搅拌摩擦加工对原位TiB2/7075复合材料性能的影响

用搅拌摩擦加工法处理原位自生TiB2/7075复合材料,分析了经过不同加工道次的复合材料的微观结构、拉伸性能。结果表明:经过搅拌摩擦加工,搅拌区内的复合材料晶粒细小,颗粒大团聚被打散,颗粒在微米尺度分布更为均匀,同时消除了在制备过程中产生的浇铸缺陷。在搅拌区内复合材料的晶粒直径由45μm细化到2μm。与一道次加工相比,经过四道次搅拌摩擦加工的复合材料,其微观组织形貌更为均匀。缺陷的消除以及微观组织的改变,使复合材料搅拌区的拉伸性能得到显著提高,四道次加工的材料断裂强度为母材的1.3倍,而延伸率则为母材的8倍。     

搅拌摩擦加工制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究现状及展望

铝合金作为现代工程和高新技术领域发展的关键材料之一,具有密度小、比强度和比刚度高、耐蚀性好等特点。通过在铝基体中添加增强相颗粒,制备得到的颗粒增强铝基复合材料既有铝合金良好的强度、韧性、易成形性等特点,又有颗粒的高强、高模等优点,是近年来应用最广的一类金属基复合材料。 目前,制备铝基复合材料的方法主要有粉末冶金法、铸造以及超声波法等,但这些方法在制备过程中需要较高的温度,颗粒与金属基体容易发生不良的界面反应,从而影响界面结合效果,降低复合材料的性能。搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)作为一种新型的固相加工技术,可同时实现材料微观组织的细化、致密化和均匀化。目前,FSP直接法已在铝基复合材料制备方面取得应用,主要是将增强相颗粒通过打盲孔或开槽的方式预置在金属基体内再进行FSP,进而制备出高致密度的颗粒增强铝基复合材料。因为FSP过程的温度低,颗粒与铝基体不会发生界面反应,所以该方法也被用于制备具有形状记忆效应(SME)的铝基功能复合材料。 近年研究结果表明,颗粒相对FSP制备的铝基复合材料晶粒细化起到显著作用,这有助于提高复合材料的拉伸强度、显微硬度及疲劳强度等力学性能。随着颗粒含量的增加和颗粒尺寸的减小,复合材料的力学性能得以增强。再者,减小颗粒尺寸有利于改善颗粒与基体之间的结合。另外,通过优化搅拌头的结构、形状和尺寸,以及FSP工艺参数,已经可以实现加工后颗粒相在基体中的均匀分布。 鉴于搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)直接法在制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料方面所具备的短流程、高效能以及基体与增强相颗粒界面无杂质等优势,本文对目前FSP直接法制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料的最新研究现状进行了总结。主要综述了FSP制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料过程中颗粒的含量、类型及尺寸对复合材料组织与力学性能的影响,并对颗粒分布均匀性以及颗粒与铝基体的界面问题做了阐述。文章最后深入分析了当前研究中的不足之处并展望了未来的研究方向。     

多道次搅拌摩擦加工对SiCP/2A14铝合金复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)技术对SiC颗粒增强2A14铝合金(SiC_P/2A14)复合材料进行处理,通过金相表征、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、SEM、硬度测试及力学拉伸实验等分析了多道次搅拌摩擦加工对SiC_P/2A14复合材料微观组织、力学性能及超塑性变形行为的影响。研究表明:经搅拌摩擦加工后,SiC_P/2A14复合材料搅拌区内SiC颗粒分布明显均匀,晶粒细化,其中2道次搅拌摩擦加工的SiC_P/2A14复合材料的晶粒尺寸最小,为3.14 μm。随着搅拌加工道次的增加,SiC_P/2A14复合材料的硬度降低,室温抗拉强度和高温延伸率均先提高后降低,其中2道次搅拌摩擦加工的SiC_P/2A14复合材料的室温抗拉强度为319 MPa,相较于未经FSP处理的SiC_P/2A14复合材料提高了41%,在500℃、应变速率为1.0×10?3 s?1条件下高温延伸率为609%,相较于未经FSP处理的SiC_P/2A14复合材料提高了133%。      

搅拌摩擦加工工艺及水冷对A356铸铝合金晶粒细化作用及变形控制

A356铸铝合金因具有良好的可加工性、可焊接性以及低成本等优点在航空航天、汽车制造等多领域有巨大应用潜力.但铸造缺陷、晶粒及第二相粗大造成的力学性能恶化严重制约其实际应用.搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)是消除铸造缺陷、细化晶粒及第二相的有效技术之一.为探究FSP工艺与晶粒细化的内在联系,并优化加工区A356铝合金组织及性能,系统分析了加工参数及冷却工艺对加工区成型、晶粒细化、显微硬度及加工变形的影响.结果表明:转速和加工速度所引起的应变和热量共同影响晶粒细化程度;随着转速的增加,材料所受应变提高,从而有利于晶粒细化,但高转速和低加工速度所产生的高热输入会导致晶粒长大.水冷工艺则可有效抑制晶粒的长大和加工变形.Si第二相颗粒周围会因位错堆积而引发局部晶粒的超细化.     

搅拌摩擦加工对过共晶Al-Si-Fe合金组织及性能的影响

对过共晶Al-Si-Fe合金进行了搅拌摩擦加工(FSP),研究了不同FSP转速和道次对过共晶铝硅合金强度和组织的影响。其中,选择搅拌转速分别为750r/min、1050r/min和1500r/min,搅拌道次分别为1道、2道、3道。结果表明,合金经过FSP加工后,硅、含铁相等硬质第二相颗粒强烈细化,但随着搅拌转速的提高,硬质相颗粒细化效果变差,第二相颗粒平均粒径由11.7μm变为15.5μm。随着搅拌道次的增加,细化效果越发显著,第二相颗粒的平均粒径由11.7μm变为8.9μm。FSP加工后材料抗拉强度和延伸率较铸态大幅度提高。当搅拌转速为750r/min、道次为3时,材料的拉伸强度和延伸率分别由铸态的48MPa、0.43%提高到150MPa、2.97%。因此,经FSP后过共晶铝硅合金组织和力学性能得到极大改善。     

水下多道次搅拌摩擦加工对纯铜微观组织和力学性能的影响

目的 分别在空气中和水中对铜板进行单道次和多道次搅拌摩擦加工（FSP）,以此探究冷却介质和加工道次对纯铜微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法 选择厚度为3 mm的T2纯铜板分别在空气中进行1～2道次加工,在水下进行1～4道次加工。使用光学显微镜、显微硬度检测、扫描电子显微镜和拉伸试验机对加工后的试样进行微观组织和力学性能检测。结果 与空气中的搅拌摩擦加工相比,水下搅拌摩擦加工试样的表面质量更好;空气中搅拌摩擦加工试样的晶粒尺寸比母材的晶粒尺寸大,水下搅拌摩擦加工（SFSP）可以有效细化晶粒,并且随着加工道次的增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,其中,1道次水下搅拌摩擦加工纯铜的晶粒尺寸最小（3.93μm）。显微硬度检测和拉伸试验结果表明,与空气中搅拌摩擦加工试样相比,水下搅拌摩擦加工试样的屈服强度和硬度更高,但随着加工道次的增加,样品的屈服强度和硬度都会有所降低。结论 水下多道次搅拌摩擦加工可以减小纯铜的晶粒尺寸,提升纯铜的力学性能。     

稀土氧化物(La2O3或CeO2)对搅拌摩擦加工制备Ni/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工（FSP）的方法制备Ni/Al复合材料,并在此基础上添加不同种类稀土氧化物（La₂O₃或CeO₂）,通过SEM、EDS、XRD、电子探针（EPMA）和室温拉伸试验研究稀土氧化物对FSP制备Ni/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响。结果表明：Ni/Al复合材料复合区有较明显的Ni粉团聚物存在,Ni-La₂O₃/Al、Ni-CeO₂/Al复合材料中Ni粉团聚物数量减少,尺寸减小。La₂O₃和CeO₂均对Al-Ni原位反应有较大影响,能够促进Al-Ni原位反应的进行,生成更多增强相。Ni-CeO₂/Al复合材料与Ni-La₂O₃/Al复合材料相比,复合区组织更加均匀,增强颗粒Al₃Ni含量更多。La₂O₃和CeO₂均能显著提高FSP制备Ni/Al原位复合材料的抗拉强度。Ni-La₂O₃/Al复合材料的抗拉强度达到221 MPa,Ni-CeO₂/Al复合材料的抗拉强度达到238 MPa,两者相比于Ni/Al的复合材料抗拉强度（166 MPa）分别提高了33.1%和43.4%。     

大塑性变形制备铝、镁基颗粒增强复合材料的研究进展

综述了目前大塑性变形(SPD)制备铝、镁基颗粒增强复合材料工艺的研究进展;总结了在SPD过程中复合材料增强颗粒的细化、再分布及基体合金晶粒的超细化等组织演变特点;分析了经SPD加工后铝、镁基颗粒增强复合材料的强韧化机制以及其力学性能的提升空间。最后指出了SPD制备颗粒增强复合材料尚存在的问题及可能的发展方向。     

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织与力学性能

对8 mm厚5083-H321铝合金板进行了搅拌摩擦焊接试验,研究了焊接工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:该搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区显微组织为细小的等轴晶组织,热机影响区为拉伸弯曲变形组织,热影响区非常窄,其晶粒尺寸与母材相当;综合接头表面形貌和拉伸性能得到较佳的搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数为使用搅拌针为三棱形带螺纹、轴肩为内扣型的搅拌头,主轴转速为300 r·min^-1,焊接速率为120 mm·min^-1;在该工艺条件下接头表面成形良好,抗拉强度可达到母材的94.5%。     

AZ31镁合金薄板的无针搅拌摩擦加工

目的 研究有针、无针搅拌摩擦加工对AZ31镁合金薄板的微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法 通过搅拌摩擦加工技术（FSP）以不同的转速对AZ31镁合金薄板进行加工,采用拉伸试验机、金相显微镜、UMT摩擦磨损试验机、维氏硬度机对无针搅拌加工后的AZ31镁合金加工表面的晶粒形貌、拉伸性能、磨损性能和硬度进行研究分析,并与同转速有针搅拌进行比较。结果 无针条件下与同转速下的有针搅拌相比,焊缝表面更加细密、美观,无针加工下焊缝的抗拉强度最大为242MPa,测得的维氏硬度最大为97.6HV,且焊缝的平均摩擦因数最小,为0.31。结论 无针时FSP镁合金焊缝的抗拉强度随刀具转速的提高而增大;焊缝的硬度与镁合金母材相比有明显的提高,且随刀具转速的提高,维氏硬度值逐渐降低;无针条件下获得的AZ31镁合金焊缝的平均摩擦因数随刀具转速的增加而增大,与同转速时有针条件下获得的焊缝的平均摩擦因数相比,无针时获得的焊缝平均摩擦因数明显更高;无针时获得的焊缝表面的晶粒尺寸随转速的增加而增大。     

Optimization of process parameters for friction stir processing (FSP) of Al–TiC in situ composite

Segregation of in situ formed particles at the grain boundaries is a major drawback of in situ composites. In this study, it has been demonstrated that friction stir processing (FSP) can be used as an effective tool to homogenize the particle distribution in Al based in situ composites and FSP processing parameters were optimized for this purpose. An Al-5 wt% TiC composite was processed in situ using K₂TiF₆ and graphite in Al melt and subjected to FSP. Processing parameters for FSP were optimized to get a defect free stir zone and homogenize the particle distribution. It was found that a rotation speed > 800 rpm is needed. A rotation speed of 1000 rpm and a traverse speed of 60 mm/min were found to be an optimum combination. The grain size was also refined in addition to homogenization of the as-cast microstructure. This resulted in significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the processed composite.     

HA改性短切碳纤维/PMMA生物复合材料力学性能的研究

采用原位合成与溶液共混的方法,制备了纳米羟基磷灰石(HA)-短切碳纤维（C_f）/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)生物复合材料, 研究了HA对HA-C_f/PMMA复合材料的力学性能和微观结构的影响. 采用万能材料试验机测试了HA-C_f/PMMA复合材料的力学性能,用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）和红外吸收光谱仪(FT-IR)分析测试手段对材料的组成结构及断面的微观形貌等进行了测试和表征. 结果表明,采用卵磷脂改性后的HA纳米片与PMMA基体的界面结合性能得到了有效改善,显著提高了复合材料的力学性能;随着HA含量的增加,HA-C_f/PMMA复合材料的弯曲强度、拉伸强度、压缩强度、弯曲模量和拉伸模量均呈先增大后减小的趋势. 当HA含量在8wt%时,复合材料的力学性能最佳.     

搅拌摩擦加工对AZ31镁合金微观组织及力学性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工技术(Friction stir processing,FSP)对AZ31镁合金板材进行了单道次加工,研究了加工区域微观组织对力学性能的影响。结果表明,相同前进速度下,旋转速度升高,平均晶粒尺寸增大。搅拌摩擦加工后,晶粒尺寸和织构变化显著影响AZ31镁合金的力学性能,平均晶粒尺寸越大,越易发生孪生变形。织构类型主要包括基面织构和纤维织构。基面织构位于软位向时,屈服强度降低,但纤维织构会弱化基面织构对力学性能的影响。     

Fabrication of 5052Al/Al2O3 nanoceramic particle reinforced composite via friction stir processing route

In this research, microstructure and mechanical properties of 5052Al/Al₂O₃ surface composite fabricated by friction stir processing (FSP) and effect of different FSP pass on these properties were investigated. Two series of samples with and without powder were friction stir processed by one to four passes. Tensile test was used to evaluate mechanical properties of the composites and FSP zones. Also, microstructural observations were carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Results showed that grain size of the stir zone decreased with increasing of FSP pass and the composite fabricated by four passes had submicron mean grain size. Also, increase in the FSP pass caused uniform distribution of Al₂O₃ particles in the matrix and fabrication of nano-composite after four passes with mean cluster size of 70 nm. Tensile test results indicated that tensile and yield strengths were higher and elongation was lower for composites fabricated by three and four passes in comparison to the friction stir processed materials produced without powder in the similar conditions and all FSP samples had higher elongation than base metal. In the best conditions, tensile strength and elongation of base material improved to 118% and 165% in composite fabricated by four passes respectively.     

搅拌摩擦加工法制备碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料

为了制备晶粒细小、 组织均匀的复合材料, 提高材料的力学性能, 用搅拌摩擦加工法制备碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料, 并对不同碳纳米管含量的复合材料的微观结构、 拉伸性能及断口形貌进行分析。结果表明: 碳纳米管添加到铝基体中, 搅拌摩擦中心区晶粒细小, 碳纳米管与基体之间结合良好, 未发现明显的缺陷; 碳纳米管对基材有明显的强化作用, 铝基复合材料抗拉强度随着碳纳米管含量的增加而提高; 碳纳米管体积分数为7%时, 抗拉强度达到201 MPa, 是基材的2.2倍; 复合材料在宏观上呈现脆性断裂特征, 微观上呈现韧性断裂特征, 其断裂机制以CNTs/Al界面脱粘、 基体撕裂和增强体断裂为主。      

Development of AZ91/SiC surface composite by FSP: effect of vibration and process parameters on microstructure and mechanical characteristics

A surface composite layer enhances the mechanical characteristics of a surface while retaining the properties of the base material. Friction stir processing (FSP) is a method for forming surface metal matrix composites (SMMCs) that reinforce a surface with particles. In the current study, a new method entitled friction stir vibration processing (FSVP) was applied to form SMMCs on the surface of AZ91 magnesium alloy with SiC particles as the reinforcing particles. Contrary to FSP, in FSVP, the workpiece was vibrated normal to the processing line while the tool rotated and traversed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir (FS) and friction stir vibration (FSV) processed specimens were evaluated. Additionally, the effects of vibration frequency and process parameters on different characteristics of FS and FSV processed specimens were studied. The results showed that the stir zone grains for FSV processed specimens were finer than those for FS processed specimens, and the second phase particles (SiC particles) had a more homogenous distribution in the former specimens than in the latter specimens. This was related to the effect of workpiece vibration during FSVP, which increased the material deformation and led to enhanced dynamic recrystallization and the breakdown of agglomerated SiC particles. The results indicated that the stir zone grain size decreased, and the distribution homogeneity of the SiC particles increased as vibration frequency increased. It was also observed that the stir zone grain size increased, and the mechanical properties of the processed specimens decreased as tool rotation speed increased.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40436-019-00288-9.pdf     

Optimization of cold-sprayed AA2024/Al2O3 metal matrix composites via friction stir processing: Effect of rotation speeds

In this study, friction stir processing (FSP) was employed to modify cold-sprayed (CSed) AA2024/Al₂O₃ metal matrix composites (MMCs). Three different rotation speeds with a constant traverse speed were used for FSP. Microstructural analysis of the FSPed specimens reveals significant Al₂O₃ particle refinement and improved particle distribution over the as-sprayed deposits. After FSP, a microstructural and mechanical gradient MMC through the thickness direction was obtained. Therefore, a hybrid technique combining these two solid-state processes, i.e. CS and FSP, was proposed to produce functionally gradient deposits. The Guinier-Preston-Bagaryatskii zone was dissolved during FSP, while the amounts at different rotation speeds were approximately the same, which is possibly due to the excellent thermal conductivity of the used Cu substrate. Mechanical property tests confirm that FSP can effectively improve the tensile performance and Vickers hardness of CSed AA2024/Al₂O₃ MMCs. The properties can be further enhanced with a larger rotation speed with a maximum increase of 25.9% in ultimate tensile strength and 27.4% in elongation at 1500 rpm. Friction tests show that FSP decreases the wear resistance of CSed MMCs deposits due to the breakup of Al₂O₃ particles. The average values and fluctuations of friction coefficients at different rotation speeds vary significantly.