声场强化微小流化床流动特性研究

在内径4.3mm微小流化床中,考察了声场对FCC及石英砂颗粒流化质量的影响。重点讨论了声压级与频率对微小流化床最小流化速度的影响。结果表明,声场能改善微小流化床流化质量。尤其对于51μm石英砂颗粒,声场可以使其消除沟流,实现稳定流化。声压越大,声场对微小流化床流化质量改善越明显。最小流化速度随声压增高呈单调下降趋势。相同声场条件下,声波对微小流化床最小流化速度数值降低幅度大于大尺度流化床。声场对微小流化床最小流化速度的影响存在最佳频率。但不同颗粒的最佳频率不同。内径4.3mm流化床,51,67,83μm石英砂颗粒与83μmFCC颗粒对应的最佳频率分别为90,90,140和140Hz。在一定的声压与频率下,声场可以降低最小流化速度约9%～21%。对于微小流化床,床径越小,则床层空隙率越大,越有利于实现外场强化,最小流化速度的降低幅度也逐渐增大。     

声场高温流化床流化特性

在内径50 mm、高1000 mm的声场高温鼓泡流化床中,研究Geldart A, B两类颗粒的流化特性,考察了床层温度、声波频率及声压级对流化床最小流化速度的影响. 结果表明,引入声场后,颗粒的最小流化速度随温度升高而下降;固定温度及频率,最小流化速度随声压级增大而减小;固定声压级与温度,颗粒最小流化速度随声波频率增大先减小后增大,存在一个最佳频率范围. 对床内压力波动信号进行分析,得出声场影响高温流化床流化质量的判据：当声压大于110 dB、频率在100~200 Hz范围内时压力波动偏差与最小流化速度值最小.     

纳米TiO2在环隙流化床中流动特性的实验研究

在环隙流化(AFB)床中,应用实验测量技术研究了床层压降和床层膨胀曲线以及最小流化速度的变化规律.研究结果显示,在升速流化时,随着气速增大,床层压降和床层膨胀比也随之增大,当气速超过一定值时,纳米TiO2颗粒完全流化,压降波动和床层膨胀比趋于平稳.最小流化速度随着纳米TiO2质量的增加而增大.     

空气-SRNA-4催化剂磁稳定床的流动特性

床层压降、最小流化速度、固含率及其分布和气相返混系数是气固磁稳定反应器放大与优化所必需的基础数据.采用压降法、光电法及瞬态点源示踪技术试验研究了以SRNA-4催化剂为固相的气固磁稳定床的流动特性.试验结果表明:最小流化速度、最小流化状态下的床层空隙率与磁场强度无关;固含率的径向分布基本均匀;磁场强度的增大抑制了颗粒的运动,使得局部固含率略微增加;空塔气速的增加促进了气固磁稳定床的膨胀,使得固含率减小;粒径较小时,随磁场强度及气速的变化贝克来数(Pe)变化不大;粒径较大情况下,Pe随气速增大而减小,随着磁场强度的增大,先增大后减小.试验获得了最小流化速度、固含率和床层高度的关联式,预测值与试验值吻合良好.     

混合颗粒在内置水平管振动流化床中流体力学研究

在内置水平管的二维振动流化床中研究了玉米粒与塑料珠颗粒混合物的流化特性,考察了颗粒质量分数、振动频率、振幅、内置水平管和振动强度对床层压降及临界流化压降的影响。实验结果表明,在混合颗粒的振动流化床中,固定床阶段,相同条件下床层压降随着玉米粒质量分数的增大而增大,流化床阶段随玉米粒质量分数增大而减小;内置管的引入增大了床层压降;振动的引入增大了固体床阶段的床层压降,降低了流化床阶段的临界流化压降;振动对大粒径的影响小于小粒径;由实验数据拟合出的用于预测带内置水平管的混合颗粒振动流化床临界流化压降的经验公式,经验公式与实验数据基本吻合。     

离心流化床初始流化状态的研究(Ⅰ)基本理论

通过简化求解离心流化床连续介质模型基本控制方程,获得了初始流化速度、压力、空隙率、空隙气速、床层膨胀和床层压降的计算方程式。理论预报的临界流化速度和床层压降与实验结果吻合得很好。揭示了离心流化床随流速增大由表面逐层初始流化;流化后各半径处流化程度不同。理论分析还表明气体压缩性的影响随着床体转速的增大而增大。     

快速流化床压降之研究

本文介绍了在两个不同床径的快速流化床上,用5种固体物料所进行的床层轴向压降的实验工作。并用以前所进行的φ115快速床的压降关联式为基础,对三个不同床径的压降数据进行了多元拟线性回归,得出了一个比较好地预测压降值的经验关联式。式中包括气速、固体循环量、颗粒带出速度、固、气密度比和快速床的床径等参数。预测值和实验值的平均误差为15.7%,个别点大于±20%。     

声场流化床A类颗粒浓度分布研究

在内径140 mm,高1 600 mm的鼓泡流化床中,以流化催化裂化(FCC)颗粒为流化介质,采用光导纤维探针测定不同轴/径向位置的颗粒浓度分布.考察了操作气速和外加声场对密相区颗粒浓度的影响.结果表明,鼓泡床密相区颗粒浓度沿轴向逐渐减小,沿径向呈抛物线分布.声场的引入可以降低颗粒起始流化速度:声压级越大,起始流化速度越小:固定声压频率在150 Hz时颗粒起始流化速度最小.1随着声压强度的增大,床层中心区和上部密相区颗粒浓度增大.固定声压级,频率在100～400 Hz颗粒浓度较大,频率低于100 Hz或高于400 Hz时,声波的作用效果减弱.     

锥形流化床水平射流条件下的流化特性

在一个160 mm×300(20)mm×30 mm(高×宽×厚)、锥角为60°的二维锥形流化床中研究了两侧水平射流条件对3种不同粒径颗粒流化特性的影响。临界流化曲线结果表明:压降随着流量增大而迅速升高,到达一个最大值后略有下降。另一方面通过实验观察,提出"沸腾核心"假设,并推导出颗粒达到起始流化状态时,流速沿床层高度的变化规律。在假设的基础上,根据厄贡方程推导得出最大压降的计算式,计算结果表明计算值略大于实验值。另外,实验中还发现二维锥形流化床的最小流化速度随颗粒粒径增大而增大,随填料体积的增大也略有增大。     

纳米SiO2在添加磁性大颗粒磁场流化床中的流态化

研究了纳米SiO2在添加磁性大颗粒磁场流化床中的流化性能,实验中通过测量其床层膨胀曲线、床层压降曲线以及塌落曲线表明:磁性大颗粒在交变磁场下的振动作用可以破碎流化床中纳米SiO2的大聚团.使床层压降和床层膨胀明显增大,流化质量获得显著提高.实验同时考察了磁场强度、磁性颗粒的添加量以及不同的静床高度等参数对流化性能的影响.获得了最佳工艺操作条件.     

气-固微型流化床压降特性及最小流化速度的实验研究

在内径3～20 mm的4个气-固微型流化床中,分别考察了A类和B类两种类型颗粒的流化特性,同时研究了床几何结构、操作条件、物相性质等各因素对其最小流化速度的影响.结果 表明,气-固微型流化床中的床层压降特性与颗粒类型密切相关,不同的流动状态下两种类型颗粒的流动特性存在显著地差异.在固定床阶段,与B类颗粒相比,A类颗粒与...     

气固搅拌流化床中压力脉动特性

气固搅拌流化床反应器可用于黏结性聚合物颗粒的流态化过程,流化床中通气湍动与搅拌的相互作用关系仍不明确。通过压力脉动的统计分析、功率谱分析和小波分析,考察了搅拌桨型式和搅拌转速对流态化特性的影响规律。实验发现,搅拌转速和搅拌桨型式对床层压力影响较小,但对压力脉动影响显著。搅拌流化床中搅拌与通气湍动对流态化共同作用,双层锚式桨、框式桨等小桨叶面积的搅拌桨在较高转速条件下能强化流态化过程,与普通流化床相比具有更小的气泡尺寸和压力脉动,搅拌可抑制气泡聚并、破碎气泡,维持床层均匀流态化;而新型具有大桨叶面积的自清洁桨的搅拌作用强烈,在较高的转速下易形成桨叶前方的颗粒堆积和桨叶后方的气体短路等非正常流化现象,适宜于中等转速的操作条件。     

Critical fluidization velocities and maximum bed pressure drops of homogeneous binary mixture of irregular particles in gas-solid tapered fluidized beds

Recently, tapered fluidized bed has become more attractive because of the problems associated with conventional (cylindrical) beds like fluidization of widely distributed particles, entrainment of particles and limitation of fluidization velocity. There have been some investigations on hydrodynamics of uniform single size particles but there have been no detailed studies of homogeneous binary mixture of particles of different sizes and different particles in tapered beds. In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of homogeneous binary mixture of irregular particles in tapered beds having different tapered angles. Correlations have been developed for important characteristics, especially critical fluidization velocities and maximum bed pressure drops of homogeneous binary mixture of irregular particles in gas-solid tapered fluidized beds. Experimental values of critical fluidization velocities and maximum bed pressure drops have been compared with the developed correlations.     

床形结构对气固流化床流化质量和气体返混特性的影响

用实验方法比较了一个二维床和一个大型三维床内FCC颗粒流化床在鼓泡域和湍动域内的流化质量和气体返混特性。实验结果表明,床形对A类颗粒气固流化床具有非常大的影响。二维床和三维床的流动和气固混合行为既具有相似性,如床膨胀随气速的变化趋势;也具有很大的差异性,既包括三维床流化质量差、轴向气体扩散系数大等量上的不同,又包括压力脉动、轴向气体扩散系数的变化趋势以及湾流模式等质上的不同。总之,在本研究中,二维床体现的是一种具有强烈壁效应的小型流化床的特征,而三维床则体现的是静床高度具有很大影响的大型流化床的特征。     

Experimental investigation of a rotating fluidized bed in a static geometry

Rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry are based on the new concept of injecting the fluidization gas tangentially in the fluidization chamber, via multiple gas inlet slots in its cylindrical outer wall. The tangential injection of the fluidization gas fluidizes the particles tangentially and induces a rotating motion, generating a centrifugal field. Radial fluidization of the particle bed is created by introducing a radially inwards motion of the fluidization gas, towards a centrally positioned chimney. Correctly balancing the centrifugal force and the radial gas-solid drag force requires an optimization of the fluidization chamber design for each given type of particles. Solids feeding and removal can be continuous, via one of the end plates of the fluidization chamber.The fluidization behavior of both large diameter, low density polymer particles and small diameter, higher density salt particles is investigated at different solids loadings in a 24 cm diameter, 13.5 cm long non-optimized fluidization chamber. Scale-up to a 36 cm diameter fluidization chamber is illustrated.Provided that the solids loading is sufficiently high, a stable rotating fluidized bed in a static geometry is obtained. This requires to minimize the solids losses via the chimney. With the polymer particles, a dense and uniform bed is observed, whereas with the salt particles a less dense and less uniform bubbling bed is observed. Solids losses via the chimney are much more pronounced with the salt than with the polymer particles.Slugging and channeling occur at too low solids loadings. The hydrostatic gas phase pressure profiles along the outer cylindrical wall of the fluidization chamber are a good indicator of the particle bed uniformity and of channeling and slugging. The fluidization gas flow rate has only a minor effect on the occurrence of channeling and slugging, the solids loading in the fluidization chamber being the determining factor for obtaining a stable and uniform rotating fluidized bed in a static geometry.     

Prediction of critical fluidization velocity and maximum bed pressure drop for binary mixture of regular particles in gas–solid tapered fluidized beds

The problems associated with conventional (cylindrical) fluidized beds, viz., fluidization of wider size range of particles, entrainment of particles and limitation of fluidization velocity could be overcome by using tapered fluidized beds. Limited work has been carried out to study the hydrodynamics of single materials with uniform size particles in tapered beds. In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of binary mixtures of homogeneous and heterogeneous regular particles (glass bead and sago) in tapered fluidized beds having different tapered angles. Correlations have been developed for critical fluidization velocity and maximum bed pressure drop for gas–solid tapered fluidized beds for binary mixtures of regular particles. Model predictions were compared with experimental data, which were in good agreement.     

Numerical investigation of gas-solid heat transfer in rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry

Gas-solid heat transfer in rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry is theoretically and numerically investigated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the particle bed temperature response to a step change in the fluidization gas temperature are presented to illustrate the gas-solid heat transfer characteristics. A comparison with conventional fluidized beds is made. Rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry can operate at centrifugal forces multiple times gravity, allowing increased gas-solid slip velocities and resulting gas-solid heat transfer coefficients. The high ratio of the cylindrically shaped particle bed “width” to “height” allows a further increase of the specific fluidization gas flow rates. The higher specific fluidization gas flow rates and increased gas-solid slip velocities drastically increase the rate of gas-solid heat transfer in rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry. Furthermore, both the centrifugal force and the counteracting radial gas-solid drag force being influenced by the fluidization gas flow rate in a similar way, rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry offer extreme flexibility with respect to the fluidization gas flow rate and the related cooling or heating. Finally, the uniformity of the particle bed temperature is improved by the tangential fluidization and resulting rotational motion of the particle bed.     

Experimental and computational study of the bed dynamics of semi‐cylindrical gas–solid fluidized bed

With computational fluid dynamics (CFD) it is possible to get a detailed view of the flow behaviour of the fluidized beds. A profound and fundamental understanding of bed dynamics such as bed pressure drop, bed expansion ratio, bed fluctuation ratio, and minimum fluidization velocity of homogeneous binary mixtures has been made in a semi‐cylindrical fluidized column for gas–solid systems, resulting in a predictive model for fluidized beds. In the present work attempt has been made to study the effect of different system parameters (viz., size and density of the bed materials and initial static bed height) on the bed dynamics. The correlations for the bed expansion and bed fluctuations have been developed on the basis of dimensional analysis using these system parameters. Computational study has also been carried out using a commercial CFD package Fluent (Fluent, Inc.). A multifluid Eulerian model incorporating the kinetic theory for solid particles was applied in order to simulate the gas–solid flow. CFD simulated bed pressure drop has been compared with the experimental bed pressure drops under different conditions for which the results show good agreements.