用于苯部分加氢制环己烯的Pd-Co/γ-Al2O3深度脱硫剂制备与性能评价

采用液相原位还原法制备三维纳米网状结构的Pd-Co/γ-Al₂O₃脱硫剂，并用于苯深度脱硫反应体系。通过XRD、SEM、TEM等对催化剂的组成、结构和形貌进行表征，对比不同物质的量比Pd-Co/γ-Al₂O₃脱硫剂对苯深度脱硫反应的影响。结果表明，具有三维网状结构的Pd-Co/γ-Al₂O₃脱硫剂，可显著提高脱硫剂的比表面积，使其表面活性位点变多。同时，生成的Pd-Co固溶体具有双金属协同吸附作用，改善了脱硫剂的脱硫性能，因此在大幅减少贵金属Pd用量前提下，脱硫剂硫容提高了37%。     

甲烷直接催化氧化制甲醇催化剂及反应机理

研究甲烷合成甲醇的催化剂及催化机理是甲烷直接催化氧化制甲醇的关键。本文综述了甲烷合成甲醇的Pt系催化剂、Pd系催化剂、Rh系催化剂、Fe改性沸石催化剂、Cu改性沸石催化剂、改性金属有机框架材料催化剂以及相应的催化机理。结果表明,Pt系催化剂中K₂PtCl₄、Pt(bpym)Cl₂、Pt(bipy)Cl₂催化甲烷制甲醇机理为亲电取代反应。Pd系催化剂中Pd(OAc)₂在CF₃COOH水溶液中通过多步电子传递链将甲烷转化为甲醇;Pd/C在乙酸水溶液中催化甲烷合成甲醇是亲电取代和活性氧物种氧化两种机理共同作用的结果。Rh系催化剂中的Rh/ZSM-5、Rh/TiO₂通过锚定在载体孔道内的一价Rh与CO、H₂O和O₂作用将甲烷转化为甲醇。Fe、Cu改性沸石催化剂及改性金属有机框架材料催化剂通过均裂、异裂等自由基反应转化甲烷得到甲醇。指出研究高效活化甲烷分子和抑制甲醇深度氧化催化剂的设计、制备及深入探究其催化机理仍然是今后的研究重点。     

Si-TiO2负载V2O5催化甲醇一步氧化法制二甲氧基甲烷的研究

通过溶剂热法制备不同Si掺杂量的Si-TiO₂载体,采用等体积浸渍法制得Si-TiO₂/-V₂O₅催化剂,利用XRD、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD、UV-Vis对催化剂的性质进行表征,研究了Si掺杂改性对催化剂钒氧物种分散性和氧化还原性、催化剂表面酸性以及反应性能的影响。结果表明,硅掺杂改性后改善了催化剂表面钒氧物种的分散性,提高了催化剂的氧化还原能力,使催化剂具有更加适宜的酸性,提升了甲醇氧化制二甲氧基甲烷（DMM）的反应性能。Si掺杂量为3%的3Si-TiO₂/V₂O₅催化剂表现出良好的反应性能,此时甲醇转化率为58.5%,DMM的选择性高达99.1%。     

碳纳米管表面Pd纳米颗粒对甲醇的电催化氧化研究

采用电化学循环伏安法分别在碳纳米管(CNT)和玻碳(GC)电极表面沉积Pd纳米颗粒。扫描电镜(SEM)和XRD分析显示了Pd纳米颗粒均匀分散于碳纳米管表面,而在GC表面则趋向于堆积形成Pd金属薄膜。比较研究了Pd/CNT和Pd/GC电极在碱液中对甲醇的电催化氧化性能,循环伏安结果发现,Pd/CNT对甲醇的催化活性要高于Pd/GC电极;而交流阻抗谱研究发现,Pd/CNT电极对甲醇具有更快的催化氧化速率。另外,不同Pd载量,不同环境温度以及不同甲醇浓度的研究表明,相对于Pd/GC电极,Pd/CNT电极对甲醇的催化氧化具有更高的灵敏度和电化学稳定性。     

Pd/NaY催化苯甲醇无溶剂选择性氧化反应

采用离子交换法将[Pd(NH₃)₄]²⁺交换到NaY分子筛中,经焙烧和氢气还原制备金属钯粒径可调变的Pd/NaY催化剂。在(120~500) ℃改变焙烧温度,可以获得金属钯粒径(1.3~11.9) nm的Pd/NaY催化剂。Pd/NaY催化剂能够催化苯甲醇的无溶剂选择性氧化反应,对含不同钯粒径的Pd/NaY催化剂上醇选择性氧化研究发现,在1.6%Pd/NaY催化剂用量0.1 g、反应温度100 ℃、苯甲醇用量48.5 mmol和O₂流速3 mL·min^-1条件下,苯甲醇转化的真实转化频率随粒径变化在3.2 nm处呈最大值,该反应为结构敏感反应。     

助剂对ZnO/ZrO2物化性质及催化性能的影响

CO₂加氢制甲醇是实现碳中和目标的有效途径。尽管已报道的ZnO/ZrO₂催化剂具有高活性和稳定性,但其催化性能仍有望进一步提高。采用浸渍法制备得到一系列不同元素掺杂的Ma-ZnO_x/ZrO₂催化剂,并通过评价发现只有Ga促进了ZnO/ZrO₂催化剂催化CO₂加氢制甲醇。其中,5%Ga-ZnO_x/ZrO₂催化剂表现出优异的催化性能,在反应条件：P=3 MPa、T=320℃、V(H₂)∶V(CO₂)=4∶1、气体质量空速(WHSV)=24 000 mL/(g·h)时CO₂转化率为7.2%,甲醇选择性为81.0%,甲醇时空产率可达410 mg/(g·h),是ZnO/ZrO₂的1.26倍,且在反应100 h内催化性能无明显衰减。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电子顺磁共振(EPR)表征发现,适量Ga助剂的掺入可以促进催化剂中氧空位的形成。...     

Ce在负载Pd催化苯酚氧化羰基化合成碳酸二苯酯反应中的作用

采用微乳液法制备了Ce为助剂的Pd-Ce-O/SiO₂催化剂,用于苯酚氧化羰基化合成碳酸二苯酯（DPC）反应。活性评价结果显示,催化剂性能随着Ce用量的增加而提高,当Ce/Pd摩尔比为10/1时,苯酚转化率为64.4%,碳酸二苯酯选择性为83.4%。利用XRD表征发现,部分Ce⁴⁺进入到PdO晶格中,使得失活Pd原子中的电子更容易向Ce转移,从而易于再生,表现出更好的催化性能。根据上述结果,设计制备了Pd-O/CeO₂催化剂用于本反应,苯酚转化率和碳酸二苯酯选择性分别仅为24.0%和23.3%。表征发现,在Pd-Ce-O/SiO₂催化剂表面,Pd物种主要是PdO,而Pd-O/CeO₂表面的Pd物种则以PdO₂为主。由于苯酚氧化羰基化反应的活性中心为Pd(Ⅱ),所以Pd-O/CeO₂催化性能较差。并且,由于Pd与CeO₂之间存在强相互作用,催化剂表面Pd含量较低,这也是Pd-O/CeO₂催化活性较差的原因之一。     

蒸气浸渍法制备完全无氯CuY催化剂及其氧化羰基化性能

以具有升华性质且易分解的乙酰丙酮铜为铜源,NH₄Y分子筛为载体,采用蒸气浸渍法制备了CuY催化剂,考察了其对甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的催化性能,并采用XRD、H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD等表征手段研究了催化剂上铜物种的分散状态、催化活性中心的含量及催化剂的酸强度和浓度,发现铜物种在Y分子筛载体上高度分散,且Y分子筛载体的晶体结构保持完好。在N₂∶H₂=12∶1的气氛中,250℃还原得到的催化剂CuY/250催化活性中心含量最高,催化活性也达到了最佳,其甲醇转化率为11.1%,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率和选择性分别为200.5mg/(g·h)和60.3%。     

聚合物微球固载的N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺在分子氧氧化苯甲醇反应过程中的催化特性

以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的交联共聚微球GMA/MMA为基质,经过几步大分子反应在微球表面合成与固载了N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI),形成固载有NHPI的聚合物微球GMA/MMA-NHPI。将GMA/MMA-NHPI与Co(OAc)₂组成共催化体系,用于分子氧氧化苯甲醇的反应过程。研究结果表明,GMA/MMA-NHPI与Co(OAc)₂所构成的共催化体系在温和条件(65℃和常压氧气)下可有效地实现苯甲醇的分子氧氧化过程,将其深度氧化为苯甲酸,显示出较好的催化活性和高的选择性(苯甲酸的选择性为96%)。主催化剂GMA/MMA-NHPI固载的NHPI与助催化剂Co(OAc)₂适宜的摩尔比为20:1;主催化剂所含NHPI的摩尔分数为底物的10%时催化剂的用量比较适宜。固体催化剂GMA/MMA-NHPI还具有良好的再循环使用性能。     

CeO2复合改性ZSM-5分子筛用于催化甲醇制丙烯研究

在甲醇制丙烯(MTP)反应中,ZSM-5分子筛较强的酸性易使甲醇与ZSM-5接触发生氢转移、芳构化等二次反应,堵塞孔道,使得其微孔结构更加不利于分子的扩散,加速催化剂积碳失活,导致丙烯选择性和丙烯/乙烯(P/E)比值下降。因此,本文利用催化活性较高的CeO₂对ZSM-5分子筛进行复合改性以达到有效降低其酸性并增大介孔的目的来提高丙烯选择性和P/E比。通过XRD、NH₃-TPD和N₂吸脱附技术表征,研究了不同ZSM-5硅铝比(摩尔比)、两相质量比(m(CeO₂)/m(ZSM-5))对CeO₂/ZSM-5复合催化剂物化性质的影响。在反应温度480 ℃、重时空速2.6 h^-1、N₂流量100 mL·min^-1、常压纯甲醇进料的条件下,考察了所制备的复合催化剂催化MTP的性能。结果表明,硅铝比为250、m(CeO₂)/m(ZSM-5)为1∶4的复合催化剂比以往研究结果具有更优异的MTP催化性能,甲醇转化率为99.9%,丙烯选择性为42.78%,P/E比为6.3。     

聚吡咯修饰Nafion膜直接甲醇燃料电池的性能

用FeCl3化学氧化法制备了PPy/Nafion改性膜,采用浸渍-还原法在PPy/Nafion阴极侧上沉积Co金属,制得Co-PPy/Nafion电解质膜。采用TG、CV及交流阻抗谱测试了Nafion膜及改性膜的热稳定性,质子电导性和甲醇渗透性能,结果表明:PPy/Nafion及Co-PPy/Nafion改性膜具有更好的热稳定性和抗甲醇渗透性。分别以Co-PPy/Nafion改性膜、PPy/Nafion改性膜和纯Nafion膜为电解质膜,PtRu/C为阳极催化剂,Pt/C为阴极催化剂组装DMFC并考察其性能。实验结果表明:Co-PPy/Nafion改性膜组装单电池在高浓度甲醇及大电流密度的测试条件下,表现出更优异的电池性能。     

Effect of promotion with cobalt or zinc on the hydrogenating and oligomerizing activities of the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in the hydrogenation of the BTX fraction

The promoter nature and content effects on the catalytic activity and stability of Pd-Co/δ-Al₂O₃ and Pd-Zn/δ-Al₂O₃ bimetallic catalysts in the hydrogenation of dienic and vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons in the BTX fraction have been investigated by IR spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reduction. The Pd : Co (Zn) molar ratio in the catalysts prepared is 1.0 : 0.5, 1.0 : 1.0, or 1.0 : 1.5, and their Pd content is 0.5 wt %. The support is δ-Al₂O₃ doped with sodium (0.5 wt %). Promotion of the palladium catalyst with zinc and cobalt causes the disappearance of cationic palladium species, thereby reducing the oligomerizing capacity of the active component, and, as was demonstrated by 100-h-long catalytic tests, enhances the stability of the catalyst. The Pd-Co/δ-Al₂O₃(Na) catalyst with Pd : Co = 1.0 : 1.0 mol/mol is recommended for the hydrogenation of the BTX fraction under industrial conditions. The expected service life of this catalyst between regenerations is 16 months.     

Electrodeposited Pd-Co catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell electrodes: Preparation and characterization

Pd-Co alloy has been recently proposed as a catalyst for the cathode of direct methanol fuel cells with both excellent oxygen reduction activity and methanol tolerance, hence electrodeposition of this alloy is an attractive approach for synthesizing porous metal electrodes with high methanol tolerance in direct methanol fuel cells. In this study, we electrodeposited two types of Pd-Co films onto Au substrates by applying different current density (−10 or −200 mA cm⁻²); and then characterized them in terms of morphology, composition, crystal structure, and catalytic activity. Pd-Co deposited at −10 mA cm⁻² was smooth and possessed smaller particles (ca. 10 nm), while that at −200 mA cm⁻² was dendritic (or rough) and possessed larger particles (ca. 50 nm). Both the Pd-Co alloys were found to be almost the same structure, i.e. a solid solution of ca. Pd₇Co₃ with Pd-skin, and also confirmed to possess comparable activity in oxygen reduction to Pt (potential difference at 1.0 μA cm⁻² was 0.05 V). As for methanol tolerance, cell-voltage was not influenced by addition of 1 mol dm⁻³ methanol to the oxidant solution. Our approach provides fundamental technique for synthesizing Pd-Co porous metal electrodes by electrodeposition.     

甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯催化剂研究进展

碳酸二甲酯(DMC)是一种重要的绿色有机合成中间体。在合成DMC的方法中,甲醇氧化羰基化法对设备腐蚀小、原料易得、产物易分离,有着诱人的工业化前景。文中介绍了该反应中所使用的Co、Pd、Cu和Au这4类催化剂的结构特点和催化性能,比较了不同催化剂在氧化羰基化中的催化效果。为了进一步提高催化剂的活性、选择性、减少其腐蚀性,开发出性能更好的工业催化剂,可以通过研究催化反应机理,并通过添加助剂和载体来实现。其中无卤铜系催化剂是今后羰基化合成DMC的重要研究方向。     

外购氢气进行甲醇催化剂还原技术的研究及应用

阐述了外购氢气进行甲醇催化剂还原的相关技术特点,并对该技术在大唐内蒙古多伦煤化工公司1680kt／a甲醇装置的应用情况进行了介绍,指出该技术能有效保证催化剂的还原活性,同时可以实现催化剂的预还原,缩短装置开车时间4d以上,应用于大型生产装置可降低开车费用2000万元以上。     

PtAu插层类水滑石对甲醇的电催化氧化

为提高直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂抗CO中毒性能,降低成本,实现其大规模商业化,通过浸渍法和电化学还原法制备了一种新型PtAu纳米双金属催化剂,利用循环伏安扫描,交流阻抗测及计时电流测试研究不同摩尔比的PtAu插层水滑石材料对甲醇氧化的电催化性能。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、BET比表面积对催化剂的晶体结构,形貌等进行表征。结果表明,4种不同摩尔比的PtxAuy/MgAl-LDH催化剂均具有良好的层状结构特征,且BET比表面积均比商业型镁铝水滑石大。其中,Pt1Au0.5/MgAl-LDH催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化具有最高的电流密度和最小的电荷转移阻力,且表现出了良好的抗CO中毒性能及稳定性。     

Enhanced activity of carbon-supported PdCo electrocatalysts toward electrooxidation of ethanol in alkaline electrolytes

Carbon-supported Pd and PdCo (1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1 and 3: 1) catalysts were synthesized by chemical reduction with NaBH₄. Their electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and CO stripping voltammetry in alkaline electrolytes, and compared with commercial Pt/C and PtRu(1: 1)/C catalysts. In electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in an alkaline electrolyte, marked improvements in the current density and onset potential were observed by incorporating Co into Pd/C to form PdCo/C alloy electrocatalysts. The best catalyst PdCo (1: 1)/C showed performance superior to the commercial Pt/C or PtRu/C catalysts. It is shown that the incorporated Co facilitates the oxidation of strongly-adsorbed carbonaceous intermediate species on the surface of Pd by forming OH^? group and reacts away the intermediates from Pd surface. Thus, PdCo(1: 1)/C catalyst is a promising anode catalyst for direct ethanol fuel cells with alkaline electrolytes.     

Investigation of carbon-supported Pt and PtCo catalysts for oxygen reduction in direct methanol fuel cells

Carbon-supported Pt and Pt₃Co catalysts with a mean crystallite size of 2.5 nm were prepared by a colloidal procedure followed by a carbothermal reduction. The catalysts with same particle size were investigated for the oxygen reduction in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) to ascertain the effect of composition. The electrochemical investigations were carried out in a temperature range from 40 to 80 °C and the methanol concentration feed was varied in the range 1-10 mol dm⁻³ to evaluate the cathode performance in the presence of different conditions of methanol crossover. Despite the good performance of the Pt₃Co catalyst for the oxygen reduction, it appeared less performing than the Pt catalyst of the same particle size for the cathodic process in the presence of significant methanol crossover. Cyclic voltammetry analysis indicated that the Pt₃Co catalyst has a lower overpotential for methanol oxidation than the Pt catalyst, and thus a lower methanol tolerance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis showed that the charge transfer resistance for the oxygen reduction reaction dominated the overall DMFC response in the presence of high methanol concentrations fed to the anode. This effect was more significant for the Pt₃Co/KB catalyst, confirming the lower methanol tolerance of this catalyst compared to Pt/KB. Such properties were interpreted as the result of the enhanced metallic character of Pt in the Pt₃Co catalyst due to an intra-alloy electron transfer from Co to Pt, and to the adsorption of oxygen species on the more electropositive element (Co) that promotes methanol oxidation according to the bifunctional theory.     

Pt/IrO2/CNT anode catalyst with high performance for direct methanol fuel cells

Carbon nanotube immobilized IrO₂ (IrO₂/CNT) was prepared by a simple oxidation method with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and used as an improved catalyst support to load active Pt to prepare Pt/IrO₂/CNT anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell. Electrochemical measurement revealed that Pt/IrO₂/CNT exhibits much higher activity for methanol oxidation and better CO tolerance than Pt/CNT. The anodic peak current of methanol oxidation on Pt/IrO₂/CNT (873.1A g_Pt^− 1) is 2.6 times that of Pt/CNT catalyst (335.7A g_Pt^− 1). The enhanced performance of Pt/IrO₂/CNT is attributed to the fact that IrO₂ improves the dispersion of Pt nanoparticles, and lowers the charge transfer resistance in methanol electrooxidation.