界面相对3D-SiC/SiC复合材料静态力学性能及内耗特征的影响

采用先驱体浸渍裂解工艺制备无界面、SiC、PyC和PyC/SiC等界面相SiC/SiC复合材料, 研究了SiC/SiC复合材料的微观结构及静态力学性能, 并通过强迫振动法系统分析了界面相对复合材料内耗行为的影响。研究结果表明, 引入界面相有效改善了复合材料的微观结构及力学性能, 并降低了复合材料的内耗。其中, PyC/SiC复相界面中亚层SiC限制了PyC界面相与纤维的结合及塑性形变, 提高了复合材料的力学性能; 同时, 界面相对SiC/SiC复合材料内耗行为有显著影响, 材料内耗水平与界面剪切强度成反比。对比50和350 ℃时的材料内耗变化率发现, 随界面剪切强度增大, 材料内耗呈降低的趋势, 且含有PyC的PyC/SiC界面复合材料具有较低的内耗变化率, 说明PyC/SiC复相界面的SiC/SiC复合材料更适于高温振动环境。     

碳纤维布表面PyC界面相微观结构及均匀性的工艺调控

陶瓷基复合材料力学性能与界面相的微观结构和均匀性有密切关系。本研究在碳纤维布表面沉积PyC界面相,探究沉积温度、丙烯分压、滞留时间和氢气分压等工艺参数对PyC界面相微观结构及均匀性的影响规律。使用多种手段对PyC界面相微观形貌、织构进行表征,并分析了微观结构、均匀性与工艺参数之间的内在关联。结果表明:界面相织构的规整度随沉积温度和丙烯分压的提高而提高,随氢气分压的提高而降低,而受滞留时间影响较小;沉积温度和丙烯分压升高均导致界面相厚度分布更加不均匀,且丙烯分压过高会直接产生炭黑,延长滞留时间有利于提高界面相的均匀性;对于中织构和高织构,随着氢气分压提高,界面相均匀性先降低后增加,而低织构的界面相均匀性受其影响较小。最后,阐明了PyC界面相生长模式,揭示了工艺参数对PyC界面相织构形态及均匀性的影响规律,为PyC界面相的精细调控提供了基础。     

SiCf/SiC复合材料界面相研究进展

分析了连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料(CFRCMCs)中界面相类型以及各界面相在CFRCMCs中的作用,综述了热解碳(PyC)、氮化硼(BN)、难熔氧化物以及复合界面相在SiCf/SiC复合材料中的应用现状,最后展望了SiCf/SiC复合材料界面相的发展方向。     

预制体结构及界面对三维SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能的影响

为研究预制体结构及界面对三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能的影响,采用先驱体浸渍裂解法（PIP）分别制备了三维四向和三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料,并引入热解炭/碳化硅（PyC/SiC）复合界面层,进行拉伸性能测试和断口形貌观察。结果表明,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能优于三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度、模量和断裂应变分别是三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料的1.22倍、1.25倍、1.43倍,且比三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料具有更好的强度可靠性。这是由于三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料增加了受力方向的纤维含量,限制了纤维在外力作用下的转动和变形,起到定型和稳固作用。添加PyC/SiC复合界面层,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度、模量及断裂应变分别提高了21.7%、15.0%和11.0%。界面的存在可以保护纤维,调节纤维与基体之间的热应力,受力时诱使裂纹偏转和分叉,消耗能量,提高三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能。      

PyC层对SiC纤维束及MiniSiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能和强度分布的影响

采用等温等压化学气相浸渗法(ICVI),对原始的SiC纤维束和沉积有PyC层的SiC纤维束浸渗SiC基体,制备了纤维束复合材料SiC/SiC(Mini SiC/SiC)。分析了SiC纤维束和Mini SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能,同时利用两参数Weibull分布研究了强度分布。结果表明,PyC层具有修复纤维表面缺陷的作用,SiC纤维束沉积PyC层后,纤维表面光滑而致密,表面缺陷减少,其拉伸强度、延伸率和Weibull模数分别比原始SiC纤维束提高了25%、12%和288%;且由其增强复合材料的拉伸强度、延伸率和Weibull模数分别比由原始SiC纤维束增强复合材料提高了103%、83%和340%。PyC界面层对SiC纤维表面缺陷的修复作用和对SiC纤维的保护作用以及降低复合材料裂纹敏感性的作用提高了Mini SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能和Weibull模数。     

PyC/SiC界面相对PIP法制备3D HTA C/SiC复合材料性能的影响

利用三维编织炭纤维预制件通过先驱体浸渍裂解法制备C／SiC复合材料。研究了热解碳（PyC）／SiC界面相对复合材料的微观结构和力学性能的影响。弯曲性能通过三点弯曲法测试，复合材料的断口和抛光面通过扫描电镜观察。结果表明：通过等温化学气相沉积法在纤维表面沉积PyC／SiC界面相以后，复合材料的三点抗弯强度从46MPa提高到247MPa。沉积界面的复合材料断口有明显的纤维拔出现象，纤维与基体之间的结合强度适当，起到了增韧作用；而未沉积界面相复合材料的断口光滑、平整，几乎没有纤维拔出，纤维在热解过程中受到严重的化学损伤，性能下降严重，材料表现为典型的脆性断裂。     

三点弯曲模式下C/SiC复合材料界面脱粘强度的数值模拟

利用ABAQUS软件对不同纤维方向下C/SiC复合材料界面在三点弯曲模式下的应力应变行为进行数值模拟,将引入内聚力模型模拟界面失效的仿真结果与实验结果进行分析对比。本研究模拟了PyC(热解碳)界面的脱粘过程,并得到了纤维方向和界面厚度对三点弯曲过程中界面脱粘强度的影响规律。结果表明,内聚力模型用于表征C/SiC复合材料的界面比较合理。纤维方向为横向和法向时的界面脱粘强度大致相等,约为26～28MPa。界面脱粘强度先随界面厚度增大而增大之后基本不变,界面厚度约为0.2～0.3μm时,界面脱粘强度达到最大。     

KD-S和KD-Ⅱ SiC_f/SiC复合材料的制备、微观结构及性能（英文）

以KD-S和KD-Ⅱ型碳化硅(SiC)纤维编织件为增强体,通过先驱体浸渍裂解工艺制备了以热解炭(PyC)为界面涂层的三维(3D)结构SiC_f/SiC复合材料,系统研究了SiC_f/SiC复合材料的微观结构及性能间的关系。结果表明:KD-S和KD-Ⅱ型SiC纤维均具有晶粒尺寸为8～15 nm的多晶结构;两种SiC_f/SiC复合材料的断口表面均出现了纤维拔出现象,说明两种SiC纤维增强的SiC_f/SiC复合材料均具有典型的伪塑性断裂行为。KD-S SiC_f/SiC复合材料的弯曲强度、弹性模量和断裂韧性分别达到(955.0±42.8) MPa,(110.3±1.7) GPa和(28.5±2.8) MPa·m~(1/2),明显高于KD-ⅡSiC_f/SiC复合材料,这归因于近化学计量比的KD-S型SiC纤维具有较高的模量和耐温性能。由于KD-S和KD-Ⅱ型SiC纤维的结构及成分差异,导致KD-S型SiC纤维表面的PyC界面涂层呈现光滑的多层有序结构,而KD-Ⅱ型SiC纤维表面的PyC为疏松颗粒状结构。     

复合材料界面的应力传递及界面物质的作用

以光导纤维为模型纤维,利用激光干涉法测定了载荷作用下的玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料的纤维应力、材料成型时纤维预应力的产生过程及纤维应力随环境温度的变化。实验表明,纤维的应力随界面物质分子特征及界面层结构的不同而不同。其原因是在应力传递过程中,不同界面层具有不同的应力梯度及变形能力。在两相模型中,引入了应力传递系数 k。能形成韧性界面层的ESPCEG 及γ-UPMS 是较好的处理剂。     

SiC/PyC复合涂层碳纤维微观结构及氧化行为研究

采用两步法在碳纤维表面制备了碳化硅/热解碳(SiC/PyC)复合涂层,PyC内涂层的制备采用等温化学气相渗透法,SiC外涂层的制备采用碳热还原法.借助X射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜、透射电镜分析了SiC/PyC复合涂层碳纤维的物相组成以及微观结构,利用热重分析研究了SiC/PyC复合涂层、PyC涂层以及无涂层碳纤维的氧化行为.结果表明,在碳纤维表面制备的SiC/PyC复合涂层连续致密、厚度均匀,PyC内涂层厚度约为200nm,SiC外涂层厚度约为160nm,SiC层中存在大量孪晶面高度有序的SiC孪晶.SiC/PyC复合涂层能够有效地改善碳纤维的抗氧化性能,较无涂层碳纤维起始氧化温度提高了近250℃.     

单向C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料基体失效机制与强度预测

采用细观力学方法对单向C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的基体失效机制进行了研究。利用剪滞理论模型和临界基体应变能(CMSE)准则预测了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料受拉时基体开裂失效过程,获得了单向C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料基体开裂段的应力-应变曲线。并将扩展有限元法(XFEM)用于该开裂过程的模拟,得到了对应的应力-应变曲线。研究结果表明,采用剪滞理论模型、CMSE和采用XFEM得到的计算结果与相关的实验结果三者能较好地吻合,证明了计算方法的有效性。     

三维碳化硅纳米线增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料的电磁屏蔽性能

碳化硅纳米线具有优异的电磁吸收性能, 三维网络结构可以更好地使电磁波在空间内被多次反射和吸收。通过抽滤的方法制备得到体积分数20%交错排列的碳化硅纳米线网络预制体。然后采用化学气相渗透工艺制备热解炭界面和碳化硅基体, 并通过化学气相渗透和前驱体浸渍热解工艺得到致密的SiCNWs/SiC陶瓷基复合材料。甲烷和三氯甲基硅烷分别是热解炭和碳化硅的前驱体, 随着热解碳质量分数从21.3%增加到29.5%, 多孔SiCNWs预制体电磁屏蔽效率均值在8~12 GHz (X)波段从9.2 dB增加到64.1 dB。质量增重13%的热解碳界面修饰的SiCNWs/SiC陶瓷基复合材料在X波段平均电磁屏蔽效率达到37.8 dB电磁屏蔽性能。结果显示, SiCNWs/SiC陶瓷基复合材料在新一代军事电磁屏蔽材料中具有潜在应用前景。     

Numerical simulation of damage progression and fracture in structures made of 3D woven ceramic matrix composites

This paper proposes numerical simulation to predict damage progression and critical strength in structural components made of 3D woven ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). This method implements three numerical approaches with the commercial finite element method. (i) Damage models are used to predict damage initiation and propagation of CMCs. (ii) The failure criterion based on the Weibull volumetric statistical strength model is implemented to take into account the size effects of fiber-bundle strength. (iii) The nonlocal damage theory is implemented to confirm the mesh independence of the results and the convergence of computation. To verify the accuracy of the two damage models, simulations of smooth SiC/SiC specimens were performed. Furthermore, several kinds of open-hole SiC/SiC tensile test were simulated to verify the accuracy of the proposed numerical simulation. Finally, the proposed numerical simulation was validated by detailed comparisons of experiment and simulation.     

考虑氧化损伤的陶瓷基复合材料弹性模量多尺度预测模型

分析了化学气相渗透(CVI)工艺制备的陶瓷基复合材料的氧化损伤演化规律,基于基体的微裂纹分布规律及界面、纤维、基体等组分氧化历程,建立了考虑温度、氧化时间影响的纤维和单胞两个尺度的弹性模量预测模型。预测结果表明,碳纤维(C_f)/SiC和SiC纤维(SiC_f)/SiC复合材料的拉伸弹性模量随氧化温度升高和氧化时间的增长,下降趋势越明显。通过复合材料高温氧化后的力学性能试验,验证了弹性性能预测模型的正确性:BN界面的SiC_f/SiC材料在1000℃不同时间氧化后预测结果与试验结果误差不超过2%;PyC界面的C_f/SiC在700℃不同时间氧化后预测结果与试验结果误差不超过7%。      

Al粉作为活性填料对PIP法SiCf/SiC复合材料性能的影响

利用2.5D SiC纤维预制件,通过前驱体浸渍裂解法（PIP法）制备SiCf/SiC复合材料,通过在第一次浸渍浆料中加入活性Al粉和惰性颗粒SiC粉来提高浸渍效率.研究了活性填料的加入以及纤维表面热解碳层的厚度对材料性能的影响.结果表明,由于Al粉在热解过程中与含碳有机小分子发生化学反应生成新的物相,使得复合材料的力学性能得到了很大的提高,在1200℃经过六个周期的浸渍裂解后,复合材料的三点弯曲强度达到441MPa,比例极限应力达到380MPa.在200～500nm厚度范围内,热解碳的厚度对复合材料的抗弯强度影响不明显.复合材料的弹性模量随着热解碳层厚度的增加而降低.     

The influence of the interphase and associated interfaces on the deflection of matrix cracks in ceramic matrix composites

A model is proposed to determine the influence of an interphase on the deflection of a matrix crack in ceramic matrix composites. Then, a finite element analysis is performed for a microcomposite geometry with an annular crack which initiates in the matrix and propagates in the interphase. It is applied to a SiC/C/SiC microcomposite with a pyrocarbon interphase. Criteria for penetration and deflection of the matrix crack are expressed in terms of toughness of the interphase and of the various interfaces (matrix/interphase and interphase/fibre interfaces). The predictions are found to agree with crack deflections observed in practical SiC/SiC composites and with the available interphase toughness data. Results also suggest that the real crack deflection mechanism involves debonding ahead of the propagating matrix crack.     

The effect on the tensile properties of PIP-processed SiC/SiC composite of a chemical vapor-infiltrated SiC layer overlaid on the pyrocarbon interface layer

A chemical vapor-infiltrated (CVI) SiC layer is often deposited on the pyrocarbon (PyC) fiber–matrix interface layer in SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix (SiC/SiC) composites. It is normally applied to protect the PyC layer from reacting with molten Si or sintering aids during manufacturing, and to guard against the effects of high temperature, oxidation and moisture during use. In this study, we investigated the effect of this SiC layer on the tensile properties of a composite. Tensile tests of our composite samples showed the SiC layer to have no noticeable effects on its ultimate load or fracture strain, whereas it decreased the load-to-strain ratio and proportional limit. The test results were analyzed by carrying out element tests on filaments and fiber bundle samples, fracture mirror analysis of pullout fibers, and finite element analysis (FEA) of residual thermal stress around the interface.     

Mechanical behavior of SiCf/SiC composites with alternating PyC/SiC multilayer interphases

In order to tailor the fiber–matrix interface of continuous silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiC_f/SiC) composites for improved fracture toughness, alternating pyrolytic carbon/silicon carbide (PyC/SiC) multilayer coatings were applied to the KD-I SiC fibers using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Three dimensional (3D) KD-I SiC_f/SiC composites reinforced by these coated fibers were fabricated using a precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process. The interfacial characteristics were determined by the fiber push-out test and microstructural examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of interface coatings on composite mechanical properties was evaluated by single-edge notched beam (SENB) test and three-point bending test. The results indicate that the PyC/SiC multilayer coatings led to an optimum interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix and greatly improved the fracture toughness of the composites.