N-J水电站岩爆区卸压技术的能量耗散率分析

为研究岩爆区卸压技术的能量耗散率,对巴基斯坦N-J水电站引水隧洞TBM施工的岩爆区进行钻孔卸压和爆破卸压分析,主要对108 mm直径钻孔的卸压应力释放、预裂爆破等情况进行数值模拟,模拟钻孔间距分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 m时的孔内钻孔卸压和预裂爆破情况。分析结果表明:预裂爆破卸压法的能量耗散率最高可达到27%,而单纯的钻孔卸压法的能量耗散率最大仅为5.9%,因此预裂爆破卸压的卸压效果远好于单纯的钻孔卸压方法的卸压效果;对于预裂爆破法来说,能量耗散率随卸压孔间距的增加而增大,基本呈指数型增长趋势,对于单纯的钻孔卸压法来说,能量耗散率随卸压孔间距的增加而减小,因此在生产现场应根据不同卸压方法布置合理的钻孔间距。     

岩爆倾向岩石巷帮钻孔爆破卸压的静态模拟

冲击地压、大变形或分区破裂化正成为我国深部开采的难题.高地压是导致冲击地压、大变形或分区破裂化的根源.钻孔爆破卸压是转移或释放高地压的有效措施.以厂坝铅锌矿灰岩为样本,应用FLAC3D静态模拟巷道掘进中巷帮钻孔卸压的钻孔间距、钻孔深度及有无孔底爆破的卸压效果.研究表明:巷道埋深越深,支承压力越大,钻孔间距也将越大;钻孔深度介于支承压力峰值与支承压力区最大宽度所处的位置之间;仅钻孔而不孔底爆破的卸压效果不明显.上述研究规律应用于文峪金矿、豫灵镇某万米平巷和东桐峪金矿的灰岩、大理岩巷道掘进,成功控制了岩爆飞石.巷道穿过无岩爆倾向的岩石,如煌斑岩时,尽管不会发生岩爆,但是将它们的钻孔间距、钻孔深度较岩爆倾向地段增大0.5~1.0 m并类似孔底爆破,可以确保支承压力持续向围岩深部转移或部分释放,避免巷帮因应力集中而发生开裂或片帮.     

基于爆破卸压地应力快速释放的强岩爆防治方法与效果评价研究

深埋隧洞强岩爆灾害是制约工程开挖施工安全和高效实施的难题,科学爆破开挖设计已成为有效控制强岩爆灾害的重要技术手段。针对锦屏二级引水隧洞工程随隧洞埋深增加、地应力增大所频现的强岩爆灾害的防控问题,对爆破卸压方法的强岩爆防治效果开展了数值仿真设计与现场试验研究。围岩内双排倾斜辐射孔和掌子面垂直超前孔两种爆破卸压方法的数值论证结果表明:前者可在左侧边墙爆破孔及拱顶中部附近、右侧拱腰下部和拱肩爆破孔附近形成了应力松弛区,应力集中部位从轮廓线附近转移到距轮廓线约5.0 m的围岩深部,后者通过爆破卸压作用在掌子面前方产生一定延伸范围的松弛区,可有效释放掌子面处的集中应力。进一步基于拉森斯岩爆判别法对比两方案的岩爆防治效果表明原来可能发生强烈岩爆的部位,采用爆破卸压释放应力后岩爆烈度等级均降低为弱岩爆,掌子面发生岩爆的可能性也显著降低。现场试验验证研究进一步论证了基于爆破卸压理论的快速应力释放方法来防治岩爆的可行性和有效性,并深入分析了两种爆破卸压方案对强岩爆防治的优势。综合研究成果并结合现场实际应用情况,提出了锦屏二级引水隧洞工程岩爆防治的综合措施,为强岩爆环境下爆破开挖设计和施工提供方法与理论支撑。     

硬岩体强度弱化范围理论分析与工程验证

岩石巷道综合机械化快速掘进有助于改善采掘接续紧张的局面,而岩石硬度是影响综掘设备快速掘进的关键因素之一。针对硬岩巷道围岩岩性特点,利用超深孔预裂爆破技术,对硬岩巷道岩体强度进行弱化,并通过工程实践检验预裂效果,结果表明：硬岩巷道超深孔预裂爆破后,钻孔周围形成压碎区、裂隙区,使岩体有效强度降低,有利于综掘截割机具经济破岩;理论及数值模拟分析得出钻孔爆破后形成半径为1．8 m左右的松动破坏区;通过对新庄孜矿-812 m水平B4胶带大巷硬岩进行超深孔预裂爆破,钻孔窥视及工程验证爆破松动半径能够达到1．5～2．5 m之间,取得了良好的岩体强度弱化效果,为硬岩巷道机械化快速施工技术研究提供指导。     

岩爆动力学机理及其控制研究进展

岩爆是深埋隧洞开挖过程中发生的一种强烈的、具有破坏性和危险性的工程地质灾害.随着中国经济的快速发展,在水电、交通等领域遇到的深埋隧洞开挖问题越来越多,岩爆的影响日益显著.从动力扰动对岩爆孕育的影响、岩爆能量释放及耗散等2方面对岩爆的动力学机理进行了梳理;从室内动力试验、现场模拟试验、数值实验等3个方面总结了国内外的岩爆动力学试验;从微震监测、岩爆诱发振动的特性等2个方面归纳了岩爆动力效应监测与预报;提出应力解除爆破、控制应变能释放率、控制开挖动力扰动、柔性支护等4类基于岩爆动力机制的岩爆防治措施.并对岩爆过程的能量分配与控制、现场岩爆试验及岩爆预测进行了讨论与展望.     

聚能管装药预裂爆破模拟试验研究

为了揭示聚能管装药爆破的细观机理,基于数值计算的可重复性及经济型,提出了采用数值模拟的方法,对聚能管不耦合装药预裂爆破进行研究.在相邻炮孔中心处,应力波发生叠加,有效应力峰值为93MPa;切缝方向孔壁的有效塑性应变为8.2%,为管壁外侧受保护孔壁的2倍.结果表明:聚能管对能量传播的导向以及对侧面岩壁的保护有显著作用.采用现场试验,对模拟结果进行验证.聚能管预裂爆破,破碎块度均匀,断面平整光滑,半眼痕率达到100%.     

用于分析岩爆倾向性的剩余能量指数

通过分析岩石变形破坏过程中的能量变化，提出以岩石在峰值强度前储存的弹性应变能和峰值强度后稳定破坏所需的能量耗散之差（即剩余能量）与峰值强度后稳定破坏所需的能量耗散之比作为剩余能量指数，以反映岩石在峰值强度后区的动态特性；推导了剩余能量指数计算公式，并给出了其试验测定方法。此外，分析了将剩余能量指数作为岩爆倾向性指标的合理性，并采用铜陵有色金属冬瓜山深部矿床的典型矿岩进行了峰值前的循环加，卸载试验和变形破坏全过程试验，结合该矿床实际岩爆资料，对剩余能量指数与现有基于能量理论的岩爆倾向性指标进行分析，结果表明该指标能够较好地反映岩石的岩爆倾向性。     

切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破孔关键参数选择及留巷效果 现状分析

切顶卸压沿空留巷技术是一种主动预裂卸压的无煤柱留巷技术,相对于传统的巷旁充填沿空留巷技术而言,它具有性价比高、工艺简单、留巷速度快等优点,因此,近年来得到了快速发展。总结了中国30多个代表性矿区切顶卸压沿空留巷技术的应用现状,并对其定向爆破孔的关键参数,如切顶高度、切顶角度、切顶钻孔间距以及切顶钻孔直径等选择范围进行了统计,也对留巷效果进行了分析。结果表明,目前切顶卸压沿空留巷技术主要应用于0.9～3.5 m厚的薄煤层以及中厚煤层,切顶高度为1.8～20 m,切顶角度为0°～20°,切顶钻孔间距为200～2 000 mm,切顶钻孔直径为32～80 mm,留巷动压影响范围为20～280 m。总结了目前切顶卸压沿空留巷成功应用的经验,分析了存在的一些问题,对于推广切顶卸压沿空留巷技术具有重要的工程参考价值。     

冬瓜山铜矿深井开采岩爆危险区分析与预测

根据冬瓜山矿床典型岩石的抗拉试验、全应力应变试验和峰值强度变形状态下的松驰试验结果以及矿床构造、岩性分布，研究了该矿床岩层的岩爆倾向性分布特征，分析了已发生的井巷岩爆特征；采用数值模拟方法，以硐室周边最大切向应力与岩石的抗压强度之比为判别指标，对采场围岩岩爆危险区进行了预测，研究结果表明：矿体和矿体上盘岩石具有中等岩爆倾向，矿体下盘岩石具有弱岩爆倾向，它们都属于诱导性的岩爆，岩爆发生于具有岩爆倾向、应力大且能够产生能量突然释放的区域，主要集中于工程的交叉处附近、不同岩层的接触带附近的较坚硬岩体以及采场顶板、矿柱和采场四角的局部区域。     

复合顶板无煤柱自成巷切顶爆破设计关键参数研究

为对无煤柱自成巷切顶爆破关键参数设计方法进行总结和优化,运用几何推演、数值模拟、力学分析、现场试验等手段,提出复合顶板无煤柱自成巷切顶爆破设计的系统化流程及方法,并归纳为切顶设计与爆破设计2类,包含切顶高度、切顶角度、切顶连通率与单孔装药量、炮眼间距、单次起爆数量共计6个关键参数.随后以塔山煤矿8304工作面留巷顺槽Ⅰ区复合顶板为例,设计得到其切顶爆破关键参数:切顶高度为8m,切顶角度为15°,顶板切缝连通率至少应达到82%,单孔采用的装药结构为43331,炮眼间距为500mm,单次起爆炮孔数量为6个.现场应用验证切缝成巷效果良好,切缝侧周期来压步距平均增大4m,液压支架平均来压强度降低2.1MPa,峰值来压强度降低10.2MPa,预裂卸压效果较为明显.     

基于应变率相关动力特性的岩体爆破破坏区范围研究

岩体动态强度特性及受力变化规律是研究炮孔近区岩体破坏特征的关键,采用合理的动态强度模型直接决定了炮孔破坏区范围计算结果的正确性.因此,利用理论分析与现场试验相结合的方法,研究了基于应变率相关动力强度特性下炮孔破坏区范围的计算方法.利用柱面波的位移协调方程,推导了炮孔近区岩体质点的应变率计算公式,并应用于岩体应变率相关的...     

不同应力状态下北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性研究

为研究不同应力状态下北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性,对北山花岗岩试件进行不同围压下的三轴试验,通过轴向压力和横向变形协调控制加载,获得不同围压下岩石全应力应变曲线,研究岩石破坏前能量聚集及破坏后能量释放特征。结果表明：破坏时弹性能、总能量随着围压增加而增大,且破坏后的总能量变化量及弹性能释放量也随着围压增加而增大。分析岩石储能系数和能量释放指数对岩石破坏的影响,发现岩石储能系数和能量释放指数随围压增加而增大;综合能量储存系数和能量释放指数建立新的岩爆倾向性评价指标,该指标不仅表述了岩石破坏前后各能量的综合变化特征,且能研究不同应力状态下岩石岩爆倾向性;使用该指标研究不同应力状态对北山花岗岩的岩爆倾向性,结果表明：北山花岗岩具有较强的岩爆倾向性,且随着围压增大,岩爆倾向性增加;当围压低于10 MPa时,围压对北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性影响较小,当围压超过10 MPa时,围压对岩爆倾向性的影响突然增加,但随着围压进一步增加,其对岩爆倾向性影响逐渐减弱。     

坚硬顶板型冲击矿压灾害防治研究

针对兖州矿区济三煤矿6303工作面的冲击矿压问题，分析了冲击矿压发生的主要原因及影响因素．根据现场条件和数值模拟分析，提出了采用顶板爆破解除冲击矿压危险的技术措施，并确定了爆破参数．采用矿用钻孔窥视仪并配合电磁辐射法和钻屑法对爆破进行了效果检验．结果表明，通过顶板爆破措施可以破坏工作面上方坚硬厚层砂岩顶板的完整性，提前释放顶板聚集的弹性能，减弱和消除了工作面的冲击矿压危险，胜，保证了工作面的安全生产．现场实践证明，该项技术对具有坚硬顶板型冲击矿压的防治效果明显．     

Large-scale destress blasting for seismicity control in hard rock mines: A case study

Destress blasting is a rockburst control technique where highly stressed rock is blasted to reduce the local stress and stiffness of the rock, thereby reducing its burst proneness. The technique is commonly practiced in deep hard rock mines in burst prone developments, as well as in sill or crown pillars which become burst-prone as the orebody is extracted. Large-scale destressing is a variant of destress blasting where panels are created parallel to the orebody strike with a longhole, fanning blast pattern from cross cut drifts situated in the host rock. The aim of panel destressing is to reduce the stress concentration in the ore blocks or pillars to be mined. This paper focuses on the large-scale destress blasting program conducted at Vale's Copper Cliff Mine(CCM) in Ontario, Canada. The merits of panel destressing are examined through field measurements of mining induced stress changes in the pillar. The destressing mechanism is simulated with a rock fragmentation factor(a) and stress reduction/dissipation factor(b). A 3D model is built and validated with measured induced stress changes. It is shown that the best correlation between the numerical model and field measurements is obtained when the combination of a and b indicates that the blast causes high fragmentation(a = 0.05) and high stress release(b = 0.95) in the destress panel. It is demonstrated that the burst proneness of the ore blocks in the panel stress shadow is reduced in terms of the brittle shear ratio(BSR) and the burst potential index(BPI).     

Guiding-controlling technology of coal seam hydraulic fracturing fractures extension

Aiming at the uncontrollable problem of extension direction of coal seam hydraulic fracturing, this study analyzed the course of fractures variation around the boreholes in process of hydraulic fracturing, and carried out the numerical simulations to investigate the effect of artificial predetermined fractures on stress distribution around fractured holes. The simulation results show that partial coal mass occurs relatively strong shear failure and forms weak surfaces, and then fractures extended along the desired direction while predetermined fractures changed stress distribution. Directional fracturing makes the fractures link up and the pressure on coal mass is relieved within fractured regions. Combining deep hole controlling blasting with hydraulic fracturing was proposed to realize the extension guiding-controlling technology of coal seam fractures. Industrial experiments prove that this technology can avoid local stress concentration and dramatically widen the pressure relief scope of deep hole controlling blasting. The permeability of fractured coal seam increased significantly, and gas extraction was greatly improved. Besides, regional pressure relief and permeability increase was achieved in this study.     

Numerical simulation study on hard-thick roof inducing rock burst in coal mine

In order to reveal the dynamic process of hard-thick roof inducing rock burst, one of the most common and strongest dynamic disasters in coal mine, the numerical simulation is conducted to study the dynamic loading effect of roof vibration on roadway surrounding rocks as well as the impact on stability. The results show that, on one hand, hard-thick roof will result in high stress concentration on mining surrounding rocks; on the other hand, the breaking of hard-thick roof will lead to mining seismicity, causing dynamic loading effect on coal and rock mass. High stress concentration and dynamic loading combination reaches to the mechanical conditions for the occurrence of rock burst, which will induce rock burst. The mining induced seismic events occurring in the roof breaking act on the mining surrounding rocks in the form of stress wave. The stress wave then has a reflection on the free surface of roadway and the tensile stress will be generated around the free surface. Horizontal vibration of roadway surrounding particles will cause instant changes of horizontal stress of roadway surrounding rocks; the horizontal displacement is directly related to the horizontal stress but is not significantly correlated with the vertical stress; the increase of horizontal stress of roadway near surface surrounding rocks and the release of elastic deformation energy of deep surrounding coal and rock mass are immanent causes that lead to the impact instability of roadway surrounding rocks. The most significant measures for rock burst prevention are controlling of horizontal stress and vibration strength.     

Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area

Dynamic analysis steps and general flow of fast lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions （FLAC3D） were discussed. Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area was carried out with FLAC3D. The whole analytical process was divided into two steps, including the static analysis and the dynamic analysis which were used to simulate the influence of excavation process and blasting vibration respectively. The results show that the shape of right upper boundary is extremely irregular after excavation, and stress concentration occurs at many places and higher tensile stress appears. The maximum tensile stress is higher than the tensile strength of rock mass, and surrounding rock of right roof will be damaged with tension fracture. The maximum displacement of surrounding rock is 4.75 mm after excavation. However, the maxi- mum displacement increases to 5.47 mm after the blasting dynamic load is applied. And the covering area of plastic zones expands obviously, especially at the foot of right upper slope. The analytical results are in basic accordance with the observed results on the whole. Damage and disturbance on surrounding rock to some degree are caused by excavation, while blasting dynamic load increases the possibility of occurrence of dynamic instability and destruction further. So the effective supporting and vibration reducing measures should be taken during mining.     

软岩巷道爆破卸压机理分析

为了增强爆破卸压效果,运用岩石爆破内部作用理论,分析了软岩巷道爆破卸压的作用过程以及其影响因素,设计了爆破卸压效果现场测试系统.结果表明,爆破卸压具有硬化软岩、形成爆扩空腔和裂隙区,最终形成卸压区,并使高地应力转移到距巷帮R以远围岩深部的特征.适当加大炮孔直径、提高装药密度、选择爆速高的炸药,使炮孔间距满足L≥2R2,并尽可能减少炮孔深度,均可提高爆破卸压效果.     

含沟槽缺陷铜镍合金管爆裂压力计算

为了准确评价铜镍合金管存在沟槽缺陷时的爆裂压力,建立了爆裂压力预测公式,进行了爆裂过程的数值模拟,确定了修正函数,进行了静水压爆破试验。数值模拟与试验结果均表明:DNV标准与数值模拟结果误差随腐蚀深度增加先减小后增大,依靠含缺陷深度参数的修正函数建立的预测公式可以有效预测铜镍合金管爆裂压力,试验证明公式准确性较高;对比爆破试验裂口形貌,管道在仅受内压状况下爆裂过程的数值模拟效果较好;管道在剩余壁厚较薄时表现为塑性断裂,剩余壁厚较厚时表现为脆性断裂。爆裂压力的研究可为科学维修舰船管路提供理论依据,对指导管路状态评估有重要意义。