开阔水域下换能器指向性实船校准方法研究

随着换能器谐振频率的降低,其尺寸一般会增大,现有的测量方法对其指向性的测量越来越困难,而且换能器在实船安装前后性能会发生变化。文章提出了一种基于三维立体水听器阵列的开阔水域下换能器指向性实船校准方法。利用超短基线定位和坐标转换确定待校准换能器与水听器阵列的位置与方向,并通过水听器阵的接收声压数据绘制换能器的指向性图。在湖上试验时分别使用标准测量法和实船校准法测量换能器的指向性,并对5 kHz和2.5 kHz频率下的实验数据进行对比分析,测试结果表明：-3 dB波束宽度误差分别为4.2%和7.4%,均满足水声测量误差低于10%的要求,证明了实船校准法的可行性和有效性。     

圆环式径向换能器声压分布及其指向性

根据圆环式径向换能器的对称性,定性分析了其声压分布性质,提出将辐射面镶在无限幕上并向辐射面的外法线所在的半空间辐射声场的分析模型;根据惠更斯原理,推导了圆环式径向换能器辐射声场远场区的声压分布以及指向性函数;通过MATLAB绘制指向性函数曲线,研究换能器的有效工作段长度、外径以及辐射频率对其指向性的影响。结果表明,当换能器的尺寸一定时,辐射频率增大,指向性增强;当换能器的辐射频率和外径一定时,换能器的有效工作段长度增大,指向性增强;当换能器的辐射频率和有效工作段长度一定时,外径对声场指向性的影响不大。结合有限元分析软件COMSOL Multiphysics,仿真声波在混凝土中的传播,进一步验证了以上结论。     

VII型低频弯张稀土换能器研究

为了进一步提高VII型弯张换能器的工作性能,本文对VII型低频弯张稀土换能器课题研究作了总结:研究了弯张换能器各方向尺寸与其同相振动谐振频率之间的关系;计算了VII型弯张换能器壳体给驱动元件施加一定预应力时,壳体所需的装配位移的大小,并作了相应的实验验证;对研制出的换能器弯张壳体及换能器的振动模态进行了测试,与理论计算相符;测试了VII型弯张换能器的声学性能-水中呼吸模态对应谐振频率为1.16kHz,带宽为680Hz,机械品质因数Qm为1.71,单位电流发射响应在谐振频率处达到186.1dB,电声效率为13.1%;弯张换能器随入水深度的不同, 驱动元件两端所受到的总的预应力是不同的,计算了换能器入水深度与预应力的关系;利用赫姆霍茨积分方程—有限元结合方法,计算出了换能器辐射声场指向性。在本文最后,指出了今后改进该型换能器性能的方向。     

高静水压下换能器阻抗特性的测量方法研究

针对在小腔体中阻抗分析仪发射连续波无法准确测得换能器阻抗的问题,提出一种在高静水压下使用脉冲正弦信号激励换能器测量阻抗的方法。以采样电阻法为基础,根据腔体尺寸确定发射脉冲个数以及可测频率范围来有效避免腔体边界反射对测量造成的影响。通过设置不同的发射频率,分别采集换能器两端及采样电阻两端的电压波形信号,利用已知频率的三参数正弦曲线拟合法分别得到波形信号的幅值和初始相位角,计算得到换能器的导纳值。改变静水压力,利用脉冲法测得0~10 MPa静水压下换能器导纳特性。实验结果表明,采用脉冲正弦信号激励的方法可在有限空间内准确测量换能器的阻抗特性;且随着静水压力的升高换能器的谐振频率发生偏移,导纳圆直径减小。     

弯曲振动气介式超声换能器的振动特性及辐射声场研究

本文对弯曲振动气介式超声换能器进行了研究，推出了夹心式换能器与弯曲圆板二者复合振子的机电等效电路及其总体频率方程，得出了其远场声压分布及指向性的解析表达式，并数值计算了换能器近场三维声压分布。     

弹性球壳声散射对矢量传感器测向精度的影响

由无指向性的声压传感器和具有偶极子指向性的振速传感器组成的矢量传感器,被应用于水声技术的各个领域;在实际应用过程中,常常把矢量传感器固定在某个水下平台上,而平台产生的散射场会使矢量传感器的接收声场发生畸变,进而影响其测量结果。本文以实际应用为背景,建立了弹性球壳障板的声散射场对矢量传感器测向性能影响的模型,并通过仿真分析了不同入射频率、不同观察距离、不同球壳厚度和半径条件下障板对矢量传感器测向精度的影响,研究结果为矢量传感器在水声测量中的应用提供理论支撑。     

水声材料大样反射系数测量中不同测量方法比较

介绍了水声材料大样反射系数测量中使用的三种测量方法（单水听器声压法、偶极子双水听器声压法和双水听器声强法）的原理,并在8m×5m×5m消声水池中、2kHz-20kHz频率范围内对尺寸为160cm×120cm的标准钢板样品的反射系数进行了对比测量试验。结果表明：具有一定指向性的偶极子水听器和声强探头能够有效降低样品边缘衍射的干扰,在自由场大样低频段的测试中表现得比单水听器测量更为优越的性能。     

高频宽带圆管换能器研究

压电圆管换能器是水声领域中广泛应用的换能器之一,它一般采用压电圆管的径向振动模态。利用压电圆管的径向振动模态和高阶振动模态来实现圆管的宽带发射性能。采用有限元方法对圆管换能器进行了分析,利用ANSYS软件建立圆管换能器的有限元模型,并对其进行结构优化。最终所制作换能器的径向谐振频率为47.5kHz,其工作带宽为40~80kHz,发送电压响应起伏不超过±4dB,最大发送电压响应为150dB。研究结果表明：所采用的有限元法计算结果与测试结果吻合较好,换能器实现了高频、宽带、水平无指向性的发射性能。     

宽带压电圆管换能器的设计

0引言压电圆管型换能器具有结构简单、工作性能稳定、接收灵敏度高等优点,尤其它在水平方向不呈指向性,因此水下通讯用换能器经常采用这种类型。用作发射换能器时,主要有两种结构形势:自由溢流式和空气背衬式。溢流式圆管换能器结构形势更为简单,其最大特点是不受工作水深的限制,通过对液腔谐振峰的应用可以降低工作频率,也可以拓展工作频带,使其在低频远距离水声通讯中得     

Ⅶ型低频弯张稀土换能器研究

为了进一步提高Ⅶ型弯张换能器的工作性能，本文对Ⅶ型低频弯张稀土换能器课题研究作了总结：研究了弯张换能器各方向尺寸与其同相振动谐振频率之间的关系；计算了Ⅶ型弯张换能器壳体给驱动元件施加一定预应力时，壳体所需的装配位移的大小，并作了相应的实验验证；对研制出的换能器弯张壳体及换能器的振动模态进行了测试，与理论计算相符：测试了Ⅶ型弯张换能器的声学性能．水中呼吸模态对应谐振频率为1．16kHz,带宽为680Hz，机械品质因数Qm为1．71，单位电流发射响应在谐振频率处达到186．1dB，电声效率为13．1％；弯张换能器随入水深度的不同，驱动元件两端所受到的总的预应力是不同的，计算了换能器入水深度与预应力的关系；利用赫姆霍茨积分方程一有限元结合方法，计算出了换能器辐射声场指向性。在本文最后，指出了今后改进该型换能器性能的方向。     

Broadband EMFi-based transducers for ultrasonic air applications

In this work, we explore the possibilities of electromechanical film (EMFi) as a new material for developing broadband transducers for ultrasonic air applications. The advantages of the EMFi film are its wide usable frequency range and easiness to use, making it highly suitable for self made, customizable ultrasonic sensors. This paper presents theoretical and experimental information focused on the needs of the sensor's end user, namely, frequency response, actual dynamic mass and Young's modulus, bandwidth, sensitivity, electromechanical dynamical model, acoustic response, and directivity. It is found empirically that the behavior of the film as an almost ideal piston-like acoustic source permits accurate prediction of the characteristics of transducers built on a developable surface. The results obtained represent the first step to more complex geometries, and, ultimately, to completely customizable field ultrasonic transducers.     

气介式功率超声复合换能器的声辐射特性研究

本文对气介式功率超声复合换能器的辐射声场进行了理论计算并与实验结果进行了对比。该复合换能器由夹心式纵向振动半波长换能器及弯曲振动的薄圆盘组成。从理论上推出了弯曲振动辐射圆盘在不同边界条件下的辐射声场分布及其共振频率方程。理论分析结果表明,固定边界弯曲振动圆盘辐射声场的指向性最佳,并且指向性的理论计算结果与实验结果符合很好。     

Half-thickness inversion layer high-frequency ultrasonic transducers using LiNbO3 single crystal.

Half-thickness inversion layer high-frequency ultrasonic transducers were fabricated using lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single crystal plate. The transducers developed for this study used a 36 degrees rotated Y-cut LiNbO3 thin plate with an active element thickness of 115 microm. The designed center frequency was in the range of 30 to 60 MHz. Half-thickness inversion layer was formed after the sample was annealed at a high temperature, and it is shown that the inversion layer thickness can be controlled by the temperature. Silver powder/epoxy composite and parylene were used as acoustic matching layers. A lossy silver epoxy was used as the backing material. Using an analytical method, the electrical impedance for different inversion layer ratios was determined. The measured resonant frequency was consistent with the modeled data. Even-order higher frequency broadband ultrasonic transducers with a center frequency at 60 MHz was obtained using half-thickness inversion layer of LiNbO3 single crystal.     

换能器组阵对声场指向性的影响

根据点声源的声场指向性函数,推导出了考虑换能器振动面积时单个超声波换能器的指向性函数和由其组成的矩形阵列的指向性函数,研究了单个超声波换能器和其组成阵列的指向性。计算分析了阵元面积、阵元间距及阵元数目对超声波换能器阵列指向性的影响,为高指向性噪声的控制和声武器对抗提供帮助。     

Half-thickness inversion layer high-frequency ultrasonic transducers using LiNbO/sub 3/ single crystal

Half-thickness inversion layer high-frequency ultrasonic transducers were fabricated using lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) single crystal plate. The transducers developed for this study used a 36deg rotated Y-cut LiNbO₃ thin plate with an active element thickness of 115 mum. The designed center frequency was in the range of 30 to 60 MHz. Half-thickness inversion layer was formed after the sample was annealed at a high temperature, and it is shown that the inversion layer thickness can be controlled by the temperature. Silver powder/epoxy composite and parylene were used as acoustic matching layers. A lossy silver epoxy was used as the backing material. Using an analytical method, the electrical impedance for different inversion layer ratios was determined. The measured resonant frequency was consistent with the modeled data. Even-order higher frequency broadband ultrasonic transducers with a center frequency at 60 MHz were obtained using half-thickness inversion layer of LiNbO₃ single crystal     

Detecting Localized Plastic Strain by a Scanning Collinear Wave Mixing Method

When the frequencies of a pair of collinear shear and longitudinal waves satisfy the resonant condition, mixing of these two primary waves generates a third, resonant shear wave that propagates in the direction opposite to the propagating direction of the primary shear wave. In this study, experiments were conducted to demonstrate that the acoustic nonlinearity parameter at the location of the mixing zone can be obtained by measuring the resonant shear wave. Since the location of the mixing zone can be controlled by adjusting the trigger time of the transducers that generate the primary waves, this collinear wave mixing technique enables the scanning of a bar sample to measure the distribution of acoustic nonlinearity along the bar. To demonstrate this scanning capability, bar samples with non-uniform acoustic nonlinearity parameters were fabricated by inducing localized plastic deformation at known locations. Scanning collinear wave mixing tests conducted on such bar samples clearly identified the locations of the plastic zone. These results show that collinear wave mixing is a promising method for scanning the test sample to map out the distribution of localized plastic deformation.     

Diffraction field of a low frequency vibrator in soft tissues using transient elastography

For the last 10 years, interest has grown in low frequency shear waves that propagate in the human body. However, the generation of shear waves by acoustic vibrators is a relatively complex problem, and the directivity patterns of shear waves produced by the usual vibrators are more complicated than those obtained for longitudinal ultrasonic transducers. To extract shear modulus parameters from the shear wave propagation in soft tissues, it is important to understand and to optimize the directivity pattern of shear wave vibrators. This paper is devoted to a careful study of the theoretical and the experimental directivity pattern produced by a point source in soft tissues. Both theoretical and experimental measurements show that the directivity pattern of a point source vibrator presents two very strong lobes for an angle around 35 degrees . This paper also points out the impact of the near field in the problem of shear wave generation.     

Galton型高强气流声源的发声特性

文章介绍了一款带中心杆的Galton型气流声源,通过试验和数值模拟方法,研究了该声源发声特性、进气压力对声场分布的影响以及流体介质对发声特性的影响.研究发现,该声源稳定发声时,共鸣腔内压力场与流场均呈周期性变化;不同进气压力下,声场空间分布基本一致,具有较强的声指向性.共鸣腔后侧轴线处,声压级达到最大值,为153 dB...     

多极声源在裸眼井外的纵横波辐射特性

声波远探测方法已逐渐成为石油测井的一门重要应用技术,声源向井外地层中的辐射特性是远探测声场的主控因数。推导了单极、偶极和四极子声源的远场位移渐近解与辐射指向性公式,模拟分析了低频和常规测井频率下多极子声源在井外地层中的辐射图样,优选出不同声源辐射到地层中的优势波类型,并对比了不同频率下优势波指向性的变化规律。结果表明:单极辐射P波和偶极辐射SH横波在各自的辐射声场中占据了主导地位,它们对应的最佳激发频段分别在10 k Hz和4 k Hz左右,而在四极子声源的辐射声场中,P波和SH横波的指向性相近,均优于SV横波,且两者在7 k Hz左右达到最佳,为多极子声波远探测技术的应用提供了理论支持。     

The improvement of dynamic characteristics of ultrasonic therapeutic transducers using fine-grain PZT-based piezoceramics

Optimizing the dynamic resonant characteristics of ultrasonic therapeutic transducers depends most importantly on fine-grain piezoceramics with good resonant properties. In this paper, we prepare and compare modified Pb/sub 0.99/Sr/sub 0.01/[0.03(Mn/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)-0.97(Zr/sub 0.51/Ti/sub 0.49/)]O/sub 3/ piezoceramics with 0.1 wt% CaCO/sub 3/ and 0.8 wt% PbO additives (PMZT3) synthesized by B-oxides precursor (BO) and conventional ceramic mixed-oxide methods (MO). Our experimental results show that the BO-type piezoceramics have better grain microstructure and better material properties [e.g., d/sub 33/= 340 pc/N, k/sub t/= 0.52, Q/sub m/= 1250, temperature coefficient of change rate of resonant frequency (TCF) = 0.01%/°C, and temperature coefficient of change rate of clamped capacitance (TCC) = 0.18%/°C]. We construct 1-MHz transducers using our BO and MO types of piezoceramics and examine their dynamic resonant characteristics as the transducers are driven by a power driver with open-loop control. Results show that the transducers with the BO-type piezoceramics have better dynamic characteristics, such as time stability (e.g., aging rate of resonant frequency at thickness mode = 0.26%/decade cycle, and aging rate of clamped capacitance = 0.55%/decade cycle) and temperature stability as BO-type piezoceramics. Furthermore, we observe that the clamped capacitance variation has more influence on the transducer dynamic characteristics than the resonant frequency variation, and we verify the observation from the partial derivative ratio of the transfer function derived by a simulated ultrasonic equivalent circuit system. It is concluded that the BO-type piezoceramics are better candidates than the MO-type samples for obtaining optimum dynamic resonant characteristics in ultrasonic therapeutic transducers.