CFRP筋增强ECC梁弯曲性能试验研究

为研究碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)筋/超高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composite,ECC)梁的抗弯性能,对3根CFRP筋/ECC梁、1根玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(Glass fiber reinforced polymer,GFRP)筋/梁和1根CFRP筋混凝土梁进行了四点弯曲试验,分析了配筋率、纤维增强树脂复合材料(Fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)筋类型和基体类型对梁抗弯性能的影响。试验结果表明:CFRP筋/ECC梁与GFRP筋/ECC梁和CFRP筋混凝土梁类似,均经历了弹性阶段、带裂缝工作阶段和破坏阶段;配筋率对CFRP筋/ECC梁的受弯性能影响较大。随着配筋率的增加,CFRP筋/ECC梁的承载能力不断提高,延性性能逐渐减弱;ECC材料优异的应变硬化能力和受压延性,使得CFRP筋/ECC梁的极限承载能力和变形能力均优于CFRP筋混凝土梁;由于ECC材料多裂缝开裂能力,CFRP筋/ECC梁开裂后,纵筋表面应变分布比CFRP筋混凝土梁更均匀; 由于聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维的桥联作用,CFRP筋/ECC梁破坏时,其表面出现了大量的细密裂缝,且能保持较好的完整性和自复位能力;正常使用阶段,CFRP筋/ECC梁的最大弯曲裂缝宽度均小于CFRP筋混凝土梁。最后,根据试验结果,建立了基于等效应力图的CFRP筋/ECC梁弯曲承载力简化计算模型,确定模型中的相关系数。由简化模型计算的极限承载力与试验结果具有较好的相关性。      

FRP筋-钢筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱抗震性能研究

提出一种在塑性铰区域采用高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)替代混凝土来改善FRP筋-钢筋增强混凝土柱抗震性能的新方法。对FRP筋-钢筋增强ECC-混凝土构件进行了低周往复荷载试验,系统地考察了基体材料、筋材种类、轴压比对构件破坏模态、裂缝模式、承载力、残余变形、延性和耗能能力的影响。结果表明,将ECC替代塑性铰区域混凝土能够有效避免FRP筋的受压屈曲,进而显著提升组合柱的抗震性能。与钢筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱相比,复合筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱的残余变形明显更小,且屈服后的刚度更高。随着轴压比的增大,构件极限强度升高但变形能力降低。通过有限元参数分析可知,组合柱的承载力和变形能力均随着ECC抗压强度及总配筋率的增大而增大;在总配筋率不变的情况下,FRP筋占比越高,构件的延性越好。     

基于高阶剪切理论的复合材料格栅夹层板弯曲特性

基于高阶剪切弯曲理论,对含有软质芯材的复合材料格栅夹层板的弯曲特性进行了理论研究。基于能量法,推导了含有软质芯材的复合材料格栅的等效弹性参数计算式;基于高阶剪切弯曲理论,推导了夹层板的弯曲平衡微分方程,并采用Navier方法,给出了分布载荷作用下四边简支、上下表层为对称正交铺层的夹层板弯曲问题的理论解;用算例对典型格栅夹层板的理论解和有限元仿真解进行了对比,两者误差为7.1%,验证了本文理论方法的正确性;并分析了夹层板跨厚比、格栅厚度、格栅复合材料铺层角度、格栅间距等参量对含有软质芯材的典型复合材料格栅夹层板弯曲挠度的影响规律。      

功能自恢复SMA/ECC墩柱抗震性能试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

墩柱作为主要承重构件,其抗震能力对整个桥梁结构的安全至关重要。为了提高墩柱的变形能力、耗能能力及损伤自修复能力,减小墩柱震后的残余变形和损伤,实现震后不修复或者稍作修复就可恢复正常功能,提出了一种基于形状记忆合金(Shape memory alloy,SMA)和工程水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composites,ECC)的新型自复位墩柱。利用SMA的超弹恢复性能,在墩柱的塑性铰区用SMA筋来替代普通纵向钢筋,来实现墩柱的自复位功能;利用ECC的应变硬化特性,ECC替代墩柱的塑性铰区普通混凝土,提高墩柱耗能能力并减少损伤。设计制作了5个试验试件,分别为普通钢筋混凝土墩柱、普通钢筋ECC墩柱、钢绞线普通混凝土墩柱、钢绞线ECC墩柱和形状记忆合金筋ECC墩柱,并进行低周反复加载试验,对比分析了不同墩柱的破坏模式、承载力、延性和耗能能力等抗震性能。研究结果表明:SMA材料能够增强结构的变形能力,提高结构的延性,减小结构残余变形;ECC材料能够提高结构延性,减缓裂缝的开展速度,提高结构的耗能能力。与普通钢筋混凝土墩柱相比,SMA/ECC墩柱不仅表现出较好的延性,且构件复位效果良好,显著减小了结构损伤,展现出更好的抗震性能。     

氯盐侵蚀作用下BFRP筋增强海砂ECC的拉伸及弯曲性能试验

为推广使用海洋资源,采用海砂代替硅砂制备工程水泥基复合材料(Engineering cementitious composites,ECC).将海砂ECC与玄武岩纤维增强树脂复合材料(Basalt fiber reinforced polymer,BFRP)筋结合,充分发挥两种材料的优点,以获得更强的耐腐蚀性能及更为优...     

纤维网格增强超高韧性水泥复合材料加固混凝土圆柱受压性能试验

为提升纤维增强聚合物复合材料（FRP）在加固材料中的优势和发挥效率,同时克服传统纤维网格增强砂浆的抗裂性差的缺点,将超高韧性水泥基材料（ECC）替代砂浆作为FRP网格无机黏结剂的新型复合材料已被提出,但仍缺乏相关的基础研究。本文以新型聚乙烯型ECC为基材,重点研究FRP grid/ECC加固混凝土柱的加固机制。以标准混凝土圆柱为试验对象,采用新型ECC材料为基材的FRP grid/ECC复合材料,以不同强度素混凝土、不同网格材料（玄武岩纤维增强聚合物复合材料（BFRP）与碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料（CFRP）网格）为试验变量,研究了该加固方式下对混凝土轴心受压性能的影响。试验结果表明,该加固方法可有效改善素混凝土脆性压溃破坏模式,提高峰值强度及受压延性。基于FRP grid/ECC材性特征,提出两阶段FRP grid/ECC加固机制,并基于该机制提出加固素混凝土圆柱承载力计算方法。      

侧向约束GFRP筋混凝土板内压缩薄膜效应的研究

当混凝土板受到平面内的侧向约束时, 由于压缩薄膜效应(Compressive Membrane Action-CMA)的存在, 板的极限承载力和工作性能将显著提高. 为了正确认识纤维增强材料(FRP)筋混凝土桥面结构的工作性能, 建立了一组带有横向约束的玻璃纤维增强筋材混凝土板带来分析板内压缩薄膜效应对这一非金属筋材混凝土结构的影响. 试验中发现GFRP筋混凝土板带的工作性能主要受到横向约束刚度和混凝土强度的影响, 而配筋率的影响却不明显. 现行的设计规范(ACI440R-06)由于没有考虑板内压缩薄膜效应的作用严重低估了GFRP筋混凝土板带的承载能力. 因此基于过去对钢筋混凝土桥梁面板的研究, 建立了一套考虑板内压缩薄膜效应的GFRP筋混凝土桥梁面板承载力计算模型. 通过与多个试验结果进行对比后发现, 该理论算法与试验结果有着良好的吻合.     

海水浸泡对FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的影响

开展了30℃海水浸泡条件下玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GFRP）筋、碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）筋与珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的试验研究,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料（FRP）筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结滑移曲线特征、破坏形态及粘结强度变化。试验结果表明,海水浸泡后FRP筋力学性能和粘结性能均表现为不同程度的降低。随浸泡时间增加,GFRP筋表层树脂与纤维间的孔隙率明显增大,并逐渐出现脱粘现象,纤维本身遭受到侵蚀,而CFRP筋仅表面基体有少许损伤,其耐久性明显优于GFRP筋;FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结强度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,且后期下降速率逐渐变小,部分GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土试件的破坏模式逐渐由筋被拔出转变为筋材断裂;增加保护层厚度能有效地减缓海水对GFRP筋的侵蚀,有利于保持GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土间的粘结性能。     

复合材料夹层板单向受弯应力分析

基于非线性软质芯材位移模式的高阶剪切变形Zigzag夹层板理论,运用有限元方法分析了木质芯材-玻璃纤维增强聚合物（Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer,下文缩写为GFRP）面板增强层、木芯材-GFRP竹混合增强层、以及泡沫芯材-GFRP面板增强层三种由真空导入工艺制作的复合材料夹层板;以米塞斯应力屈服准则为依据计算了特征点极限荷载,提出层间应力差作为树脂层的计算依据;考虑到根据本构模型直接由有限元法求得的位移获得的横向剪应力精度较低,采用基于应力平衡方程的最小二乘法计算了夹层板横向剪应力。对比实验和等效截面法的分析结果表明,基于非线性软质芯材位移模式的高阶剪切变形zigzag理论有限元分析法对于硬质和软质芯材复合材料夹层板都是十分有效的、实用的分析方法,适合于精细化分析和设计;等效截面法对于硬质芯材复合材料夹层板具有一定准确性,适合于初步分析和设计。     

玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料筋与工程水泥基复合材料黏结性能

为了研究玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）复合材料筋和工程水泥基复合材料（ECC）黏结性能的影响因素,对42个GFRP/ECC试件进行了拉拔试验,分析了GFRP复合材料筋表面形式、直径、ECC基体强度及保护层厚度等因素对GFRP复合材料筋与ECC基体黏结性能的影响。结果表明:GFRP/ECC试件的破坏形式主要有拔出破坏、筋剥离剪切破坏、劈裂破坏三种形式。表面带肋GFRP复合材料筋黏结强度比光滑GFRP复合材料筋高约66%;当ECC保护层厚度由1.5D（D为GFRP筋直径）增大至4D时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度提高了约58%;当GFRP复合材料筋直径为12~18 mm时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度随着GFRP复合材料筋直径的增大而降低;ECC强度由33.7 MPa增大至73.3 MPa时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度增大约3倍。增加GFRP复合材料筋表面形式复杂程度,或一定程度上提高ECC基体保护层厚度、提高ECC强度等级,有助于提高GFRP复合材料筋与ECC的黏结强度。      

Application of ECC for bridge deck link slabs

In this article, the application of ECC in a bridge deck link slab is described. The unique ultra high tensile ductility and tight crack width of self-consolidating ECC is exploited in this application to improve bridge deck constructability, durability, and sustainability. Design guidelines and material specifications were developed for implementation of this ECC link slab technology. A construction project implementing these guidelines and specifications was conducted in 2005 on an ECC-concrete bridge deck in southeast Michigan, USA. This article summarizes the experience of this project.     

Tests of continuous concrete slabs reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced polymer bars

Although several research studies have been conducted on simply supported concrete elements reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, there is little reported work on the behaviour of continuous elements. This paper reports the testing of four continuously supported concrete slabs reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. Different arrangements of CFRP reinforcement at mid-span and over the middle support were considered. Two simply supported concrete slabs reinforced with under and over CFRP reinforcement and a continuous concrete slab reinforced with steel bars were also tested for comparison purposes. All continuous CFRP reinforced concrete slabs exhibited a combined shear–flexure failure mode. It was also shown that increasing the bottom mid-span CFRP reinforcement of continuous slabs is more effective than the top over middle support CFRP reinforcement in improving the load capacity and reducing mid-span deflections. The ACI 440.1R–06 formulas overestimated the experimental moment at failure but better predicted the load capacity of continuous CFRP reinforced concrete slabs tested. The ACI 440.1R–06, ISIS–M03–07 and CSA S806-06 design code equations reasonably predicted the deflections of the CFRP continuously supported slabs having under reinforcement at the bottom layer but underestimated deflections of continuous slabs with over-reinforcement at the bottom layer.     

Investigation of structural behaviours of laterally restrained GFRP reinforced concrete slabs

The corrosion of reinforcement in concrete bridge deck has been the cause of major deterioration and of high costs in repair and maintenance. Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcement is a more durable alternative to steel reinforcement and has higher strength to weight ratio. Due to the low value of elasticity and brittle behaviour of GFRP, the service behaviour of GFRP reinforced concrete structure is critical. However, laterally restrained slabs, such as those in bridge deck slabs, exhibit arching action or compressive membrane action (CMA) which has a beneficial influence on the service behaviour such as the deflection. This paper presents the results of experimental tests and numerical analysis of laterally restrained GFRP reinforced concrete slabs with varying some structural variables. The analysis results are discussed and conclusions on the compressive membrane action in GFRP reinforced concrete slabs are presented.     

Fatigue analysis of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with E-glass/vinyl ester FRP reinforcing bars

FRP composites have been widely used as internal reinforcement for concrete bridge deck slabs. However, experimental researches on the behavior of such FRP-reinforced elements in general have been limited, especially those on fatigue performance. This research is designed to investigate the fatigue behavior of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with GFRP bars. A total of six full-size deck slabs were constructed and tested under concentrated cyclic loading conditions. Different reinforcement types, ratios, and configurations were used. Also, different schemes of cyclic loading were applied till failure. Finite element modeling was used to investigate the effect of different parameters on the ultimate static capacity. The results showed the superior fatigue performance and longer fatigue life of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with GFRP composite bars compared to the steel reinforced ones.     

Static and fatigue investigation of second generation steel-free bridge decks

This paper outlines the static and fatigue behavior of two different cast-in-place second generation steel-free bridge decks. Although cast monolithically, the first bridge deck was divided into three segments. The first segment was reinforced according to conventional design with steel reinforcement. The other two segments were both steel-free designs with internal crack control grids, one comprised of CFRP, and the other with GFRP. The hybrid CFRP/GFRP and steel strap design is called the second generation of the steel-free concrete bridge deck. The hybrid system reduces the development of longitudinal crack width and eliminates corrosion in the deck. All three segments were tested under a 25 ton and 60 ton cyclic load to investigate fatigue behavior. The second bridge deck is comprised of an internal panel and two cantilevers and incorporates a complete civionics system [Klowak C, Mufti A. Implementation of civionics in a second generation steel-free bridge deck. In: Proceedings of the 33rd annual general conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. Toronto, Ont., June 2–4, 2005]. The static test outlined in this paper is useful in the development of fatigue theory derived from the fatigue testing of the first bridge deck.     

Fatigue behaviour of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with GFRP bars

GFRP bars are often used for the internal reinforcement of concrete bridge deck slabs as an alternative to traditional steel reinforcements with excellent results in terms of corrosion resistance. Several experiments on bridge decks were conducted to evaluate their structural behaviour but their fatigue performance still needs an adequate experimental investigation. This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign on four full scale concrete bridge deck specimens reinforced with GFRP bars that were designed, constructed and tested to resist cyclic moving loads. Two hydraulic jacks were used to simulate moving concentrated loads. After the cycles, the load was increased to the static failure. The slabs reinforced with GFRP bars showed a better fatigue performance compared to the requests of the European codes.     

RC two-way slabs strengthened with CFRP strips: experimental study and a limit analysis approach

This paper deals with strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) two-way slabs with carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) strips bonded to the tensile face. The first part deals with an experimental study. The fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) strengthened slab test presents a failure mode with debonding of the external FRP strips from the slab. The second part deals with a limit analysis modelling. The strengthened slab is designed as a three-layered plate. A simplified laminated plate model is used to describe the behaviour of three-layered plate supported in four sides, which is subjected to a load in the centre. The upper bound theorem of limit analysis is used to approximate the ultimate load capacity and identify the different collapse mechanisms. Experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions.     

Early-age restrained shrinkage cracking of GFRP-RC bridge deck slabs: Effect of environmental conditions

Most of codes and guidelines for glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) - Reinforced Concrete (RC) are based on modifying corresponding formulas, originally developed for steel bars, taking into account the differences in properties and behavior between FRP and steel. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of cyclic environments on early-age cracking of GFRP-RC bridge deck slabs experimentally. Two full-scale (measuring 2500-mm long × 765-mm wide × 180-mm thick) cast-in-place slabs reinforced with similar amounts of reinforcement ratio of 0.7% with GFRP and steel bars, respectively, were tested in adiabatic laboratory conditions as control specimens. In comparison, two other GFRP-RC deck slabs were tested under freezing–thawing and wetting–drying conditions. The test results are presented in terms of materials degradation, cracking pattern, crack width, and spacing, and strains in reinforcement and concrete. Test results indicate that the minimum reinforcement ratio (0.7%) recommended by the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code 2006 (CHBDC 2006) for bridge deck slabs reinforced with GFRP bars satisfied the serviceability requirements after being subjected to the simulated cyclic exposures.