量子阱调制双波长光泵浦垂直外腔面发射半导体激光器

报道了一种采用单个增益芯片实现双波长输出的光泵浦垂直外腔面发射半导体激光器（VECSEL）。VECSEL所用的增益芯片发光区由两组不同发光波长的量子阱组成,其中一组发光波长较短的量子阱采用吸收区泵浦的方式,另一组发光波长较长的量子阱采用阱内泵浦方式。在VECSEL工作时,吸收区泵浦的短波长量子阱率先激射,由于发光波长较长的量子阱对短波长量子阱的强度调制效应,此时可以观察到两种波长的光谱峰值强度随时间周期性振荡,采用高灵敏探测器观察到VECSEL此时的输出激光呈现出脉冲输出形式。随着泵浦功率进一步增加,VECSEL的输出激光呈现稳定的双波长输出,激光波长峰位分别位于967.5 nm和969.8 nm。VECSEL双波长稳定输出时的最大激光功率可以达到560 mW,光斑在正交方向呈现对称高斯形貌,正交方向发散角分别为6.68°和6.87°。     

Nd:GYSGG/YVO4双波长人眼安全波段内腔拉曼激光器

以Nd:GYSGG晶体为激光增益介质,a切割YVO4晶体为拉曼增益介质,利用Nd:GYSGG晶体的双波长激光运转特性实现声光调Q 1.5 m人眼安全波段双波长内腔拉曼激光器。为克服Nd:GYSGG晶体严重的热透镜效应对激光器功率的限制,实验确定其同带泵浦吸收峰位置及吸收系数,采用同带泵浦方式减轻热效应。吸收882.9 nm泵浦光功率17.1 W时,在20 kHz的脉冲重复频率下获得1.44 W的1.5 m双波长输出,转换效率8.4%,光束质量因子M2=2.4;棱镜分光测得其中1 497 nm和1 516 nm功率分别为0.55 W和0.89 W,二者脉冲宽度相近,均为15.3 ns左右。与808 nm传统泵浦相比,同带泵浦方式下激光器的输出功率及光束质量均得到明显提升。     

VECSEL热焦距测量以及角度调谐研究

为了使半导体激光器输出高功率、高光束质量的激光,垂直外腔面发射激光器(VECSEL)应运而生。本文通过对激光器谐振腔的稳定条件进行计算,并结合实验估算出VECSEL中增益芯片的热透镜在泵浦功率为31.3 W时的热焦距在45.7 mm到53.6 mm之间。实验过程中观测到增益芯片的荧光光谱随观测角度变化的现象,并提出一种通过观测增益芯片在不同角度下的荧光光谱来直接估算VECSEL的调谐范围的方法,用所提方法测得增益芯片调谐范围为995～1030 nm。     

百瓦级1.2/1.5 μm双波长金刚石拉曼激光器（特邀）

具有高功率、高光束质量的双波长激光器在精密光谱、共振干涉测量和激光雷达等领域有着重要的应用。但是受到激光工作物质固有的光谱和增益特性制约,通过传统的粒子数反转激光器难以直接获得高功率的双波长激光输出,因此通常需要结合非线性光学频率变换技术将常规的单一波长高功率激光拓展至一个或若干个特殊波段。受激拉曼散射作为一种三阶非线性效应,具有频移大、自相位匹配和光束净化等优点,是实现高效率、高光束质量波长转换有效手段。利用具有宽光谱透过范围（>0.23 μm）、超高热导率（>2 000 W·m?1·K?1）和大拉曼频移（1 332 cm?1）等优异特性的金刚石晶体作为拉曼增益介质,通过外腔振荡结构实现了1 μm泵浦光直接向1.2 μm和1.5 μm双波长激光的高效转换,在最高稳态泵浦功率414 W的条件下获得了1.2 μm和1.5 μm功率分别为72 W和110 W的输出。该研究为实现高功率的双波长激光输出开辟了新的途径。     

880nm LD端面泵浦Nd:YVO_4板条激光实验研究

正将上能级直接泵浦与部分端面泵浦混合腔板条结构结合,可以有效降低激光增益介质的热载和热效应,实现更高功率的高光束质量激光输出、报道了采用两个4-bar 880 nm激光二极管列阵作为泵浦源,两端面泵浦板条Nd:YVO_4晶体的1064 nm实验研究结果、采用了正支离轴非稳-稳定混合腔,在泵浦功率为540 W时,获得了218 W激光输出,光-光转换效率42.6%。M~2因子水平方向大约是1.5,竖直方向是2.0、采用了负支离轴非稳-稳定混合腔,在泵浦功率为540 W时,获得了230 W激光输出,光-光转换效率44%。光束质量与正支时相当。     

端面泵浦Nd:YAG连续输出1052nm波长激光器

设计了一个简单紧凑的1052nm波长激光器.首次利用激光二极管（LD）端面泵浦Nd：YAG晶体,使用镀有高度选择性介质膜的反射镜产生该波段的激光.激光阈值为0.3W,当808nm波长泵浦光功率达到18W时产生了3.5W的1052nm波长激光输出.光-光转换效率为20%,输出激光功率波动不超过3%.     

二极管端面泵浦Nd∶GdVO4高重频声光调Q激光器

采用波长808 nm的光纤耦合输出LD为泵浦源,用Nd∶GdVO4作为激光增益介质,采用端面泵浦方式,通过谐振腔优化设计,达到良好腔模匹配,在LD注入功率20 W的情况下,实现1064 nm激光功率11.3 W的连续输出,光-光转换效率达到56.5%。插入声光调Q器件,通过合理设计腔内激光束腰大小及束腰位置,在重复频率30 kHz时,获得最大调Q输出功率9.2 W,峰值功率30.9 kW,同时,在此基础上,采用KTP晶体腔内倍频,在重复频率为30 kHz时,获得532 nm激光输出平均功率6.3 W。     

端面泵浦Nd∶YAG连续输出1052nm波长激光器

设计了一个简单紧凑的1052nm波长激光器。首次利用激光二极管(LD)端面泵浦Nd∶YAG晶体,使用镀有高度选择性介质膜的反射镜产生该波段的激光。激光阈值为0. 3W, 当808nm波长泵浦光功率达到18W时产生了3. 5W的1052nm波长激光输出。光- 光转换效率为20% ,输出激光功率波动不超过3%。     

双波长可调外腔半导体激光器

提出了一种基于体布拉格光栅（VBG）和横向啁啾体布拉格光栅（TCVBG）组合的双光栅外腔半导体激光器,该外腔半导体激光器采用反射率15%的体光栅和反射率17%的啁啾体布拉格光栅作为反馈元件和模式选择元件,实现特定波长的选择和调谐,实验研究了外腔激光器的功率-电流特性、光谱特性和波长调谐特性。实验结果表明:双光栅外腔半导体激光器最大输出功率为1.96 W,斜率效率为0.94 W/A,外腔效率达到78%。输出光谱为双波长,一个波长为808.6 nm,另一个波长连续可调,通过改变横向啁啾体光栅的位置,该波长可从800 nm调谐至815 nm,可调范围达15 nm,在整个可调范围内两个波长的谱线宽度（FWHM）均小于0.3 nm。     

基于掺锗光子晶体光纤的可调谐多波长转换器

为了提高光网络中波长资源的使用效率,利用光纤中瞬态受激拉曼散射效应分析理论,设计了一种基于掺锗光子晶体光纤的可调谐四通道波长转换器。由于受激拉曼散射效应的增益随信号光与探测光波长之间的频移量变化,波长转换器各个转换信道波长可由探测光波长调谐。分析了泵浦信号光输入功率对多波长转换器性能的影响,结果表明:随着输入泵浦功率的增大,多路波长转换器的转换性能更好。用OptiSystem对四通道可调谐波长转换进行仿真,结果表明:所设计的波长转换器能够同时实现四通道波长转换,各信道波长可在1 511~1 569nm进行调谐。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks