Track position dependence of performance attributes in permanentmagnet biased MR/SAL heads

The cross track performance of permanent magnet biased MR/SAL heads for high density magnetic recording is investigated. Two designs using different methods to define the read width (with and without inactive MR wing regions under the conductors) are fabricated and compared. The design with the wings is easier to manufacture than the other design, but it has some shortfalls that limit its cross track performance. The cross track characteristics such as servo capability and side reading range can be affected significantly by the design and sensor stripe height. A 3-dimensional micromagnetic model and servo calculations are utilized to understand the cross track behavior of the two designs and the impact on system performance. The influence of top pole curvature due to the underlying conductor topography in the read head on the cross track profile is also studied     

Iron-platinum-coated carbon nanocone probes on tipless cantilevers for high resolution magnetic force imaging

High coercivity iron-platinum-coated carbon nanocones (CNCs) have been fabricated for magnetic force microscopy (MFM) by direct-current plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition growth of nanocones on tipless cantilevers followed by sputtering and annealing of the FePt film. The FePt-coated CNC probe has many localized magnetic stray fields due to the high-aspect-ratio geometry and small radius of the tip. The MFM imaging on magnetic recording media was performed using CNC probes and compared with the imaging by FePt-coated silicon probes. An image with 20?nm lateral resolution has been demonstrated.     

Low-noise magnetic force microscopy with high resolution by tip cooling

Low-noise magnetic force microscopy (MFM) was realized by using a conventional high-vacuum MFM with homemade tip-cooling equipment. The noise level of the MFM at a tip temperature of 130 K was estimated at /spl mu/N/m order. High spatial resolution of 10 nm was obtained for observing high-density recording media with recording density of 1000 kfci. The improvement of resolution by tip cooling was a result of the reduction of thermodynamic noise of a cantilever and the effective reduction of tip-sample distance due to the magnetic hardening of a tip.     

Evaluating Track-Following Servo Performance of High-Density Hard Disk Drives Using Patterned Media

In recent years, track densities of magnetic hard disks have continued to grow. A promising approach to continuing the trend to ultrahigh density is using bit-patterned media (BPM). However, the implementation of BPM in hard disk drives (HDDs) to achieve high recording density is challenging and requires various new techniques, such as new servo pattern designs and position error signal (PES) decoding schemes. In applying BPM in HDDs, it is important to select a servo pattern providing sufficient PES quality for head positioning. In this paper, we discuss evaluation of PES quality and servo pattern performance from a closed-loop (servo) point of view in order to evaluate the quality of several servo patterns. We consider three servo patterns (the amplitude pattern, chevron pattern, and differential frequency pattern) as case studies. We developed a PES simulation tool to provide a realistic HDD track-following simulation. Because of PES nonlinearity in the amplitude servo pattern, we considered time-based servo patterns as alternatives. For time-based servo patterns, we found that readback signal sampling and transition jitter greatly affect PES quality. Therefore, we conclude that the differential frequency servo pattern is superior to other patterns, since it is less sensitive to transition jitter and readback signal sampling.      

Recording performance of discrete track patterned media fabricated by focused ion beam

We report on the recording performance of discrete track patterned media fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB). We investigated performance over a small area by spinstand read/write testing. Discrete track patterned regions show smaller magnetic track width and better signal separation between adjacent tracks and therefore higher track density than that of nonpatterned continuous media as a result of reduced side fringe effect and edge noise. We found that, at a designed groove depth of 4-8 nm, the shallow FIB etched grooves already provide good isolation between adjacent tracks, indicating the superiority of ion beam induced modification of magnetic properties in film media over physical modification of disk surface topography. This has implications for discrete track recording and media fabrication.     

Fabrication and use of a nanoscale Hall probe for measurements of the magnetic field induced by MFM tips

Extraordinary Hall effect probes with 160?nm × 160?nm working area were fabricated using photo-?and electron-beam lithographic procedures with the aim of direct measurements of MFM cantilever tip magnetic properties. The magnetic field sensitivity of the probes was 35?Ω?T(-1). Magnetic induction of the MFM cantilever tips coated by Co and SmCo films was measured with the probes. It was shown that the resolution of the probes was of the order of 10?nm.     

Properties of side-shielded read heads in longitudinal and perpendicular recording

Side-shielded (SS) read heads were fabricated, and their magnetic track widths were calculated and measured. The measurements in longitudinal recording show that SS heads exhibit sharper profiles compared with side-unshielded heads. To examine the effect of side shielding, we studied the dependence of the magnetic read width on write density using calculations and experiments. The calculations indicate that the SS head can reduce the skirt of the microtrack profile even at low densities, while the side-unshielded head cannot. This result was qualitatively found in an experiment. We also studied the SS effect in perpendicular recording and found better performance. The calculations predict that SS can strongly reduce the skirt of the microtrack profile even in perpendicular recording. We observed a sharper profile in an SS head compared with a side-unshielded one.     

Study of Lithographically Defined Data Track and Servo Patterns

We report on fabrication of discrete tracks on perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) media with an e-beam lithographical process. We studied the recording performance of the e-beam media on a spinstand in parallel with conventional PMR media. Discrete track media show significant reduction in adjacent track erasure (ATE). We studied and quantitatively measured the source of the ATE improvement, and developed a triple track geometrical model to calculate achievable track density for both discrete track recording (DTR) and continuous media. From the model, we identify two factors of DTR that contribute to reaching a higher TPI. Using the same fabrication technique, we also studied servo burst design and its playback waveform quality. At 250 ktpi, we compare DTR servo bursts with servo bursts written with a conventional method. DTR servo bursts show better edge definition, which can translate to better position error signal sensitivity and support higher TPI in the future.Discrete tracks are fabricated on conventional PMR media with an e-beam litho graphical process. The recording performance is studied on a spinstand in parallel with conventional PMR media. Discrete track media shows significant reduction in adjacent track erasure (ATE). The source of the ATE improvement is studied and quantitatively measured. A triple track geometrical model is developed to calculate achievable track density for both DTR and continuous media. From the model, we identify two factors of DTR, which contribute to reaching a higher TPI. Using the same fabrication technique, we also study servo burst design and its playback waveform quality. At 250 ktpi, we compare DTR servo bursts and servo bursts written with a conventional method. DTR servo bursts show better edge definition, which can translate to better PES signal sensitivity and support higher TPI in the future.     

Distortion of inductive read head signal due to side-writtenmagnetization

We apply a Fourier series model to calculate distortion in an inductive read head signal due to side-written magnetization patterns in thin-film magnetic recording media. This model predicts that a magnetization pattern consisting of in-track longitudinal and transverse track edge magnetizations will produce a signal distorted by the flux from the side magnetization. By using parameters obtained from a direct magnetic image of the patterns, this analysis predicts the morphology and magnitude of signal distortion as a function of pattern dimensions. The implication of this distortion for higher bit densities suggested for the future was found to be significant. The proposed method will offer reliable means to quantitatively assess the effect of side writing at such densities     

Fabrication and characterization of bit-patterned media beyond 1.5 Tbit/in2

We fabricated bit-patterned media (BPM) at densities as high as 3.3 Tbit/in(2) using a process consisting of high-resolution electron-beam lithography followed directly by magnetic film deposition. By avoiding pattern transfer processes such as etching and liftoff that inherently reduce pattern fidelity, the resolution of the final pattern was kept close to that of the lithographic step. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) showed magnetic isolation of the patterned bits at 1.9 Tbit/in(2), which was close to the resolution limit of the MFM. The method presented will enable studies on magnetic bits packed at ultra-high densities, and can be combined with other scalable patterning methods such as templated self-assembly and nanoimprint lithography for high-volume manufacturing.     

3 Gb/in2 recording demonstration with dual element headsand thin film disks

We have successfully demonstrated magnetic recording at an areal density of 3 Gb/in² with narrow track inductive-write MR-read dual element heads on low noise Co alloy thin film disks. In this demonstration, the write head is a ten turn thin film inductive head with thick and narrow P2 pole-tips. The read head is a shielded ~1 μm trackwidth MR sensor soft-film biased in the read region for linearization and exchange-biased at the tail regions for magnetic stabilization. During recording tests, the heads were flown over low noise Co-alloy media at a clearance similar to that in the previous 1 Gb/in² recording experiment. Results showed good writability from the narrow track write head in terms of overwrite and hard transition shift. Readback yields symmetrical signals as large as 600 μV (p-p) and rolloff measurements showed 50% densities as high as 5000 fc/mm. Track profile and microtrack profile measurements showed the write and read trackwidths to be ~1.4 μm and ~1.1 μm respectively, with tight side-writing and side-reading characteristics. An overall assessment of the parametric recording results suggested areal density feasibility up to as high as 3 Gb/in². This projection was confirmed by error rate performance testing using a PRML channel with a digital filter and write precompensation. At a data rate of 4-5 Mb/s and at very low ontrack error, a linear density as high as 185 Kbpi and an optimized track pitch as narrow as 1.5 μm were achieved, corresponding to an areal recording density of ~3.1 Gb/in²     

High-density perpendicular magnetic recording media of granular-type (FePt/MgO)/soft underlayer

Perpendicular magnetic recording media, composed of granular-type FePt-MgO films on Fe-Ta-C soft magnetic underlayer (SUL), have been fabricated on to 2.5-in glass disks. [001] textured FePt granular films with high-perpendicular magnetic anisotropy were obtained by annealing the FePt/MgO multilayer films. The FePt grain size, perpendicular coercivity, magnetic activation volume, and the exchange coupling between the FePt grains were found to be strongly dependent on the initial multilayer structures and the annealing conditions. The recording performance of the disks was evaluated by a spin-stand. The obtained results reveal a close correlation between the recording performance and magnetic properties. The thermal stability of the granular-type FePt media was studied using high-temperature magnetic force microscopy (MFM) technique, equipped with in situ sample heating, in the temperature range 25/spl deg/C-200/spl deg/C. The estimated signal decay at high temperature is ascribed to the temperature dependent magnetic anisotropy behavior.     

Not just another self-consistent magnetic recording model

A self-consistent magnetic recording modeling method is presented which has proven useful in recording channel design on thin media. Improvements in the magnetic model and in the mathematical treatment stabilize the iterative process and reduce computer storage requirements. Major and minor media loops are fitted to quickly computable bipolynomials. Mathematical improvements include using a strong band diagonal demagnetization matrix, analytic integration with quadratic magnetization fitting, and Newton-Raphson iteration, which gives rapid convergence without underrelaxation. Quantitative predictions of timing errors in 16-bit modified frequency modulation (MFM) data patterns on a 350-bit/mm, 20-track/mm disk memory are presented, as well as playback amplitudes and saturation currents. Predictions can also be compared with experimental read/write data to determine system parameters. Two examples are given: the inference of the head efficiency and of the effective high-frequency medium squareness.     

Comparison and Validation of Different Magnetic Force Microscopy Calibration Schemes

The future of consumer electronics depends on the capability to reliably fabricate nanostructures with given physical properties. Therefore, techniques to characterize materials and devices with nanoscale resolution are crucial. Among these is magnetic force microscopy (MFM), which transduces the magnetic force between the sample and a magnetic oscillating probe into a phase shift, enabling the locally resolved study of magnetic field patterns down to 10 nm. Here, the progress done toward making quantitative MFM a common tool in nanocharacterization laboratories is shown. The reliability and ease of use of the calibration method based on a magnetic reference sample, with a calculable stray field, and a deconvolution algorithm is demonstrated. This is achieved by comparing two calibration approaches combined with numerical modeling as a quantitative link: measuring the probe's effect on the voltage signal when scanning above a nanosized graphene Hall sensor, and recording the MFM phase shift signal when the probe scans across magnetic fields produced by metallic microcoils. Furthermore, in the case of the deconvolution algorithm, it is shown how it can be applied using the open‐source software package Gwyddion. The estimated magnetic dipole approximation for the most common probes currently in the market is also reported.     

Structural and magnetic properties of MnAs/GaAs ferromagnetic semiconductor nanocomposite material

Self-organized (Ga,Mn)As nanoclusters, embedded in GaAs and formed during thermal annealing of Ga_1-xMn_xAs layer at 500 °C or 600 °C, were studied using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM). We found that 10–20 nm large NiAs-type hexagonal MnAs nanocrystals gave magnetic contrast in MFM images, whereas smaller zinc-blende nanoinclusions were not visible by means of this technique. Theoretical simulations showed that MFM contrasts reflect interaction between magnetic tip and many randomly distributed MnAs nanocrystals.     

Magnetic Force Microscopy of Low-Coercivity Ferromagnetic Nanodiscs

We report the results of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) investigations of low-coercivity Co nanodiscs, with 50 nm lateral size and 20 nm height, fabricated by e-beam lithography and ion etching. We observed two types of MFM contrast in the form of Gaussian and ring distributions caused by strong probe–particle interaction. We compared experimentally the transformation of the MFM contrast from these low-coercivity nanodiscs caused by an external magnetic field applied in situ, and compared the experimental results with theoretical simulations.      

Magnetic dynamic behavior of nanomagnets studied by Magnetic Force Microscopy with external field

The micro/nanomagnetic behavior of magnetic systems is a key issue as the size of magnetic devices is reduced to or under the micrometer range. We study the magnetic behavior of nanomagnets under different applied magnetic field conditions by Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM). MFM is sensitive mainly to magnetization distributions that generate magnetic fields. CoCr Magnets were deposited by electropulsed SPM onto a Si substrate with sizes ranging from 400×100 to 800×400 nm and thickness between 2 and 3 nm. MFM measurements were performed using a Digital Instruments (DI) Dimension 3100 SPM upgraded for measurements with an external magnetic field applied to the sample. The home-designed modification consists in an electromagnet with field guides towards the scanning region while measuring. Different magnetic fields up to 400 Oe were applied to the samples in-plane during the MFM measurements. The magnetic configuration for the different applied fields was then imaged by MFM.     

L1₀ FePtCu bit patterned media

Chemically ordered 5 nm-thick L1? FePtCu films with strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy were post-patterned by nanoimprint lithography into a dot array over a 3 mm-wide circumferential band on a 3 inch Si wafer. The dots with a diameter of 30 nm and a center-to-center pitch of 60 nm appear as single domain and reveal an enhanced switching field as compared to the continuous film. We demonstrate successful recording on a single track using shingled writing with a conventional hard disk drive write/read head.     

Shear-mode magnetic force microscopy with a quartz tuning fork in ambient conditions

We have demonstrated high-resolution shear-mode magnetic force microscopy (MFM) using a quartz tuning fork in ambient conditions. A commercial magnetic cantilever tip was attached to one prong of the tuning fork to realize shear-mode MFM operation. We have obtained MFM images with a spatial resolution of less than 100?nm and demonstrated a frequency resolution of ～1?mHz, values which are achieved by phase shift detection methods.     

High density recording with write current shaping

A digital magnetic recording system is described that doubles the linear data bit density of an existing head/medium interface. It uses the combination of the following three techniques: an efficient new run-length limited code (3PM), a special kind of ac-bias recording, and pulse slimming by write current shaping. The new code has the inherent potential of increasing linear data density over MFM by 50 percent. This potential can be fully utilized only if the analog waveshape is equalized to optimum spectral shaping. The present paper uses pulse slimming by double step write current shaping to achieve optimum equalization. Write current shaping requires linear operation. This is accomplished by ac-bias recording, assuring symmetrical single pulse shape that allows a large degree of pulse slimming. The parameters of ac-bias recording are chosen so that large signal amplitude is used. This, in conjunction with write current shaping, maximizes signal-to-noise ratio in the read channel, further increasing the bit density. An additional increase is realized by using a low inductance head that yields narrow PW50value. The combination of all these factors results in 8000 BPI density on the original 4000 BPI MFM system.