壁面碰撞对柴油油束扩展及着火特性的影响

本文介绍以一压力观察室研究壁面碰撞对柴油油束特性的影响,采用纹影摄影法及光导纤维技术确定油束的扩展过程、着火延迟及着火位置,并在柴油机工作条件下分析了壁面温度、壁面与油束相对位置及空气温度的影响。统计结果表明,在较高壁面温度时油束可以在壁表面首先着火;减小油束碰撞角度,增大壁面与油嘴的距离或提高空气温度可降低壁面对油束着火特性的影响。     

柴油喷雾撞壁形态和油束发展特征

在一台高温、高压定容燃烧弹上研究了不同撞壁距离、喷射压力和环境温度与压力条件下,柴油油束撞壁后近壁面区域的喷雾特性.利用高速摄像测量了自由喷雾和撞壁喷雾的油束发展历程,并结合仿真对燃油气相浓度和流场特性进行分析.结果表明:在环境温度为500~900,K、环境压力为1~4,MPa时,喷射压力对喷雾锥角影响较小;环境温度达到700,K及以上时,喷射压力对喷雾贯穿距的影响较小,特别当撞壁距离减小到30,mm和20,mm时,出现喷雾贯穿距随喷射压力增大而略微减小的趋势;相对于撞壁喷雾,环境温度对自由喷雾贯穿距的影响更大;随着撞壁距离减小,喷雾贯穿距逐渐减小,喷雾锥角逐渐增大,而喷雾高度则呈现先增大后减小的趋势.在上述4种边界参数中,撞壁距离对撞壁油束发展特征影响最大.     

汽油喷雾撞壁雾化的数值模拟

撞壁雾化是现代直喷式中小缸径发动机中普遍存在的现象,研究撞壁雾化的特性对改善发动机的燃烧具有重要的意义。根据Mundo等人提出的飞溅喷雾撞壁模型,对定容室中的汽油喷雾撞壁现象进行了模拟计算与分析。通过改变壁面温度、壁面粗糙度、喷雾速度及网格数,对比分析了不同条件下喷雾撞壁过程发生的变化,为进一步进行喷雾撞壁试验、完善喷雾撞壁模型提供了参考。     

高韦伯数液滴撞壁诱导的中间射流破碎现象

针对内燃机缸内附壁油膜问题,模拟液滴撞壁过程,设计开发了气体驱动单液滴高速撞击热壁面试验系统.研究了液滴高速撞壁对二次雾化的影响,同时考虑壁面温度对撞击效果的影响.结果表明,目前液滴撞壁研究的韦伯数范围多是20～1 000,而通过使用驱动气体(氮气)将小液滴加速至10.8 m/s,从而产生碰壁韦伯数高达4 057的液滴;液滴在韦伯数高达一定条件下发生射流破碎现象,热效应并不是唯一导致其产生的因素;随着韦伯数的增加,射流高度及产生的次级液滴数量也随之增加;随着壁面温度升高,发生中间射流现象时的韦伯数随之降低;在高韦伯数条件下,在远高于水的Leidenfrost临界温度时并没有明显的Leidenfrost现象产生.     

直喷式柴油机燃油撞壁特性及混合气形成研究

应用STAR-CD软件对燃油撞壁进行三维数值模拟,重点研究入射角度、环境压力和涡流比对撞壁特性和混合气形成的影响.结果表明,撞壁后燃油的二次雾化对燃油蒸发具有重要作用.随着壁面入射角度的增大,壁面油膜扩展面积增大,油膜从长叶形向扇形变化.随着环境压力的增高,燃油分布范围明显减小,但燃油堆积量和浓混合气的面积都会进一步减小,形成相对稀薄的混合气.涡流对燃油的影响主要发生在撞壁之后,随着涡流比的增大,形成大范围的稀混合气.涡流比过高,相邻油束的混合气将会发生干涉,造成燃烧质量下降.     

长距离环路热管传热性能实验研究

基于航空航天等领域对环路热管长距离传热的需求,设计制造了一套传热距离8.1m的圆柱型蒸发器环路热管,试验了不同加热功率、不同冷凝温度下该环路热管的启动和变工况运行性能,并对其热阻及最大传热能力进行了分析。研究结果表明：当其他条件一致、初始气液分布相同和不同时,加热功率由100W增大至160W后,本研究中的环路热管启动时间和启动温升均发生一定程度的下降;加热功率100W时,冷凝温度由10℃降低至-10℃使得环路热管启动时间增加,加热功率160W时,冷凝温度由10℃降至-10℃对环路热管的启动时间影响不大。在冷凝温度0℃下,该环路热管在100~500W范围内均能稳定运行,且200W时环路热管传热效率最高,传热温差最小,稳定运行温度最低;另外,由于系统传输距离较长,每个工况达到稳定所需要的时间也较长,分布于1000至3500S内。随着加热功率的增大,环路热管热阻先减小后逐渐增大,该环路热管传热热阻最大不超过0.09℃/W,最小为0.024℃/W;随着传热距离的增大,管路的热损失增加,总压降和热阻也变大。当传热距离基本相同时,蒸发器容积的大小、冷凝器的冷凝能力及气液管线的布置形状均在一定程度上影响环路热管的最大传热能力。     

基于激光诱导磷光的火焰碰壁时壁温测试技术研究

以MFG: Mn4+为磷光剂,建立了基于高速摄影的激光诱导磷光衰减寿命法测温实验系统,并探究了激发光通量和磷光涂层厚度对磷光测温结果的影响。利用该方法测量了预混丁烷火焰撞壁时一维壁面温度分布,并与薄膜热电偶测温结果进行对比,验证了激光诱导磷光测温方法的可行性和准确性。温度<265.3 ℃时激发光通量在0~1.02 mJ/cm2内对测温结果无明显影响,温度>265.3 ℃时磷光衰减寿命随激发光通量增大而延长,1.02 mJ/cm2时达到饱和。磷光涂层厚度对激光诱导磷光测温结果无明显影响。相比于薄膜热电偶,激光诱导磷光测温结果更能反映壁面温度分布的真实情况,且对壁面温度的空间变化更具敏感性。     

直喷式柴油机进气涡流比与喷油系统参数优化匹配的多维仿真研究

基于多维数值模拟方法,研究了直喷式柴油机进气涡流比与喷油系统参数之间的匹配关系,并分析了进气涡流对柴油机油束撞壁的影响。研究结果表明:对于较小口径比的柴油机燃烧室,进气涡流对燃油混合的促进作用主要发生在油束撞壁以后,并影响燃油蒸气在燃烧室壁面附近的轴向分布情况;为了获得理想的燃油蒸气空间分布,涡流比的匹配值应随着喷孔数的增加而逐渐减小;通过改变喷油器的油束夹角,可以改善燃油蒸气在燃烧室壁面处的轴向分布情况,改善发动机的燃烧效果。     

温度及压力对柴油机燃烧室内混合气形成影响的数值模拟

用CFD分析软件对柴油机燃烧室内不同环境条件下柴油喷雾的混合气形成及撞壁混合过程进行了模拟计算，并与PLIF法取得的试验结果进行了对比，二者基本吻合．试验和模拟计算结果均表明，油束撞壁后主要沿燃烧室壁面向下移动，在燃烧室近壁区形成一层薄而浓、面积较大的混合气层，且随燃烧室内气体密度的增大，对应时刻及位置的速度、喷雾贯穿距、燃烧室壁面的燃油堆积量、近壁区浓混合气层的面积及混合气浓度减小．     

海拔对柴油喷雾和附壁燃烧过程的影响

随着海拔升高,缸内气体密度减小,喷雾液相长度增加,高海拔环境下液态喷雾油滴会直接撞击活塞表面,形成柴油的附壁燃烧.结合具体的发动机参数,利用定容燃烧弹模拟发动机缸内喷雾和燃烧过程,通过高速摄像研究海拔对喷雾撞壁和燃油附壁燃烧过程的影响.结果表明:随着海拔升高,3000 m以上会出现较明显的液态燃油撞壁,并发生燃油的附壁着火燃烧;海拔越高,附壁油雾面积越大,滞燃期越长,着火核心距离壁面越近.燃烧前期,在低海拔下,温度较低的壁面主要对碳烟氧化阶段起到了冷却作用;而在高海拔下,此冷却效果主要作用于滞燃期之前的蒸发和焰前反应过程.燃烧中期,壁面被喷雾火焰加热,冷却作用减弱;低海拔环境下的喷雾和燃烧过程在壁面附近不再形成低温碳烟层;高海拔环境下的喷雾过程则由于壁面附近的过浓混合气燃烧产生大量低温低亮度碳烟,且海拔越高,低亮度碳烟层越厚.燃烧后期,海拔的升高会导致壁面附近火焰的厚度和铺展范围增加,燃烧放热重心后移,对柴油机做功和热效率产生不利影响.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996