近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体生长的新方法

在计算机温场模拟的基础上,探索设计了悬挂式双坩埚和均匀加料装置.在富锂(Li2O摩尔分数为58.5%)熔体中采用提拉法生长了φ50mm×50mm的近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体.测量结果表明:晶体的紫外吸收边发生了明显的蓝移,测得Li摩尔分数达到49.87%.利用干涉仪测量样品的光学均匀性,生长晶体均方根折射率不均匀性△n=7.250×10-5cm-1.     

掺镁近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体的生长

用改进的提拉技术从富锂[摩尔比n(Li2O)/n(Nb2O5)=58.5/41.5]熔体中生长了φ40mmx60mm的掺镁近化学计量比铌酸锂(LiNbO3)晶体.利用X荧光光谱分析了晶体中铌离子(Nb5 )和镁离子(Mg2 )的含量.通过紫外吸收和红外吸收峰研究了晶体中缺陷的结构,初步断定晶体中Mg2 的掺杂浓度已达到抗光伤阈值的浓度.生长晶体的比热容[O.69J/(g·K)]高于同成分LiNbO3晶体的比热容[O.64J/(g·K)].     

近化学计量比Zn:LiTaO_3晶体的生长和抗光折变性能

采用顶部籽晶溶液法,生长了直径约15mm,长度为10mm的近化学计量比钽酸锂(near-stoichiometric Li TaO3,SLT)和Zn掺杂的近化学计量比钽酸锂(Zn:SLT)晶体。生长的晶体无色透明,没有宏观缺陷。通过X射线粉末衍射法测试晶体结构和晶格参数,Zn:SLT晶体的晶格参数小于未掺杂的SLT晶体。与同成分钽酸锂晶体相比,SLT晶体的抗光损伤能力显著提高,Zn:SLT晶体的抗光损伤阈值大于500MW/cm2。     

掺铁近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体的生长及其光学性能研究

在LiNbO3(LN)中掺进0．01％Fe3O3(质量分数)和10．9％K2O(摩尔分数)助熔剂，用顶部籽晶(TSSG)法生长近化学计量比掺铁铌酸锂(SLN：Fe)，以及采用Czochralski法生长同成分掺铁铌酸锂(CLN：Fe)。测试了晶体的晶格常数、吸收光谱和红外光谱。Li^ 取代反位铌(NbLi^4 )和占据锂空位，使SLN：Fe晶体的晶格常数变小。SLN：Fe晶体的吸收边相对于CLN：Fe晶体发生了紫移。SLN：Fe晶体的OH吸收峰移到3466cm^—1。利用二波耦合光路测试了晶体的指数增益系数和响应时间，计算了有效裁流子浓度。测试结果表明：SLN：Fe晶体的指数增益系数达到28cm^—1，而CLN：Fe晶体的指数增益系数为18cm^—1；SLN：Fe晶体的响应速度比CLN：Fe晶体提高了1个数量级。     

坩埚下降法生长铌酸锂晶体

采用坩埚下降法,生长了直径为5 cm的铌酸锂晶体.探讨了晶体生长工艺条件,测试了晶体的透过光谱.所得晶体呈浅茶色,分析认为主要是氧空位缺陷所致.铌酸锂晶体通常用作声表面波(surface acoustic wave,SAW)器件的基片,氧空位缺陷可增加基片的电导率,减少器件制造过程中晶片开裂,有利于提高SAW器件成品率.     

铜铁双掺近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体生长及其光折变性能研究

采用优化工艺参数,在掺有6（mol）％K2O助溶剂熔体中,利用提拉法生长出系列铜、铁双掺近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体。通过二波耦合和透射光斑畸变法测试可知,在未掺和掺铁量不变情况下,随着掺铜量的增加,衍射效率逐渐增大且铜铁双掺铌酸锂晶体衍射效率要高于单掺铜铌酸锂晶体。而其写入时间和擦除时间逐渐减小;抗光损伤能力随着掺铜量的增加逐渐增强,且单掺铜铌酸锂晶体抗光损伤能力远远大于铜铁双掺铌酸锂晶体。     

大尺寸四硼酸锂压电晶体转向生长

四硼酸锂(Li_2B_4O_7,LBO)晶体是一种性能优异的压电基片材料,坩埚下降法生长的直径为76 mm LBO晶体已成功应用于声表面波(SAW)和体波(BW)器件。由于硼酸盐熔体粘度大、晶体易开裂,生长直径为102 mm的LBO晶体产业化还有很大难度。本工作根据坩埚下降法技术特点,提出了转向生长LBO晶体的工艺方案,成功生长出60 mm×110 mm×120 mm板状晶体。晶体沿[001]方向快速生长,侧面主面为(110)。生长的板状晶体经准确定向、加工后即可获得高度60 mm、直径为102 mm(4 in)的[110]取向LBO晶体,生长速率和晶体产率较传统方法都有显著提高。     

近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体的生长及其结构

在优化的生长条件下,采用提拉法从加入摩尔分数6％K2O的一致共熔融LiNbO3组分中生长出近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体。用X射线粉末衍射法测定晶体结构,与同成分LiNbO3晶体相比,近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体晶格常数减小。通过紫外可见吸收光谱测定它的基础吸收边,在吸收系数为15cm^-1时,与同成分LiNbO3的吸收边位置(322nm)相比,近化学计量比LiNbO3吸收边(309．8nm)紫移了约12nm。根据测试结果,利用经验公式计算了此晶体的锂含量约为49．70％。近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体的红外H-O振动出现了双峰结构,除了1个小的象征与锂缺少有关的3482cm^-1吸收峰外,还出现了更强的3466cm^-1吸收峰。这表明近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体锂铌摩尔比增加,晶体内的本征缺陷减少,从而晶胞收缩,晶格更加接近理想结构。     

In:Er:LiNbO_3晶体生长及抗光损伤性能

掺入摩尔分数为1%In2O3和0.5%Er2O3,从n(Li)/n(Nb)比为0.94,1.05,1.20,1.38的熔体中用提拉法生长In:Er:LilbO3(In:Er:LN)晶体.测试了晶体的紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱和抗光损伤阈值.结果表明:随着n(Li)/n(Nb)增加,晶体吸收边发生紫移,晶体的荧光发光强度和晶体抗光损伤阈值增强.n(Li)/n(Nb)为1.38的近化学计量比晶体的荧光发光强度和抗光损伤阈值最高.对不同n(Li)/n(Nb)的晶体的吸收边移动和抗光损伤阈值和荧光发光强度增强的机理进行讨论.     

尖晶石型锂离子筛的直接水热合成及其锂吸附性能

采用水热合成法,以硝酸锰、氢氧化锂和过氧化氢为原料直接合成出前驱体——尖晶石型锰酸锂,再经酸浸脱锂后得到对锂离子具有选择吸附性能的离子筛。通过XRD和TEM对产物的晶相结构进行了表征,测定了离子筛材料对纯锂溶液和海水中锂的吸附容量,以及对海水中主要金属离子的选择性。结果表明,当n(锂)∶n(锰)=2.5,过氧化氢浓度为0.3 mol/L,在120℃下反应12 h时,产物几乎为纯的立方相锰酸锂晶体;前驱体晶体呈一维纳米线形态,直径为20 nm左右,长度在300~500 nm;离子筛对纯锂溶液中锂的最大吸附量达到40.23 mg/g,对海水中锂的吸附量为10.46 mg/g;离子筛对金属离子的选择吸附性顺序为:Li+≥Ca2+Mg2+Na+K+,锂的分配系数(Kd,Li)达到12 836.71 mL/g,表现出对锂很高的选择吸附性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。