富硒发芽对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

研究10mg/L Na_2SeO_3溶液浸泡的发芽大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)的功能性质变化。采用碱提酸沉法制备不同发芽时间的SPI,并分析其功能性质。结果发现:在发芽过程中富硒SPI的溶解性、吸水性、起泡性及乳化性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,发芽24~60h时SPI表现出良好的溶解性、乳化性和起泡性,其中发芽24h时蛋白质功能性质最佳。相关性分析结果表明:无论是否进行富硒处理,SPI的溶解性与吸水性呈极显著正相关(R=0.862),与起泡性(R=0.774)和乳化性(R=0.887)呈显著正相关。     

发芽对大豆蛋白凝胶性质的影响

研究了发芽大豆蛋白质凝胶性质的变化。采用碱提酸沉法制备大豆分离蛋白(SPI),以葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯(GDL)为凝固剂制备大豆蛋白凝胶,系统研究了不同芽长大豆蛋白凝胶强度的变化。通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)图谱分析了发芽过程中SPI的变化及其对大豆凝胶强度的影响。结果发现:SPI中7S球蛋白的α'、α亚基和11S球蛋白的酸性亚基A3、A发芽时发生明显降解,但11S球蛋白各亚基在发芽初期变化小,利于大豆蛋白质分子之间形成网络结构使凝胶强度增强。随着发芽时间的延长,11S球蛋白也部分发生降解,凝胶强度下降。     

富硒发芽对大豆蛋白凝胶性质的影响

以10 mg/L Na2SeO3溶液浸泡的大豆为材料,采用碱提酸沉法制备大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI),以葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯(GDL)为凝固剂制备大豆蛋白凝胶,系统研究了富硒处理及发芽时长对大豆蛋白凝胶性质的影响。结果发现:发芽48 h内大豆GDL凝胶与SPI凝胶的硬度快速下降,分别由25.25 g和27.73 g降至10.77 g和13.37 g,持水性从61.42%和62.64%分别降至51.55%和55.54%。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)图谱显示,富硒大豆与对照SPI谱带变化基本一致,其中7S球蛋白的β亚基与11S球蛋白的碱性亚基B较稳定,而7S球蛋白的α'亚基和α亚基与11S球蛋白的酸性亚基A3和A则被内源蛋白酶逐渐降解为相对分子质量较小的组成,从而影响发芽大豆凝胶性质。而富硒处理对发芽大豆蛋白凝胶性质影响较小。     

高压均质对大豆分离蛋白-多糖混合体系功能特性的影响

采用亚麻籽胶(FG)、魔芋粉(KGM)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)三种多糖与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)建立SPI-多糖混合体系,研究了不同均质压力(1~120 MPa)对SPI以及上述三种体系的功能特性的影响。结果表明:亚麻籽胶的添加使SPI的溶解性和乳化性显著(p0.05)提高,在压力120 MPa时达到最大值,但是其乳化稳定性随压力升高而降低;SPIKGM体系的起泡性和泡沫稳定性在均质压力30 MPa时最佳;均质作用使SPI的持水性下降,添加多糖也没有明显改善SPI的持水性;SPI-FG的持油性在90 MPa时达到最高值。添加CMC的SPI在高压均质作用下各功能性质也有提升,但效果不是十分明显。高压均质对SPI和SPI-多糖体系的功能性质有不同程度的改善。     

极端pH处理对大豆分离蛋白、β-伴大豆球蛋白、大豆球蛋白结构和功能特性的影响

为丰富大豆蛋白柔性改性技术,采用极端pH条件(pH 1,2,3,4,10,11,12,13)处理大豆分离蛋白(SPI)、β-伴大豆球蛋白(7S)和大豆球蛋白(11S)。通过对SPI、7S和11S蛋白进行凝胶电泳分析、氨基分析、巯基分析和色氨酸荧光分析,并测定大豆蛋白表面疏水性、溶解性、乳化性和起泡性,探讨极端pH处理对SPI、7S和11S结构和性质的影响。结果表明:极端pH处理可导致SPI、7S和11S游离氨基和内源色氨酸荧光强度增加,蛋白表面疏水性提高,三级结构部分展开。此外,极端pH处理可诱导SPI与11S亚基部分解离,而对7S亚基影响较小。极端pH处理能够提高SPI、7S和11S蛋白溶解性、乳化性和起泡性。11S球蛋白可能是SPI结构变化和功能特性改善的主要贡献者。由此可见,极端酸碱处理通过诱导大豆蛋白高级结构的展开,改善其功能特性。     

高压均质对大豆蛋白7S和11S组分功能性质的影响

为了了解高压均质技术对大豆分离组分功能性质的影响,采用40 MPa、均质一次的均质条件对大豆分离蛋白溶液进行处理,并分析处理前后SPI组分功能性质的变化。结果表明:高压均质可对SPI的溶解性、乳化性和起泡性有一定的改善作用;SPI的溶解能力和乳化能力的变化主要受到7S组分的影响;对SPI的发泡性影响不大,但对7S和11S组分影响较明显。     

桃仁清蛋白与大豆分离蛋白功能特性比较研究

为提高桃仁清蛋白(PKA)在食品工业中的应用,将其与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)对照,研究了PKA的溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性和凝胶性等功能特性.结果表明:与SPI相比,PKA具有很好的溶解性、泡沫稳定性、乳化稳定性及较低的凝胶质量浓度,持油性略高于SPI,但起泡性、乳化性及持水性较差;PKA溶解性受溶解条件影响较小.PKA具有良好的功能性质,适合作为食品添加剂或配料.     

大豆分离蛋白的超滤制备及其功能特性的研究

研究了超滤法制备大豆分离蛋白 (SPI)过程中温度、压力、pH值对膜通量的影响 ,并确定其最佳工艺参数。同时研究超滤法制备的大豆分离蛋白的功能特性 ,结果表明 ,与碱溶酸沉法制备的大豆分离蛋白相比 ,超滤法制备的大豆分离蛋白的NSI、PDI、乳化性、发泡性均有提高 ,但其凝胶性、黏度比前者要差。在一定 pH值范围内 ,碱溶酸沉法制备的SPI的泡沫稳定性优于超滤法制备的SPI     

不同方法制备的大豆分离蛋白功能性质的比较研究

采用普通的碱溶酸沉方法、Samoto法、钙离子沉淀法制备出几种大豆分离蛋白,并对其产率、总脂含量及溶解性、乳化性等物化性质和功能性质进行系统比较。结果表明：钙离子沉淀法制备的大豆分离蛋白(Less-LP SPI)的产率是碱溶酸沉大豆分离蛋白(APP)产率的65%,但高于由Samoto法提取的7S与11S两种大豆分离蛋白产率之和;Less-LP SPI的总脂含量比APP降低了45%,由Samoto法提取的亲脂性蛋白(LP)中总脂含量达到7.48%,而7S与11S蛋白中脂含量分别为1.45%、2.36%。在功能性质上,LP的溶解性、乳化活性均比较差,7S、11S质量比1:2混合蛋白的溶解性最好,而Less-LP SPI在pH≤10时溶解性低于APP;乳化性方面,Less-LP SPI的乳化活性稍低于7S、11S质量比1:2的混合蛋白及APP,但乳化稳定性远高于后者。总体上,Less-LP SPI脂含量少、乳化稳定性好,方法简单,且可提高其货架期。     

大豆分离蛋白的超滤制备及其功能特性的研究

研究了超滤法制备大豆分离蛋白(SPI)过程中温度、压力、pH值对膜通量的影响，并确定其最佳工艺参数。同时研究超滤法制备的大豆分离蛋白的功能特性，结果表明，与碱溶酸沉法制备的大豆分离蛋白相比，超滤法制备的大豆分离蛋白的NSI、PDI、乳化性、发泡性均有提高，但其凝胶性、黏度比前者要差。在一定pH值范围内，碱溶酸沉法制备的SPI的泡沫稳定性优于超滤法制备的SPI。     

Structure,trypsin inhibitor activity and functional properties of germinated soybean protein isolate

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of germination on functional and conformational properties as well as the in vitro trypsin digestibility of soy protein isolate (SPI). The influences of germination on the molecular properties of SPI were also evaluated. The germination degraded lipoxygenase, α, α' subunits of β‐conglycinin (7S) and acidic chains of glycinin (11S) of soybean. Concomitantly, the loss of tertiary structures of SPI occurred due to the germination. The trypsin inhibitor activity of germinated SPI presented a decreasing trend, followed by an increase in the growth of hypocotyls. The in vitro trypsin digestibility of germinated SPI followed a consistent trend with the trypsin inhibitor activity. The protein solubility (PS) and emulsifying properties of SPI were improved by the germination, in a hypocotyl length‐dependent manner. The data suggest that some selected functional properties and the in vitro digestibility of soy proteins can be improved by means of the germination.     

Effects of soybean (Glycine max) germination on biologically active components, nutritional values of seeds, and biological characteristics in rats

We briefly reviewed the effects of soybean germination on biologically active components, nutritive value of seed and biological characteristics in rats. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of soybean germination on nutritional values of seeds and the potential importance for the use of germinated soybeans, from a contemporary conception, in food preparation as well as on soybean possible influence in optimal health. Germination induced a substantial increase in the content of saponin, oestrogenic compounds and almost all phytosterols, particularly beta-sitosterol of seeds. Lecithin content increased slightly and gradually during germination process. Lipase and alpha-galactosidase activities increased whereas lipoxygenase activities reduced after a short period of germination (< or = 72 h). Therefore, the substantial odour and flavour scores of germinated soybean flour were improved. Germinated seeds were also beneficial to heat penetration, their thermolabile antinutritional factors were easier to inhibit than those of dry beans, also the seeds did not require a long cooking time to be palatable. Duration of the germination process greatly influenced the nutritional value and palatability of seeds and biological characteristics in rats. In rat bioassay, one-day germination of soybeans induced a significant increase of daily body weight gain, daily protein intake in rats and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of seed meal. Palatability of seeds was also improved whereas a 5-day germination resulted in a decrease of PER of seed meal (less than the value of unheated seeds) and induced thyroid enlargement in rats. A vapour thermal treatment (100 degrees C, 20 min) eliminated thyroid-active agents and improved PER of seed meal, food intake and final weight of rats. Well prepared germinated soybeans can be used as a good alternate to animal proteins for more balanced nutritional diet. Development of food products from germinated soybean may be another way to further increase the versatility and utility of soybeans for both developing and industrialized countries, as germination induced the modification of certain specific biologically active components, palatability and nutritive value of seeds.     

Influence of grain germination on functional properties of sorghum flour

A Sudanese sorghum cultivar (Fetarita) was germinated for five days and protease and amylase activities were measured every 24 h. Results showed that flour obtained from the 3rd germinated sorghum grain had high protease and amylase activities. The functional properties of flours derived from the germinated sorghum seeds were studied and ungerminated seeds were used as a control. Germinated samples had a higher protein solubility compared with the control, and the highest solubility occurred at pH 6. Germination also increased the protein solubility index of sorghum flour. Germinated sorghum flour had a least gelation concentration of 8% compared with 18% for the control. The bulk densities of germinated flours were lower compared to the ungerminated one. Water and oil capacities were increased by germination from 131.34% and 90.56% to 141.64% and 108%, respectively after three days of germination. The emulsifying activities and stabilities of the germinated samples increased significantly. In addition, germination improved the foamability of sorghum flour from unfoam flour to a flour with foam after three days of germination; and the foaming capacity and stability increased significantly with increasing germination time. Thus, the study indicated that germination improved the functional properties of sorghum and it would be possible to design new foods using germinated sorghum.     

INFLUENCE OF GERMINATION ON SAPONINS IN SOYBEAN AND RECOVERY OF SOY SAPOGENOL I

Soysaponins are considered major bioactive components. Ethanol extractives prepared from mature soybean and germinated seeds (0–4 days) were examined for saponin content (found to be 2.8 and 6.1–8.9%, respectively). The saponin content increased 3.2 times after germination. The predominant hydrolytic product of saponin – soysapogenol I – content increased from 1.8 to 7.3% during the course of germination. Defatted soy flour, soy protein isolate and toasted flour contain saponins at 2.3–3.5%, suggesting that the germinated soybean seeds are the richest source of saponins among soybean products.     

Germination improves the functional properties of soybean and enhances soymilk quality

The effects of soybean variety and germination time on structural changes, antinutritional factor content, antioxidant activity of germinated soybean, and on the functional properties of soymilk were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the antioxidant activity increased with increasing germination time. The content of antinutritional factors decreased with increasing germination time. Soybean varieties with the lowest tannin and trypsin inhibitor content were DN690 and HJ1. Lipoxygenase activity and phytic acid content showed no significant differences among soybean varieties. The content of α-helices and β-turns in soybean protein decreased with increasing germination time, while the content of β-sheets was increased. Soybean protein was progressively broken down into smaller molecular peptides during the germination process. The digestion and content of soluble protein in soymilk increased with germination. In summary, we show that germination is an effective, cheap, and green method that improves the functional properties of soybean and soymilk.     

Free and bound form bioactive compound profiles in germinated black soybean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> L.)

This study investigated the transition between the free and bound forms of functional compounds in germinated black soybean. Black soybean was germinated at 25°C over 6 days and then the free and bound forms of functional compounds were extracted. Total free polyphenol, flavonoid, and phenolic acid contents in raw black soybean increased from 1.03 mg GAE/g, 0.29 mg CE/g, and 315.67 μg/g to 1.44mg GAE/g, 0.64mg CE/g, and 511.01 μg/g, respectively, by 4 days after germination. Changes to phenolic acid compositions can be divided into four groups, and the germination process can convert compounds to phenolic acid via anabolism and catabolism. The highest total free isoflavone content in germinated black soybean (3,724.40 μg/g) was observed at 4 days. Bound polyphenol, flavonoid, phenolic acid, and isoflavone contents decreased as the germination period increased. These results suggest that the germination process increased compound functionality in black soybean.     

Kinetic study of the antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity during germination of Vigna radiata cv. emmerald, Glycinemax cv. jutro and Glycine max cv. merit

The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the content of antioxidant compounds in raw mung bean seeds and sprouts (Vigna radiata cv. emmerald) germinated for 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 days and of soybean seeds of Glycine max cv. jutro germinated for 2, 3 and 4 days and of Glycine max cv. merit germinated for 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days. Antioxidant compounds, such as vitamin C and E, total phenolic compounds and reduced glutathione (GSH) were studied. Antioxidant capacity was measured by superoxide dismutase-like activity (SOD-like activity), peroxyl radical-trapping capacity (PRTC), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in unilamellar liposomes of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC). The results indicated that changes in the contents of vitamin C, vitamin E and GSH depended on the type of legume and germination conditions. Sprouts of mung bean and soybeans provided more total phenolic compounds than did raw seeds. The SOD-like activity increased after germination of mung bean seeds for 7 days, by 308%, while no change was observed in sprouts of Glycine max cv. jutro and an increase was observed after 5 and 6 days of germination (∼20%) in Glycine max cv. merit. PRTC and TEAC increased during the germination process and retentions of 28–70% and 11–14%, respectively, for soybean, and 248% and 61%, respectively, for mung bean were observed at the end of germination. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation increased by 389% in 5–7 days’ germination of Vigna radiata cv. emmerald sprouts, and 66% in Glycine max cv. merit sprouts whilst, in Glycine max cv. jutro, germination did not cause changes in lipid peroxidation inhibition. According to the results obtained in this study, germination of mung bean and soybean seeds is a good process for obtaining functional flours with greater antioxidant capacity and more antioxidant compounds than the raw legumes.     

大豆种子萌发后油脂体乳液稳定性的研究

以大豆为原料,大豆种子经萌发处理后的油脂体乳液为研究对象,通过测量乳化稳定性、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS值）及酸价等指标,比较了大豆种子不同萌发时间油脂体乳液的稳定性,研究了不同处理条件（NaCl浓度、pH、贮藏温度）对大豆种子萌发后油脂体乳液稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,大豆种子萌发后油脂体提取率逐渐降低,20 h（12.36%±0.21%）至27 h（10.89%±0.28%）油脂体提取率呈逐渐下降趋势,且27 h后提取率下降显著（P<0.05）。室温下贮藏14 d样品出现不同程度的絮凝。不同萌发时间油脂体乳液稳定性也不同,27 h表面疏水性（99.78±0.88）最大,且乳化稳定性（23.49±0.39）最好。经不同NaCl浓度、pH、贮藏温度处理后,随NaCl浓度的增加,萌发后的大豆油脂体乳液乳化活性无显著变化（P>0.05）,乳化稳定性在NaCl浓度为0~150 mmol/L时呈下降趋势,大于150 mmol/L时无显著变化,150与200 mmol/L时分别为（4.75±0.12）和（4.74±0.14）min,但过氧化值在贮藏0~6 d时显著增加（P<0.05）;pH越高,萌发大豆油脂体乳液的ζ-电势及乳化活性越小,pH为4时乳化活性为（19.13±0.23）m2/g,过氧化值和TBARS值变化显著（P<0.05）;贮藏温度上升,萌发大豆油脂体乳液过氧化值升高,酸价无显著性变化（P>0.05）。不同萌发时间大豆种子油脂体乳液稳定性均存在差异,且萌发27 h后的大豆油脂体较其他萌发时间更稳定。NaCl浓度和pH都对萌发大豆油脂体乳液稳定性有较大影响,且贮藏温度对其影响相对较小。可为今后萌发大豆油脂体的应用提供理论基础。