不同热处理方式对牛奶乳清蛋白的影响

目的：比较不同热处理方式对牛奶中乳清活性蛋白的影响。方法：以奶场牛乳、巴氏杀菌乳、超高温瞬时灭菌(UHT)乳和蒸汽侵入式直接杀菌(INF)乳4种不同热处理方式的牛奶作为研究对象，观察4种牛奶活性蛋白含量及热处理后牛奶中美拉德反应产物含量等的变化情况；采用SEM、FTIR、荧光光谱分析仪和Malvern纳米粒度仪分析微观结构。结果：4种热处理牛奶中，奶场牛乳的乳清蛋白含量最高，INF杀菌乳与巴氏杀菌乳中乳清蛋白含量和美拉德反应产物含量相当；UHT灭菌乳的粒径及其乳清蛋白极性环境均显著增加；4种牛奶乳清蛋白二级结构中无规则卷曲逐渐增加，乳清蛋白结构从有序向无序转化。结论：蒸汽侵入式直接杀菌对乳清活性蛋白的损伤程度小于超高温瞬时灭菌，与巴氏杀菌相当，且此方法处理的牛乳保存期高于巴氏杀菌乳。     

高压脉冲电场对牛奶中风味物质的影响

本实验采用SPME-GC-MS 联用的方法,对鲜牛乳、UHT 灭菌牛奶和高压脉冲电场(PEF)处理(35kV/cm,400μS,200Hz)牛乳的风味成分进行分析。从鲜牛乳、UHT 灭菌乳和PEF 处理乳分别鉴定出19、17、18 种主要挥发性化合物。通过对不同处理方式牛乳挥发性风味成分的比较研究,PEF 处理较UHT 处理对牛乳中风味物质影响较小,且产生较少的与蒸煮味相关的含硫化合物。     

基于SPME-GC-MS技术结合电子鼻电子舌分析不同热处理牛乳风味的差异

目的 探究不同热处理牛乳即巴氏杀菌乳、超高温瞬时（UHT）灭菌乳和蒸汽浸入式（INF）杀菌乳的香气品质差异。方法 利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法（SPME-GC-MS）对三种热处理牛乳的挥发性风味组分进行鉴定,并结合电子鼻和电子舌对不同热处理牛乳的风味进行更直观的区分。结果 GC-MS技术共检测出热处理牛乳中53种挥发性风味化合物,主要是由13种醛类、10种脂肪酸类、9种醇类、7种酮类和3种内酯类组成。其中巴氏杀菌乳以辛酸、癸酸等脂肪酸类和壬醛、癸醛等醛类为主;INF杀菌乳中以辛酸、癸酸、乙酸等脂肪酸类为主,其次是辛醛、壬醛等醛类和糠醇、2-乙基-1-己醇等醇类;UHT灭菌乳则是以2-庚酮、2-壬酮和2-十一酮等酮类为主,其次是辛酸、己酸等脂肪酸类和丙醛、壬醛等醛类,然后是δ-癸内酯和δ-十二内酯等内酯类。电子鼻对不同热处理牛乳有明显不同响应,主成分分析（PCA）前两主成分可以很好地区分不同热处理牛乳的挥发性风味物质,传感器W5S、W1S、W1W和W2S对牛乳气味影响最大。电子舌结果表明不同热处理牛乳在鲜味和口感浓厚程度上差异显著,且PCA分析前两主成分可以完全区分不同热处理牛乳...     

杀菌方法对牛乳中特征香气物质的影响

超高温瞬时杀菌法(UHT)、巴氏杀菌法和浸入式杀菌技术(INF)等是应用较为广泛的牛乳杀菌方法,本研究利用溶剂辅助风味蒸发法(SAFE)对生牛乳和3类杀菌乳中挥发性风味组分差别进行研究,结果表明：从4种牛乳中共检出挥发性香气物质48种,包括脂肪酸类11种、酮类5种、醛类6种、含硫化合物2种、酯类6种、醇类5种、芳香及杂环类化合物13种。在此基础上结合阈值进一步确定了上述风味组分的香气活性值(OAV)。4种牛乳样品中共有23种OAV值大于1的关键风味化合物,其中十六酸甲酯、2-壬酮和己醛等对牛乳整体风味的贡献度较大。基于偏最小二乘回归(PLS)对4种牛乳中关键风味组分和牛乳感官特征之间的相关性进行分析,结果表明：INF乳和巴氏杀菌乳的感官特征更为相似,具有较强奶香味与甜味,其对应的化合物为2-壬酮、2(5H)-呋喃酮和乙酸丁酯。UHT乳的感官特征为具有蒸煮味、浓厚感较强。该感官特征与二甲基砜、二甲基硫、2-乙基-1-己醇和2-十三酮等组分相关性较大。此外,生牛乳风味组分相对较少。     

UHT热处理对牛奶中风味物质的影响

结合固相微萃取(SPME)及气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)研究UHT热处理后牛奶的风味变化,并与原料牛乳风味特征进行对比。结果表明:新鲜原料乳中可以检测到50种挥发性风味物质,其中酸类最多,其他还包括醛,醇,酮,酚,酯等。牛乳经过137℃,4 s加热杀菌后,挥发性风味物质有75种,除上述风味化合物外,酯类和酮类数量明显增加,其中甲基酮,3-羟基-2-呋喃酮,δ-癸内酯,γ-十二内酯是UHT乳中重要挥发性风味物质,对形成UHT乳特有风味起重要作用。     

超高压杀菌处理对牛乳感官和理化特性的影响

以原乳为参照,研究了超高压杀菌处理对牛乳感官和理化特性的影响,并且与巴氏杀菌乳和UHT杀菌乳进行了比较。结果表明,超高压杀菌处理虽然降低了牛乳的白度和浊度,改变了牛乳的感官特性,但是增加了牛乳中游离态钙的含量,降低了乳清蛋白的变性程度,最大限度的保留了牛乳的营养价值。而巴氏杀菌和UHT杀菌处理增加了牛乳的白度和浊度,同样改变了牛乳的感官特性,但是降低了牛乳中游离态钙的含量,使乳清蛋白的变性程度增加,导致牛乳的营养价值降低。     

乳清蛋白对直接超高温乳贮存稳定性的影响研究进展

直接超高温（direct ultra-high temperature,dUHT）牛乳是蒸汽直接接触牛乳快速加热,然后通过闪蒸迅速蒸发水分,具有热负荷能低、最大程度保留牛乳营养和风味等优点,有望成为继UHT乳的新一代高品质液态乳制品。目前我国dUHT乳产业尚处于起步阶段。虽然dUHT乳的营养全面,但其贮存过程中有时出现沉淀、老化凝胶等品质问题,影响了产品货架期。dUHT乳的贮存稳定性影响因素非常复杂,乳清蛋白的热不稳定性是影响dUHT乳贮存稳定性的主要原因之一。本文综述了dUHT乳生产基本原理,探讨了乳清蛋白分子间、乳清蛋白与酪蛋白和纤溶酶等物质之间的交联反应机制及其对dUHT乳贮存稳定性的影响,以期为dUHT乳的加工技术优化升级和我国dUHT乳的快速发展提供参考。     

牛乳风味物质分析及特征研究

对牛乳样品中固体含量、酸度、酸类、醛类、酯类、醇类和芳香族类等19种化合物及增香剂的含量进行分析,考察不同产地、不同杀菌方式的牛乳中固体含量、酸度、特征风味化合物和增香剂含量差别及对牛乳风味的可能影响。结果表明,国内2种杀菌方式牛乳中,固体含量和乳酸含量与国外牛乳中无明显差别,国内2种牛乳中丙酮酸含量稍高于国外牛乳中含量,但酸度、甲硫醇、庚醛、己醛、苯乙醛和酯类化合物含量低于国外牛乳中含量。国内巴氏杀菌牛乳中乙醇含量明显高于国内和国外UHT牛乳中含量,但戊醛和二甲硫醚含量则低于国内和国外UHT牛乳中含量。国外UHT牛乳硫胺素和香兰素含量较高。牛乳的产地和杀菌方式对牛乳中的风味物质有一定的影响:牛乳的产地对牛乳中酸类、醇类、醛类和酯类风味物质有明显影响,而杀菌方式对牛乳中小分子醇类、醛类、醚类及香兰素等风味物质影响较为显著。     

SPME/GC-MS分析比较热处理乳中的挥发性化合物

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPME-GC-MS)对UHT灭菌乳和巴氏杀菌乳中的主要挥发性成分进行定性分析.结果表明,采用固相微萃取技术能够有效达到富集样品中风味成分的目的,通过GC-MS分离与检测,UHT牛奶共检出74种风味物质,UHT灭菌乳和巴氏杀菌乳存在57种共同风味成分,但二者在某些风味物质的组成及质量分数方面也存在差异,UHT灭菌乳的特征性风味物质为酮类、酸类及烃类物质,巴氏杀菌乳的特征性风味物质为烃类、酸类和醇类物质.     

具有良好风味德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种的筛选及其产香性能分析

风味是评价酸奶发酵剂及其产品的重要指标之一。该文以科汉森公司提供的商业发酵剂为对照组,以分离自传统发酵乳制品中具有良好发酵特性的6株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种为试验菌株,从中筛选出1株具有良好风味的菌株。采用固相微萃取(solid phase micro-extraction, SPME)和GC-MS技术测定牛乳发酵终点时的挥发性风味化合物,从中筛选出1株与对照组中的挥发性风味物质的种类和相对含量相似度较高的菌株,并继续分析该菌株在牛乳发酵和贮藏期间所产风味物质的动态变化情况。德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种MGA17-6在牛乳发酵和贮藏期间产生的主要风味化合物包括酸类、醛类、酮类、酯类、醇类等,其中一些重要的化合物如乙酸、乙醛、庚醛、乙偶姻、1-庚醇等对发酵乳的风味产生重要的影响。筛选出1株具有良好风味的德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种MGA17-6。     

Short communication: Volatiles in microfluidized raw and heat-treated milk

As innovative processing equipment is introduced to milk processing, it is essential to determine its effect on milk aroma, a critical factor in consumer acceptance of the final dairy product. Microfluidization is known to cause severe high-pressure homogenization of milk fat and, although severe processing is known to release undesired aromas, no information is available on the levels of the volatile compounds in milk immediately after microfluidization. We hypothesized that microfluidization would alter levels of volatile compounds in milk that may affect aroma. The concentration of 11 selected volatile compounds in raw, thermized, pasteurized, and UHT 3.0% fat milk samples were compared before and after microfluidization at 170 MPa and common 2-stage homogenization at 15 MPa. Overall, the different milk samples had similar trends in response to homogenization, although UHT milk started with lower values of nonanoic acid, and acetone and higher levels of hexanal and heptanol. In many cases, microfluidization did not significantly alter volatile levels compared with the starting milk. Heptanal was the only compound observed to increase in thermized and UHT milk, whereas nonanoic acid and acetone decreased in raw, thermized, and pasteurized milks and octanoic acid decreased in thermized and UHT milks. The highest levels of almost all of the volatiles were found in the 2-stage homogenized milk. Overall, microfluidization had minimal effect on the volatile compound profiles of milk, although sensory evaluation is needed to confirm effects on aroma and flavor.     

Invited review: The effect of native and nonnative enzymes on the flavor of dried dairy ingredients

Dried dairy ingredients are used in a wide array of foods from soups to bars to beverages. The popularity of dried dairy ingredients, including but not limited to sweet whey powder, whey proteins and milk powders, is increasing. Dried dairy ingredient flavor can carry through into the finished product and influence consumer liking; thus, it is imperative to produce a consistent product with bland flavor. Many different chemical compounds, both desirable and undesirable, contribute to the overall flavor of dried dairy ingredients, making the flavor very complex. Enzymatic reactions play a major role in flavor. Milk contains several native (indigenous) enzymes, such as lactoperoxidase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, proteinases, and lipases, which may affect flavor. In addition, other enzymes are often added to milk or milk products for various functions such as milk clotting (chymosin), bleaching of whey products (fungal peroxidases, catalase to deactivate hydrogen peroxide), flavor (lipases in certain cheeses), or produced during the cheesemaking process from starter culture or nonstarter bacteria. These enzymes and their possible contributions will be discussed in this review. Understanding the sources of flavor is crucial to produce bland, flavorless ingredients.     

Undesirable sulphur and carbonyl flavor compounds in UHT milk: a review

Ultra High Temperature (UHT) processing leads to the formation of "cooked" and "flat" flavors in milk. These undesirable notes occur due to the volatile formation of a variety of sulphur containing compounds, methyl ketones and aliphatic aldehydes, derived from the constituents of the milk's matrix during thermal processing and storage. The "cooked" flavor of UHT milk is associated with the presence of a variety of sulphur containing compounds while the "stale" flavor is characterized by the dissipation of these sulphur volatiles and an increase of the formation and presence of both methyl ketones and aliphatic aldehydes over time. The extent to which the individual volatiles contribute to the overall flavor of UHT milk is not clear. The proposed formation of these volatiles, that is, the methods to control the intensity of "cooked" and "stale" flavors associated with UHT milk and extraction techniques for the isolation of these volatiles from milk, have been reviewed.     

蒸汽浸入式UHT杀菌对牛乳部分营养物质和口感的影响

以蒸汽喷入式和管式间接加热为对照,利用135℃(4 s)蒸汽浸入式对鲜牛乳进行杀菌试验,对杀菌乳的部分营养性和口感进行了评价。结果表明,3种加热方式都可以满足商业无菌产品要求;其中蒸汽直接浸入式条件下,α-乳白蛋白、乳铁蛋白、维生素B1、维生素B12、维生素C和叶酸的损失率均低于其他两种杀菌方式;蒸汽浸入式杀菌产品中蒸煮味更淡。蒸汽浸入式杀菌方式对牛乳无菌加工过程中的营养保留率更高。     

基于Heracles Ⅱ超快速气相电子鼻对不同加工方式牛奶的快速鉴别

利用Heracles II超快速气相电子鼻对不同加工方式牛奶中的挥发性有机化合物进行检测。采用主成分分析、样品间区别指数分析和主成分载荷图分析对不同加工方式牛奶挥发性物质的差异性进行比较,结果表明奶粉的整体风味与其他三种不同加工方式样品差异较大,而超巴氏奶与超高温灭菌奶差异较小。结合保留指数和Aro Chem Base数据库对特异性化合物进行定性及含量分析,结果显示随着加工温度升高,丙酮、2-丁醇、辛二烯、己酸和甲硫醚的含量也随之增多。同时,甲基环己烷羧酸、丙酮、2-丁醇和水芹烯在奶粉的加工工艺中出现了大量的损失。由此得出结论,Heracles II超快速气相电子鼻能够实现对不同加工方式牛奶的快速鉴别。     

Determination of whey protein to total protein ratio in UHT milk using fourth derivative spectroscopy

A fourth derivative spectroscopy method was applied for the quantification of whey protein to total protein ratio in UHT milks. Some analytical features such as model compounds, selection of wavelength, linearity, repeatability and interference of milk fat were studied. The effect of refrigerated storage of raw milk, UHT treatment, and storage of UHT milk at room temperature on whey protein to total protein ratio was evaluated. No significant (p<0.05) differences among samples were found in any case. The ratio of whey protein to total protein was also determined in batches of whole (n=28) and skimmed (n=27) commercial UHT milks from different Spanish geographic areas processed by direct or indirect UHT systems in different periods of the year. The mean value was 18.1% for both whole and UHT skimmed milks. The analysis of laboratory-made mixtures of UHT milk with acid and rennet whey (2.5–15% of whey in milk expressed in protein) indicated that adulterations of UHT milk with whey up from 5% could be detected by the proposed method.     

发酵乳风味及其分析技术研究进展

发酵乳制品具有悠久的历史, 富含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类和矿物质等营养物质, 具有调节机体功能、预防和治疗疾病、延长寿命等保健功能功效, 此外因其具有独特的发酵风味及组织状态, 深受消费者欢迎。发酵乳风味是评估其品质的主要指标之一, 乳酸菌在发酵过程中可以生成多种风味化合物, 其中主要包括酸类、酮类、酯类、醛类, 这些化合物的种类和含量均会影响发酵乳的品质?本文主要概述了发酵乳中挥发性风味物质的组成及形成机理, 同时对发酵乳关键风味化合物的分析技术进行了总结, 为发酵乳风味及其品质提高、新产品开发及关键技术工艺升级提供理论基础与依据。     

高压蒸汽灭菌时间对冷吃兔风味物质的影响

该文探究了高压蒸汽灭菌时间(15、20、25、30、35 min)对风味物质理化指标、滋味物质及风味物质的影响.结果表明,高压蒸汽灭菌的时间对冷吃兔的水分、蛋白质、脂质、pH及氯化物无明显影响.咸味的呈味效果显著,灭菌20 min时氯化物的滋味活性值(TAV)与未灭菌最为相似.总游离氨基酸含量在15～20 min明显降...     

超高温蒸汽喷淋式杀菌设备的分析研究

<正>在进行热处理时,果汁、鲜奶及其他乳制品对加热时间比加热温度来得敏感。用来处理这些产品的无菌加工方法称为UHT(超高温处理)。在UHT处理中,果汁、鲜奶等被快速加热到135-150℃,然后持热数秒,便快速地冷却至室内温度。UHT系统采用多种加热方式,而超高温蒸汽喷淋式杀菌设备则是操作安全     

UHT Milk Processing—Effect on Process Energy Requirements

Energy requirements for processing milk using a free falling film steam infusion ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization process and a high temperature-short time (HTST) pasteurization process were determined and compared. Product flow rate was 2500 kg/hr. Milk to milk regeneration was used with both processes. UHT process temperatures were 138, 143, 149, and 154°C. The energy requirements for the UHT and HTST processes ranged between 573 and 667 kJ/kg milk and 217 and 228 kJ/kg milk, respectively. Although the UHT process consumed between 345 and 450 W/kg milk additional energy in the plant, the UHT sterilization of milk has been estimated to result in a net energy savings of 547 - 652 kJ/kg milk because the product does not require post-processing refrigeration.