超疏水超亲油三聚氰胺海绵的制备及其油水分离性能

利用正十二硫醇和氯化铜反应制备十二烷基硫铜,然后将其配制成乙醇悬浮液;将表面涂覆有聚多巴胺的三聚氰胺海绵浸入上述悬浮液中成功制备出超疏水三聚氰胺海绵,并用它来分离油水混合物.采用扫描电镜观察海绵表面形貌,利用接触角测量仪表征其润湿性能,借助红外分光测油仪测定水中含油量.研究结果表明,三聚氰胺海绵表面形成了凹凸不平的微纳米结构,呈超疏水超亲油状态;测得它对水的静态接触角为152°,而油滴能在1 s内被完全吸收.该样品对油水混合物具有良好的分离能力,分离后水中菜籽油含量从约25 g/L降到15.20 mg/L;对同一大豆油水混合物连续分离五次后其含油量可从36.45 mg/L降低至5.12 mg/L.该超疏水海绵具有良好的吸附油的能力,可吸收约自身质量54～77倍的有机溶剂或油品;在重复使用100次后仍能保持145°的接触角和达自身质量68.6倍的吸油能力;在海水中浸泡36 h后仍保持约147°的接触角和73.4倍的吸油能力.     

疏水性KH550-TiO2@PDMS@PU海绵的简单制备及油水分离性能

在钢铁产品的生产流程中,不可避免地产生含油废水,若不加以处理,会对生态环境造成严重的破坏,进而威胁人类健康。以TiO₂纳米颗粒,3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)与聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为主要化学试剂,通过简单的一步浸渍法,制备了一种疏水亲油的KH550-TiO₂@PDMS@PU改性海绵。低表面能PDMS层与KH550改性的TiO₂微米颗粒形成的粗糙结构,能显著提高海绵的疏水性能,接触角为(147.25±1.44)°。改性后的海绵经过胶粘、挤压、酸碱、超声等复杂条件下仍能保持稳定的疏水性和耐久性。改性海绵的吸油能力高达自身质量的20～25倍,可通过吸附-挤压循环的方式进行吸油。优秀的油水分离性能表明,KH550-TiO₂@PDMS@PU海绵具有无毒、易制备、稳定、疏水等优点,在钢铁行业具有广阔的应用前景。     

Fe3O4/聚二甲基硅氧烷改性胶原海绵及其油水分离性能

为发展一种原料丰富、绿色环保、易于在复杂环境中操控使用、循环使用性好的多功能油水分离用海绵材料,采用浸渍法对胶原海绵进行聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)/四氧化三铁(Fe₃O₄)纳米颗粒复合改性,制备了超疏水胶原基复合海绵(Fe₃O₄/PDMS-COL),表征了改性后化学结构与微观结构的变化,研究了油水分离性能。通过接触角测量可知：当胶原(COL)浓度为10 mg/mL、PDMS浓度为15vol%时,复合海绵的水接触角为150.3°。FTIR、XPS、XRD及TG测试结果表明Fe₃O₄/PDMS与胶原海绵成功发生复合,FE-SEM观察结果表明Fe₃O₄纳米粒子的加入可有效构造表面粗糙结构。海绵可吸附多种不同类型的油相如苯、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、真空泵油、花生油等,其中对乙酸乙酯的吸附量达47 g/g,且对不同油相的分离效率在99%以上。以苯为吸附物,连续循环使用20次后,海绵的接触角与磁性均未发生明显下降。海绵还可有效分离...     

种子生长法构筑超疏水-超亲油滤纸及其在油水分离中的应用

近年来,原油和工业有机溶剂的泄漏严重破坏了生物赖以生存的生态环境。为了净化被油污染的水域,寻求一种快速、高效的油水分离材料迫在眉睫。利用原位还原法和种子生长法在滤纸表面自组装一层纳米银颗粒,经十二烷基硫醇接枝改性降低其表面能,成功制备具有耐化学腐蚀、热稳定性好、油水分离特性优异的超疏水-超亲油滤纸。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、接触角测试仪对超疏水-超亲油滤纸进行表征,结果表明水滴在其表面的最大接触角为155°,滚动角小于5°,而油滴能瞬间透过滤纸,对各种油水混合液具有较高的分离能力,油水分离效率高达88%,分离后对收集的油进行红外光谱分析,并没有检测到明显的水峰。超疏水-超亲油滤纸制备过程简易、纳米银和滤纸之间的粘附力强,在油水分离中有较好的应用前景。     

高效回收水面浮油的改性海绵制备与应用

通过石墨烯改性聚氨酯海绵制备石墨烯-聚氨酯海绵(GO-PUA)并对其进行了水接触角、FT-IR、XPS、SEM和吸附性能测试。结果表明,GO-PUA具有良好的可压缩性、疏水性和浮油吸附能力,重复吸附-机械挤压过程200次后,其吸附容量没有变化,吸附油回收率达到92.7%。因此,通过GO-PUA高效回收水中浮油是可行的。     

不同改性剂对聚氨酯海绵亲油疏水改性研究

以聚醚多元醇C3050H为原料制备了聚氨酯海绵,同时分别以二甲基硅油、疏水性二氧化硅粉体材料等3种改性试剂对聚氨酯海绵进行了疏水改性。通过冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、静态接触角、力学拉伸等性能表征,对不同改性聚氨酯海绵对二甲苯的吸油倍率及200次循环使用性能进行了测定比较。结果表明:3种改性聚氨酯海绵均具有良好的疏水亲油性,对二甲苯的初次吸附倍率分别为0.81g/cm~3、0.90g/cm~3和0.85g/cm~3,使用200次后,对二甲苯的吸附倍率分别为0.69g/cm~3、0.82g/cm~3和0.71g/cm~3,与初次吸附倍率相比,仅分别降低了14.8%、8.89%、16.5%,与水的静态接触角仅分别降低了3.56%、8.11%和4.17%,循环使用后依然保持了较好的亲油疏水性能。研制的3种改性聚氨酯海绵具有吸附倍率稳定、可循环使用、无二次污染的特性,可作为水体苯系物泄露时的应急处理材料。     

超疏水FeNi2O4/甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯-二乙烯苯共聚物多孔材料的制备及其油水分离应用

为了应对日益频发的溢油事故,实现含油水体的净化,通过高内相Pickering乳液模板法制备了FeNi₂O₄掺杂的甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯-二乙烯苯共聚物多孔材料。采用FTIR、SEM、TGA、VSM、接触角测量仪、静态压汞仪、万能试验机等对材料结构与性能进行表征与分析。结果表明,材料具有三维分级多孔结构,孔径主要分布于3 μm及6~14 μm且大孔孔径可调节。材料热稳定性好,初始热分解温度最高达300℃。FeNi₂O₄纳米粒子的引入不仅提升了乳液稳定性,也赋予材料磁响应性。材料具有良好的疏水亲油性,水接触角达151°、滚动角为5°、油接触角为0°,吸油速率快,并具有良好的重复利用性和优异的油水吸附选择性,对多种油品及有机溶剂的饱和吸附倍率达40.80~93.08 g·g?1,且保油率均在90%以上。探究了材料的孔结构调控,发现,改变乳液的内相比可以调节材料的大孔分布、孔隙率、密度、比表面积、吸油倍率和力学性能。综上说明:超疏水FeNi₂O₄/甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯-二乙烯苯共聚物多孔材料可以高效分离水中油污,对水体环境的治理与净化具有现实意义。      

层层自组装法制备超疏水/超亲油棉织物及其油水分离性能

被油污染的水资源严重影响人类健康和生态系统.为得到具有优异油水分离性能的材料,利用层层自组装法,在棉织物表面组装纳米银薄层,随后用十二烷基硫醇修饰,制备了具有超疏水/超亲油性能的棉织物.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、接触角测试仪、分离效率表征超疏水/超亲油棉织物的微观形貌、表面化学组成、润湿性及油水分离性能.改性后的棉织物表面负载致密的纳米银薄层,水在该表面的接触角高达160°,而油的接触角为0°,显示出其良好的超疏水/超亲油性能;纳米银牢固地附着在棉织物的表面,使其表现出良好的抗磨损性、耐腐蚀性.油水分离测试显示,该棉织物对不同类型油品和水混合物的分离效率达88％以上,且具有较好的循环利用性.此外,该棉织物不仅能分离水上轻油、水下沉油,还能分离轻油-水-沉油三相所形成的混合物.     

多孔SiC陶瓷表面的超疏水改性及其对油-固体系的分离性能

以二水醋酸锌和氨水为原料,采用化学浴沉积法在平均孔径为250 nm的多孔SiC陶瓷表面构造花状ZnO微纳结构,并用正辛基三乙氧基硅烷接枝改性.考察了Zn²⁺浓度、反应温度和反应时间对沉积在多孔陶瓷表面ZnO形貌的影响,进而考察其对多孔陶瓷表面超疏水性能的影响.对比了超疏水改性前后多孔陶瓷的表面性质及其油-固分离性能.结果表明,花状ZnO在多孔SiC陶瓷表面沉积的最佳条件是：Zn²⁺浓度为75 mmol/L,反应温度为96℃,反应时间为3 h.此时硅烷接枝改性后多孔陶瓷表面超疏水效果最好,其表面水接触角和滚动接触角分别为173°±2.5°和2.5°±1°.在油-固分离实验中,超疏水多孔SiC陶瓷对固体炭黑具有良好的截留性能,当跨膜压差为0.25 MPa时,其稳态通量为498.3 L/(m²·h).与空白样相比,通量提高了53.6%.     

耐腐蚀超疏水铜网的制备及其在油水分离中的应用

针对目前超疏水材料耐腐蚀差的问题,制备一种耐腐蚀的超疏水铜网,并应用于油水混合物的分离。将十八胺修饰的多壁碳纳米管与有机硅改性的水性聚氨酯相结合,喷涂到铜网制备了具有鸟巢状结构的铜基超疏水表面。结果表明,该表面呈现对水高的接触角162°和对油极低接触角0°。另外,可对石油醚/水、四氯化碳/水、甲苯/水、己烷/水、煤油/水等油水混合物高效分离,分离效率均大于93.79%,且具有良好的可循环使用性。耐腐蚀性测试结果表明,该超疏水表面分别在1mol/L的NaOH,HCl,NaCl溶液中浸泡24h后,仍可保持超疏水特性,具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。     

An unusual superhydrophilic/superoleophobic sponge for oil--water separation

Development of porous materials with anti-fouling and remote control- lability is highly desired for oil–water separation application yet still challenging. Herein, to address this challenge, a sponge with unusual superhydrophilicity/superoleophobicity and magnetic property was fabricated through a dip-coating process. To exploit its superhydrophilic/superoleophobic property, the obtained sponge was used as a reusable water sorbent scaffold to collect water from bulk oils without absorbing any oil. Owing to its magnetic property, the sponge was manipulated remotely by a magnet without touching it directly during the whole water collection process, which could potentially lower the cost of the water collection process. Apart from acting as a water-absorbing material, the sponge can also be used as affiliation material to separate water from oil–water mixture and oil in water emulsion selectively, when fixed into a cone funnel. This research provides a key addition to the field of oil–water separation materials.     

Novel applications of scrap tire for organic sorption/separations

 This paper presents the results of a study of the use of scrap tire material as a sorbent medium for sorption of volatile organic chemicals from organic mixtures and water. The tire material was exposed to pure solvents to establish the sorption characteristics for classes of organics. The overall rate and selectivity of sorption of a solvent in a polymeric material is determined by its diffusivity and solubility in the polymeric material. Literature studies show that polymer-solvent interactions could arise due to electron acceptor-donor charge transfer complexes occurring between the functional groups in rubber and solvent functional groups. This was postulated to be a major contributor toward selective sorption of solvents in tire. The technical feasibility of separating organic solvents from both organic and aqueous mixtures by exploiting the diffusional and solubility related characteristics of various solvents in tire, which is a crosslinked rubber, has been established. Three types of separations were studied: (1) a mixture of two alkanes of significantly different sizes, represented by n-octane, a light alkane, from 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, a branched C₁₉ heavy alkane; (2) a mixture of two organic solvents used in extraction and differing in polarity, represented by chloroform and methanol, that form a minimum boiling azeotrope; and (3) removal of an organic form water, represented by TCE contaminated water. Organic molecules having similar polarity could be separated based on substantial size differences, whereas polar/nonpolar organics separation could be achieved based on solubility differences of the organics in the tire phase. The feasibility of using tire material for the separation of trichloroethylene (TCE) from contaminated water was also established. The equilibrium partitioning of the TCE was linearly proportional to its concentration in the aqueous phase in the range of 25 to 600 mg/l. Desorption studies were performed to establish the ease of regeneration of the sorbent material, restoring its sorption capacity and recovering the solvent. The studies indicated that more than 97% of sorbed solvent (TCE) can be recovered at 25  °C under a vacuum of 20 Torr for under 10 minutes. Received: 4 December 1998 / Accepted: 10 February 1999     

A Robust and Cost‐Effective Superhydrophobic Graphene Foam for Efficient Oil and Organic Solvent Recovery

Water pollution caused by chemical reagent leaking, industrial wastewater discharging, and crude oil spills has raised global concerns on environmental sustainability, calling for high‐performance absorbent materials for effective treatments. However, low‐cost materials capable of effectively separating oils and organic solvents from water with a high adsorption capacity and good recyclability are rare on the market. Here, a cost‐effective method is reported to fabricate high‐performance graphene modified absorbents through the facile thermal reduction of graphene oxide on the skeletons of melamine foam. By integrating the high porosity, superior elasticity, and mechanical stability of raw sponge with the chemical stability and hydrophobicity of graphene sheets, the as‐fabricated graphene foam not only possesses a rough and superhydrophobic surface, but also exhibits an excellent adsorption performance and extraordinary recyclability for various oils and organic solvents. It is worth mentioning that the superhydrophobic surface also endows the graphene foam with an excellent efficiency for oil/water separation. More importantly, the cost‐effective fabrication method without involving expensive raw materials and sophisticated equipment permits a scale‐up of the graphene foam for pollution disposal. All these features make the graphene foam an ideal candidate for removal and collection of oils and organic solvents from water.     

In situ fastening graphene sheets into a polyurethane sponge for the highly efficient continuous cleanup of oil spills

Oil sorbents are an attractive option for oil-spill cleanup as they may be used for collection and complete removal of oil without adversely affecting the environment.However,traditional oil sorbents exhibit low oil/water separation efficiency and/or low oil-sorpfion capacity.In this study,an ultra-high performance graphene/polyurethane (PU) sponge has been successfully obtained by in situ polymerization in the presence of graphene dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).During polymerization,the NMP/graphene dispersion not only serves as a weak amine catalyst for the formation of the sponge,but promotes fixation of the graphene sheets in the framework of the PU sponge owing to the strong dipole interaction between NMP and graphene.The as-prepared graphene/PU sponge was used as an absorbing material for the continuous removal of oil from oil-spill water.The graphene/PU sponge can continuously and rapidly remove oils from immiscible oil/water mixtures in corrosive solutions,including strong acids and bases,hot water,and ice water,with an excellent separation efficiency of above 99.99％.In addition,the as-prepared graphene/PU sponge was effective in separating surfactant-stabilized emulsions with a high separation efficiency of ＞99.91％.     

Governing factors for motor oil removal from water with different sorption materials

This paper has been focused on the sorbent efficiency for motor oil removal from water. Two types of sorbents were investigated: organic and inorganic. Natural wool fibers (NWFs) and recycled-wool-based nonwoven material (RWNM)) were tested as organic type of sorbents. Sepiolite, bentonite and zeolite have been chosen as representative inorganic sorbents. Sorption was carried out in batch sorption system. Efficiency of oil removal was determined by measuring the oil concentration before and after the sorption process. Extractive-gravimetric method and refractive index determination have been applied as analytical methods for determination of oil concentration in water. Governing factors for sorbent efficiency were proposed, analysed and compared. It was concluded that sorption process is mostly affected by mass of sorbent, sorption time, temperature and pH value of water. NWFs, which were the most efficient sorbent showed maximal efficiency and maximal sorption capacity: 0.1 g of NWFs after 10 min at 20 degrees C and pH 8.00 sorbed 3.3 g of motor oil from 300 mL of water polluted with 4.5 g of motor oil. Maximal efficiency for all sorbents investigated was reached after 30 min of sorption processes, it was 95.0% for NWF, 43.0% for NRWM, 20.7% for sepiolite, 19.6% for bentonite and 21.2% for zeolite. Physical adsorption onto all sorbents is a favorable process (sorption efficiency decrease with increasing temperature) while sorption onto bentonite and zeolite is a result of both physical adsorption and chemisorption (sorption efficiency increase with increasing temperature, up to 80 degrees C).     

Off-line coupling of subcritical water extraction with subcritical water chromatography via a sorbent trap and thermal desorption

In this study, the off-line coupling of subcritical water extraction (SBWE) with subcritical water chromatography (SBWC) was achieved using a sorbent trap and thermal desorption. The sorbent trap was employed to collect the extracted analytes during subcritical water extraction. After the extraction, the trap was connected to the subcritical water chromatography system, and thermal desorption of the trapped analytes was performed before the SBWC run. The thermally desorbed analytes were then introduced into the subcritical water separation column and detected by a UV detector. Anilines and phenols were extracted from sand and analyzed using this off-line coupling technique. Subcritical water extraction of flavones from orange peel followed by subcritical water chromatographic separation was also investigated. The effects of water volume and extraction temperature on flavone recovery were determined. Because a sorbent trap was used to collect the extracted analytes, the sensitivity of this technique was greatly enhanced as compared to that of subcritical water extraction with solvent trapping. Since no organic solvent-water extractions were necessary prior to analysis, this technique eliminated any use of organic solvents in both extraction and chromatography processes.     

Oil spill cleanup from sea water by carbon nanotube sponges

Oil spills in the sea have caused many serious environmental problems worldwide. In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT) sponges were used to cleanup oil slicks on sea waters. This method was compared with two traditional representative sorbents, including polypropylene fiber fabric and woolen felt. The CNT sponges had a larger oil sorption capacity than the other two sorbents. The maximum oil sorption capacity (Q_m) of the CNT sponge was 92.30 g/g, which was 12 to 13.5 times larger than the Q_m of the other two sorbents (the Q_m of the polypropylene fiber fabric and woolen felt were 7.45 and 6.74 g/g, respectively). In addition, unlike the other two sorbents, the CNT sponge was super-hydrophobic and did not adsorb any water during oil spill cleanup. CNT sponges are potentially very useful for cleaning up oil spills from sea water.     

Nanosilica-decorated sponges for efficient oil/water separation: role of nanoparticle’s type and concentration

Oil absorption by porous materials is currently regarded as a very efficient method for water purification and oil spill cleanup. Simultaneous induction of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties into porous materials was conducted in this study via surface decoration of sponges by nanosilica. The main aim was to investigate the effects of nanosilica concentration on the final wetting behavior of the sponges. To this end, the sponges were treated with both modified and unmodified nanosilica particles through a simple dipping process. It was found that only a moderate concentration of nanoparticles (2 vol%) causes the sponges surface to be uniformly decorated with silica. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, it was postulated that surface energy of the sponges was a more influential factor in the final wetting behavior as compared with the surface roughness. The values of oil absorption capacity were varied in the range of 51–72 g/g (gram of oil per gram of sponge) for the superhydrophobic sample using four different oils and organic liquids. It was concluded that the prepared sponges definitely possess promising potential in the separation of oil/water mixtures provided that an optimum concentration of nanosilica with proper surface modification is used.     

Multifunctional Polymer/Porous Boron Nitride Nanosheet Membranes for Superior Trapping Emulsified Oils and Organic Molecules

Effective oil/water separation and removal of organic molecules from water are of worldwide importance for water source protection. Multifunctional sorbent materials with excellent sorption capacity, stability, and recyclability properties need to be developed. Here, flexible and multifunctional polymer/porous boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) membranes with high water permeability, exhibiting high effectiveness and stability in the purification of simulated wastewater tainted with either oil/water emulsion or organic molecules, are reported. Remarkably, the flexible nature of these porous membranes enables simplicity of operation for water remediation processing and ease of post‐processing collection. The composite membrane also displays a remarkably high permeability of 8 × 10⁴ L μm m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹, roughly three orders of magnitude higher than pure polymer, and excellent filter efficiencies for the pharmaceuticals ciprofloxacin, chlortetracycline, and carbamazepine (up to 14.2 L g⁻¹ of BNNSs in the composite membrane for a concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹ ciprofloxacin) and the dye methylene blue (up to 9.3 L g⁻¹ of BNNSs in the composite membrane at a concentration of 30 mg L⁻¹). Exhausted membranes can be readily rejuvenated by simple washing with retention of their high‐performance characteristics. The results demonstrate the potential efficacy and practicality of these membranes for water cleaning.