稠密栅元棒束内流动行为的CFD数值模拟

国内针对稠密栅元组件内流体的流动和传热特征展了大量的实验研究,但目前仍缺乏对稠密栅元通道内冷却剂流动特性的全面认识.本文对矩形和三角形稠密栅元通道内的空气湍流流动进行了数值研究.结合实验数据,系统地验证了涡粘性和雷诺应力两类湍流模型模拟稠密栅元内流动特征的适用范围.结果表明:SSG雷诺应力模型对流动有较好的模拟,但在棒壁窄缝处的计算结果与实验数据存在较大的差距;在y+<20时,SSG模型对近壁面区域网格的疏密不敏感;在y+较小时,二阶ω模型出现数值震荡.     

湍流模型在堆芯热工水力性能分析中的应用

针对正三角形布置堆芯棒束燃料通道内冷却剂充分发展湍流流场模拟,对比分析了计算流体动力学软件湍流模型对复杂流道内湍流流场模拟结果的影响。结果表明：湍流模型选取的不同对模拟结果有着显著影响,由于堆芯几何结构复杂,冷却剂流动为复杂三维流动,湍流呈高度各向异性。基于各向同性假设的湍流模型不能准确捕捉堆芯内冷却剂的二次流现象。基于求解雷诺应力输运方程的雷诺应力模型（RSM）能够较好地预测复杂流道内的二次流。本工作的研究结果为复杂流道流动换热模拟及深入研究分析堆芯热工水力性能提供了一定借鉴和指导。     

稠密栅元不同子通道内湍流流动的RANS和URANS模拟

本工作采用RANS和非稳态雷诺平均纳维斯托克斯模拟（URANS）方法对稠密栅元内典型子通道——中心通道和壁面通道内的湍流流动进行CFD模拟。研究分析了稠密栅元子通道内的不同周向角度的主流速度、壁面剪应力、湍动能等参数。将模拟计算结果和实验测量结果进行对比,结果表明：RANS模拟在采用各向异性的湍流模型的情况下能较好地模拟P/D较大的稠密栅元通道,但对于P/D较小（P/D<1.1）的稠密栅元通道,CFD结果和实验数据存在较大差距。相比之下,URANS方法可模拟紧密栅元子通道间隙区的大尺度、准周期的流动振动,从而和实验数据拟合良好。推荐采用雷诺应力湍流模型(SSG,ORS)进行RANS模拟,而采用SAS湍流模型进行URANS模拟。     

紧密栅棒束子通道间周期性大尺度涡的CFD模拟

为准确评估紧密栅棒束子通道间的搅混现象,采用开源计算流体力学（CFD）软件OpenFOAM 2.0并基于k-ω的显式几何雷诺应力湍流模型对两种子通道内的周期性大尺度涡结构进行模拟,研究了紧密栅子通道间周期性大尺度涡波长、峰值频率等参数的变化规律。结果表明,周期性涡结构存在一个很强的峰值频率,其平均最大频率随雷诺数（Re）呈线性增加,但其平均波长（λ）不随Re变化,只与子通道的结构参数有关;周期性涡结构导致两个子通道间存在很强的周期性的流动震荡,是紧密栅子通道湍流搅浑得到强化的主要原因。      

关于无限棒束间流动和传热特性的数值研究

应用非线性ｋε湍流模式，采用非正交曲线坐标系下求解三维ＮＳ方程的非交错网格有限体积方法，数值模拟了充分发展条件下，三角形排列无限棒束间通道内，不同的几何参数（Ｐ／Ｄ），雷诺数（Ｒｅ）下的流动和传热问题。给出了不同参数下的速度和温度分布以及湍流二次流动，分析了几何参数、雷诺数及二次流对棒束内流动和传热特性的影响，得到了不同参数下通道的摩擦系数和Ｎｕｓｅｌｔ数，并与经验关系式作了比较     

方形组件紧密栅格内非稳态流动行为的研究

棒束子通道间冷却剂的交混作用能显著降低棒束周向壁面的温差,为进一步了解紧密栅棒束内特殊的流场结构,以水为工质,对P/D=1.1的双排六棒束方形通道内的流动进行了试验研究与数值模拟。采用流场示踪方法,在Re =2 000～40 000范围内拍摄了紧密栅内棒壁间瞬态流动可视化信息,捕捉到大尺度类周期性脉动结构,并获得了该脉动流的相关特征参数。结果表明：当Re≥5 000时,大尺度脉动流发生,并在实验工况内呈很强的周期性,脉动流的波长与Re无关,脉动主频率与Re成正比;采用SSG湍流模型对相同截面通道内的流动进行了非稳态计算,模拟出棒壁狭缝处的大尺度类周期性脉动行为,计算所得脉动流各项参数与试验值符合良好。     

5×5棒束通道内流动转捩特性研究

棒束通道的特殊结构导致其内部流动转捩情况较为复杂,探究其内部流动转捩规律具有重要意义。本文针对棒束通道内的流动转捩特性开展实验与CFD模拟研究,通过实验获得了棒束通道内沿程阻力系数的变化规律;采用不同湍流模型进行了数值模拟。结果表明,SST k-ω模型能较好地反映实验结果。进一步对比了不同雷诺数工况下通道内不同位置的沿程阻力系数与湍流强度,发现对于不同子通道,中心子通道湍流强度与沿程阻力系数高于边角子通道;对于同一子通道,子通道中心处湍流强度与壁面切应力高于子通道边缘处。这一结果说明,受壁面影响,棒束内湍流强度、壁面切应力、阻力特性具有不均匀性,这些空间上的不均匀性相互作用会引起总体上棒束转捩点不明显。     

7棒束紧密栅元流体流动传热数值研究

紧密栅元内的流体流动传热研究对高转化比反应堆燃料组件的优化有十分重要的意义。本文采用CFD方法对7棒束紧密栅元棒束通道内流体流动传热现象进行了数值模拟,并与7棒束紧密栅元内氟利昂流体传热的实验结果进行对比分析,详细分析了定位格架对棒束内流体传热流动的影响。结果表明：数值计算所得的非加热棒的壁面温度和实验吻合良好,定位格架的存在对其下游流体流动、棒束最高温度分布及交混系数有明显的影响,棒束某些位置因流动滞止导致温度大幅上升,在设计中应加以注意。     

紧密栅元棒束通道内的传热流动数值模拟

对紧密栅元棒束中心通道和壁面通道内空气的传热流动行为进行了数值研究;结合实验数据对壁面温度、剪应力、流体温度和速度以及湍动能等参数进行了分析.结果表明:随着节径比(PID)的减小,紧密栅元棒束通道内参数的不均匀性会增加,在通道的间隙区会出现壁面温度的峰值.在紧密栅元组件的设计中应该考虑这种间隙区的高温点分布;通道壁面的...     

燃料棒束对称近壁子通道内湍流结构的模拟实验研究

描述了棒束子通道内流速分布,壁面剪应力分布和湍流雷诺应力张量分布的实验研究。由四根棒组成的棒束平行对称地布置在一个矩形流道内。试验棒的中心距与棒直径之比为:P/D=1.148,而壁距与棒直径之比分别为W_1/D=1.045和W_2/D=1.074。两种不同几何条件下,实验中雷诺数分别为6.11×10~4和7.0×10~4。实验结果表明,棒束子通道内的湍流结构与圆管内的湍流结构有很大差别。特别是在棒和通道壁之间的窄缝区存在着相当强的轴向和周向湍流强度,因而那里也有相当强的湍流动能,这显然是由于通过棒-壁窄缝处强烈的湍流脉动流所造成的。和过去进行的非对称布置的子通道实验(子通道内有相同几何参数P/D及W/D,但与相邻子通道几何非对称地布置于同一矩形通道内)相比,发现对称子通道情况下子通道之间通过棒-棒窄缝处的湍流动量迁移例很小,可以忽略不计。壁面剪应力分布的实验值和用VELASCO程序计算结果相对比,发现两者之间有明显的差异,尤其是在棒—壁窄缝区,差异更大。建议有必要发展比现有程序更为完善的分析计算程序,以便提高对棒束子通道湍流流动的计算精度。     

不同棒束结构稠密栅元通道内的湍流CFD研究

采用URANS（UnsteadyReynoldsAveragedNavierStokes）方法对不同棒束结构稠密栅元通道（P/D=1.001～1.2）内的湍流流动进行CFD模拟。研究分析了不同Re（Re=5000~215000）的湍流流动的主流速度、壁面剪应力、湍动能等参数。研究表明：在较稠密的棒束（P/D<1.1）通道内,P/D的变化对子通道内主流速度和剪应力分布均有较大影响。本文的模拟结果也验证了在达到临界P/D前（即使δ/D<0.011）,交混因子Y和δ/D成反比关系。对于固定的棒束结构（P/D=1.062）,当Re达到一定值（Re=9600）时,子通道内主流速度和剪应力分布对Re的变化不敏感。     

Simulation of turbulent flow inside different subchannels in tight lattice bundle

In this paper, both steady and unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS and URANS) methodology are applied to the prediction of turbulent flow inside different subchannels in tight lattice bundles.Two typical configurations of subchannels (i.e., wall subchannel and center subchannel) are chosen to be investigated. In this work the application of different turbulence models implemented in the commercial code CFX v12 is shown. The validity of the methodology is assessed by comparing computational results of axial velocity, wall shear stress and turbulent intensity distributions with the experimental data (Krauss, 1996; Krauss and Meyer, 1998). This study shows that RANS simulation with anisotropic turbulent model produces excellent agreement with experiment, whereas it failed to predict the flow behavior accurately in the case of tightly packed geometries (P/D < 1.1). On the other hand, the URANS simulation is in good agreement with the results in tightly packed geometries with flow oscillation in the gap region. The effects of the Reynolds number and the bundle geometry on the flow oscillation are investigated in details.     

CFD analysis of flow and heat transfer of turbulent pulsating flow in a tube in rolling motion

The investigation of flow and heat transfer of turbulent pulsating flow is of vital importance to the nuclear reactor thermal hydraulic analysis in ocean environment. In this paper, the flow and heat transfer of turbulent pulsating flow is analyzed. The calculation results are firstly verified with experimental data. The agreement between them is satisfactory. The effect of spanwise and wall-normal additional forces is significant in small Reynolds number, and decreases with Reynolds number increasing. The rolling axis and rolling radius contribute slight to the flow and heat transfer. The effect of velocity oscillation period on the heat transfer is limited than that of Reynolds number and oscillating velocity Reynolds number. The traditional empirical correlations could not predict the flow and heat transfer of turbulent pulsating flow in rolling motion.     

稠密栅元内湍流流体的流动传热

本文对稠密栅元内的湍流流动和传热特性进行了分析。首先利用实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,然后分析了Re和P/D等参数对稠密栅元内的摩擦阻力系数和传热系数的影响。Re和P/D均会对稠密栅元内的流动传热特性产生显著影响,但传统的理论模型无法描述P/D对栅元内的摩擦阻力系数和传热系数的影响。P/D=1.03是一临界点,这种条件下的稠密栅元内的流动和传热是最安全的,也是最高效的。此时核反应堆的功率和系统的传热能力可同时达到最大。     

Large eddy simulation on the flow characteristics of an argon thermal plasma jet

Large eddy simulations based on the CFD software OpenFOAM have been used to study the effect of Reynolds number and turbulence intensity on the flow and mixing characteristics of an argon thermal plasma jet.Detailed analysis was carried out with respect to four aspects:the average flow field,the instantaneous flow field,turbulence statistical characteristics and the self-similarity.It was shown that for the argon thermal plasma jet with low Reynolds number,increasing the turbulence intensity will increase the turbulent transport mechanism in the mixing layer rather than in the jet axis,leading to the faster development of turbulence.The effect of the turbulent transport mechanism increases with increasing Reynolds number.However,the characteristics of flow and mixing are not affected by turbulence intensity for high Reynolds number situations.It was also found that the mean axial velocity and mean temperature in the axis of the turbulent thermal plasma jet satisfy the self-similarity aspects downstream.In addition,decay constant K is 1.25,which is much smaller than that(5.7-6.1)of the turbulent cold gas jet and has nothing to do with the Reynolds number or turbulence intensity in the jet inlet.     

A turbulence model study for simulating flow inside tight lattice rod bundles

Performances of various turbulence models are evaluated for calculation of detailed coolant velocity distribution in a tight lattice fuel bundle. The individual models are briefly outlined and compared with respect to the prediction of wall shear stress and velocity field, for a fully developed flow inside a triangular lattice bundle. Comparisons clearly show the importance of proper modeling of the turbulence-driven secondary flows in subchannels. A quadratic k– model, which showed promising capability in this respect, is adjusted in its coefficients, and the adjusted model is applied to fully developed flow in an infinite triangular array, with various Reynolds numbers. The results show that the inclusion of adequate anisotropy modeling enables to accurately reproduce the wall shear stress distribution and velocity field in tight lattice fuel bundles.     

Heat transfer of pulsating turbulent pipe flow in rolling motion

The heat transfer of turbulent pulsating flow is of vital importance in nuclear reactor thermal hydraulic analysis in ship motions. In this paper, the heat transfer behavior of turbulent pulsating flow is analyzed. The calculation results are verified with experimental data, with satisfactory agreement obtained. The effect of span-wise and transverse additional forces decreases with Reynolds number increasing and is significant in low Reynolds number. The effect of velocity oscillation period on the heat transfer is more limited than the effect of Reynolds number and oscillating velocity Reynolds number.     

CFD analysis of thermal-hydraulic behavior in SCWR typical flow channels

Investigations on thermal-hydraulic behavior in SCWR fuel assembly have obtained a significant attention in the international SCWR community. However, there is still a lack of understanding and ability to predict the heat transfer behavior of supercritical water. In this paper, CFD analysis is carried out to study the flow and heat transfer behavior of supercritical water in sub-channels of both square and triangular rod bundles. Effect of various parameters, e.g. thermal boundary conditions and pitch-to-diameter ratio on the thermal-hydraulic behavior is investigated. Two boundary conditions, i.e., constant heat flux at the outer surface of cladding and constant heat density in the fuel pin are applied. The results show that the structure of the secondary flow mainly depends on the rod bundle configuration as well as the pitch-to-diameter ratio, whereas, the amplitude of the secondary flow is affected by the thermal boundary conditions, as well. The secondary flow is much stronger in a square lattice than that in a triangular lattice. The turbulence behavior is similar in both square and triangular lattices. The dependence of the amplitude of the turbulent velocity fluctuation across the gap on Reynolds number becomes prominent in both lattices as the pitch-to-diameter ratio increases. The effect of thermal boundary conditions on turbulent velocity fluctuation is negligibly small. For both lattices with small pitch-to-diameter ratios (P/D < 1.3), the mixing coefficient is about 0.022. Both secondary flow and turbulent mixing show unusual behavior in the vicinity of the pseudo-critical point. Further investigation is needed. A strong circumferential non-uniformity of wall temperature and heat transfer is observed in tight lattices at constant heat flux boundary conditions, especially in square lattices. In the case with constant heat density of fuel pin, the circumferential conductive heat transfer significantly reduces the non-uniformity of circumferential distribution of wall temperature and heat transfer, which is favorable for the design of SCWR fuel assemblies.