composition of their epithelial secretions.     

成熟中国鲎组织中的蛋白质与氨基酸含量分析

为充分利用资源,采用凯氏定氮法和反相液相色谱法分别测定了成熟中国鲎肌肉、胃、肠道和生殖腺等组织中蛋白质和氨基酸的含量。结果表明:中国鲎肌肉、胃、肠道和生殖腺中蛋白质含量分别为66.79%、62.07%、58.28%和61.94%;随组织类型不同,氨基酸组成模式显著不同;各组织中人体必需氨基酸含量之和分别占其氨基酸总量的50.32%、43.90%、47.37%和55.95%。     

Assimilation of certain amino acids administered to animals of different ages

Changes in the content of some amino acids (tryptophane, lysine, histidine and arginine) in blood plasma were studied in young and old rabbits administered lysine, arginine and urea into the stomach. A decrease in utilization rate of the test amino acids in old animals, their interdependence and the effect of urea administration on the lysine level in blood serum at a relatively stable content of tryptophane and histidine were established. A conclusion is drawn about the necessity of taking into consideration the age features of lysine and arginine assimilation in determining their consumption rates in nutrition and in the use as food additives and medicinal preparations.     

Nutritional disorders in workers and employees of an industrial enterprise in Tselinograd and the incidence of gastroduodenal diseases

Questioning of 877 subjects was conducted during prophylactic examination of workers at industrial enterprises in Tselinograd. Endoscopy and intragastral pH-metry were used to investigate the stomach and duodenum. Disorders in nutrition were proved more often in those with the disease diagnosed for the first time. The incidence rate of symptoms of diseases of the digestive organs depended on disorders in nutrition regimen, and was directly proportional to them. It has been shown that screening-questionnaire can be used for the study of nutrition factors in industrial workers during prophylactic examination. Gastroduodenal diseases, i.e. chronic gastritis with hyperacidity, and functional gastric diseases are most frequent.     

滇橄榄果渣膳食纤维的提取及其体外吸附性能研究

本文以滇橄榄果渣为原料,优化其膳食纤维的碱法提取工艺,同时探讨了滇橄榄果渣、总膳食纤维（total dietary fiber,TDF）、水不溶性膳食纤维（insoluble dietary fiber,IDF）及水溶性膳食纤维（soluble dietary fiber,SDF）的理化性质及其体外吸附能力。结果表明:碱法提取滇橄榄果渣膳食纤维的最优工艺为:NaOH浓度为8 g/L,料液比为1:35（g:mL）,70 ℃处理40 min,IDF和SDF的得率分别为61.72%±0.04%、17.57%±0.03%。滇橄榄果渣及其膳食纤维均具有较好的水化特性和持油力,TDF的持水力最低但膨胀力最高,与滇橄榄果渣、SDF和IDF存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;SDF的持油力、膨胀力和对脂肪的吸附能力均较低,但在模拟胃环境（pH2）的条件下对胆固醇和NO₂?的吸附能力均高于滇橄榄果渣、TDF和IDF,且存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。滇橄榄果渣及其膳食纤维对胆固醇和NO₂?的吸附与pH有关,TDF和SDF在模拟胃环境的条件下对胆固醇的吸附能力强于模拟小肠环境,滇橄榄果渣和IDF则相反;四个样品在模拟胃环境的条件下对NO₂?的吸附能力均强于模拟小肠环境。本文对滇橄榄果渣膳食纤维的提取及性能研究,可为其在保健食品中的应用提供一定的理论参考。     

Invited review: Abomasal emptying in calves and its potential influence on gastrointestinal disease

Creating the ideal nutrition program for calves is a demanding task that has undergone tremendous change in recent years. Products and technologies including novel milk replacers and automated calf feeding systems have been developed to facilitate the ability of dairy producers to feed for higher growth rates before weaning. The creation of new feeding programs and milk replacers has to be looked at carefully, not only from a nutrition point of view but also from the perspective of a potential effect on physiologic digestion and calf health. Abomasal emptying is a critical factor that may link nutrition and disease. The purpose of this article is to review both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are responsible for abomasal emptying. Predominant extrinsic factors controlling abomasal emptying include meal volume, energy density, and osmolality along with the content and source of protein. This article also reviews experimental methods used to measure abomasal emptying in the calf including those that would be appropriate for use under field conditions. Among these methods, the use of ultrasonography and different absorption tests (d-xylose, acetaminophen) as tools to measure abomasal emptying are discussed. The relationship between abomasal emptying and disease is explored, particularly as it relates to abomasal bloat. Abomasal bloat is a complex syndrome that seems to be increasing in frequency and whose etiology likely at least partially involves slowing of abomasal emptying. Suggestions for minimizing the effect of feeding programs on abomasal emptying are explored as well as needs for future research.     

Study of intestinal time in patients with chronic pancreatitis with the help of hydrogen breath test

With the help of hydrogen breath test (HRT) the state of small intestina micro flora was studied and the time of transiting chyme in it was defined in 72 patients with chronic biliary-dependent pancreatitis. It was determined that in small intestine of 40% of patients there took place an excessive bacterial growth and chime transiting time increased. After dietary (a standard high-protein diet) and enzyme (Mezim, Creon) therapies, the bacterial semination and HRT were in norm. The use of HRT in gastroetherology permits to evalu ate the efficacy of performed therapy, m particular in patients with body weight deficiency, the character of diarrhea, its possible link with exoennous function of pancreas and excessive bacterial growth in intestine.     

Use of organic forms of selenium in nutrition of patients with gastrointestinal diseases

Selenium level was determined in sera of 27 patients including 15 patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases and 12 patients with intestinal malabsorption after some kinds of stomach or small intestine resection. Deficiency of this trace element was found in 5 patients and suboptimal concentration in 4 patients in the first group and in 3 and 5 patients of second group respectively. Supplementation of patients with 45 mg of selenium organic form based on autolysis extract of selenious baker's yeast resulted in increase of selenium level in 23 (85%) patients including all of them with selenium deficiency or suboptimal level. It was concluded about high bioavailability of selenium in supplement studied. Perturbed intestinal absorption after surgical resection of stomach or small intestine may be considered as an indication for prophylactic taking of organic selenium form preparation.     

The evaluation of the efficacy of a 6-month vitaminization of schoolchildren in grades 1 to 8 in the city of Baku]

Investigations were conducted in 110 schoolchildren aged 7-10 and 11-14 years. They had received insufficiently balanced traditional nutrition deficient in animal proteins, vegetable oils, calcium, and, especially, in vitamins. Excretion of ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavine, N1-HA was decreased as compared to the lower standard limits 3.5-1.9 times in 85-90% of schoolchildren aged 7-14 years, microsymptoms of vitamin deficiency (including polyvitamin deficiency) were noted in 33-53% of the children. Administration of varying doses of "Undevitum" (0.5, 1 and 1.5 dragees/day) has shown that for normalization of vitamin status, decreasing morbidity rate and improvement of their mental capacity, the schoolchildren of 1-4 forms should receive 1 dragee and those of 5-8 forms--1.5 dragee of "Undevitum"/day as an optimum dose.     

Isolation and identification of the dominant Lactobacillus in gut and faeces of pigs using carbohydrate fermentation and 16S rDNA analysis

The gut contents and faeces of 9 adult pigs and 387 colonies growing on MRS culture (selective for Lactobacillus) were sampled to isolate and identify Lactobacillus species present. The results showed that the number of bacteria growing on MRS culture increased from the anterior to posterior of the gut and decreased in the faeces (e.g., stomach, 4.04 x 10(5) cfu/g; small intestine, 9.77 x 10(7) cfu/g; large intestine 3.85 x 10(11) cfu/g; faeces, 1.22 x 10(11) cfu/g). Fifty-two lactobacilli-like colonies were selected from 387 on the basis of their size and Gram staining, and used for the fermentation of 11 carbohydrates, from which 12 lactobacilli were selected for 16S rDNA analysis. The result showed that Lactobacillus ruminis was the dominant Lactobacillus in the stomach, small intestine, large intestine and faeces of pigs. The identification of most strains estimated by their 16S rDNA was 98-99% accurate.     

大米主食制品中污染物镉的体外消化释放研究

对含污染物镉的大米主食样品米饭和米线进行体外模拟消化,采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法(GF-AAS)对样品中镉进行定量检测。口腔阶段镉释放率:生大米原料粉(34.85%)米线(5.69%)米饭(0%);胃阶段释放率:米饭(74.51%)米线(71.62%)生大米原料粉(0%);小肠阶段中的最大释放率为:4 h时生大米原料粉(60.19%)7 h时米线(45.35%)5 h时米饭(37.06%)。结果表明:不同大米主食样品在不同消化阶段中污染物镉的消化释放有显著差异,已消化释放出的镉在不同时间和消化部位还会被重新吸附结合,使镉释放率增加又降低;在小肠1~3 h消化时间下,米饭中镉消化释放率显著大于米线样品,而小肠消化3h后,则相反。该研究结果可作为大米及制品中污染物镉生物可给性的研究基础,为进一步合理食用和风险暴露评估提供参考。     

Energy expenditure in patients receiving parenteral feeding in the early postoperative period after surgical interventions on the large intestine

Indirect calorimetry was used to study the basal metabolism and energy expenditure at rest in 31 patients aged 20-80 years, on day 2 after surgery on the large intestine. It was found that the basal metabolism was increased by 13% in 64.5% of the patients (group 1) and decreased by the same value in the rest patients (group 2). The fluctuation range of energy expenditure in some patients of group 1 was from 1000 to 3400 kcal, in those of group 2, from 500 to 2000 kcal. The respiratory guotient in both groups was about 0.7. The direct measurement of energy expenditure at the early postoperational period would aid in proper rationing energy components in the total volume of the parenteral nutrition of operated on patients.     

The potentials for the dietetic therapy of alcoholic liver lesions

Most frequent and typical changes of the food status in patients with alcoholic diseases of the liver have been considered by the author. Typical concomitant gastroenterologic disorders in this category of patients have been described. The changes detected have required an adequate dietetic correction to eliminate the imbalance in nutrition and to stimulate the resources of the affected liver. The dietetic correction has proved to be sufficiently effective in most patients. The investigations conducted have shown the necessity of dietotherapy as an important component of the combined treatment of alcoholic affections of the liver.     

Effect of feed intake on digesta flow and myoelectric activity in the gastrointestinal tract of the preruminant calf

The effect of feed intake on abomasal digesta outflow and gastrointestinal motility of preruminant calves given whole milk was studied. Digesta collections were made from calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas. In other calves myoelectric activity was recorded from electrodes implanted on the abomasum and proximal small intestine, sometimes concurrently with recordings from an electromagnetic flow sensor on the duodenum. After a feed of 2-8 kg milk recurring patterns of intestinal myoelectric activity associated with fasting were temporarily interrupted by a period of continuous irregular spike activity; the duration of the post feeding activity increased with intake of milk. Patterns of abomasal digesta flow were characterized by alternating periods of rapid and slower flow with a frequency that corresponded to cyclic change in myoelectric activity of the small intestine. Hourly rates of abomasal emptying of digesta during a 6-h collection period were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) after giving feeds of 6-8 kg milk compared with measurements of flow rate when 2 kg feeds were given. It is concluded that myoelectric activity of the proximal small intestine exercises control over abomasal emptying of digesta by a mechanism which adjusts the mixing and propulsive functions of gut motility in accordance with the amount of milk consumed.     

Antacid bifilact and its effectiveness in the treatment of chronic gastroduodenitis and ulcer disease in children

Antacid bifilact was applied for the first time to the treatment of 30 patients with gastroduodenitis and peptic ulcer. This enabled one to remove the disease clinical manifestations within the shortest time possible, to normalize the acid-forming function of the stomach and upset microecology of the intestine, lysozyme activity of alimentary secretions. The formulation and know how for antacid bifilact, a new dietetic product, are described.