An investigation of turbulent accelerated flow along smooth prismatic chutes

Turbulent chute flow was investigated experimentally and numerically for various flow conditions. The Navier‐Stokes equations are solved with the k ? ε turbulence model on a structured non‐orthogonal grid. A method based on water continuity was used to calculate the movement of the water surface. Using an adaptive grid in the vertical direction, the location of the water surface was recalculated from an initially horizontal profile. After several iterations a steady solution emerged. The velocity distribution in longitudinal and vertical directions and pressure distribution along the chute were calculated. The numerical model was calibrated and verified using experimental data model studies. Reasonable agreement was found between the experimental results and that from the numerical model. Multiple‐regression equation was developed for computing the water surface profile along chute.     

Characteristic length scale of critical ventilation velocity in tunnel smoke control

This paper investigates the characteristic length scale in an analytical correlation of critical ventilation velocity. The critical ventilation velocity is defined as the minimum airflow velocity to prevent smoke backlayering and is often used for smoke control in tunnels. Using a one-dimensional assumption of uniform mixing, the correlation of critical ventilation velocity was derived from the Froude number, which considered tunnel height as the characteristic length scale. Using numerical modelling, this study examines the effects of enclosure blockage ratio and tunnel width or aspect ratio on critical ventilation velocity. In particular, the results suggest that the correlation with tunnel hydraulic diameter may provide a better characterization of critical ventilation velocity. This is supported from the experimental data reported by others on the effect of tunnel width. The practical implications of using hydraulic diameter in determining critical ventilation velocity are discussed.     

指数型变截面桩中的纵波

解析地研究了指数型变截面桩中的纵波。桩顶受到纵向冲击力作用,桩身为有限长均匀弹性圆杆,其半径按指数变化,桩周土剪切波速也按指数变化,并考虑桩土相互作用。由Laplace变换和逆变换,分别得到纵向振动的桩土系统的传递函数和脉冲响应。进一步得到桩顶纵向振动速度的频响函数、频域和时域表达式。研究了渐缩自由桩和渐扩自由桩的桩顶纵向振动速度时域曲线特征;研究了渐变截面桩的桩顶纵向振动速度时域曲线、振幅谱曲线和导纳曲线特征;结果表明:桩身截面的渐缩和渐扩都产生桩身反射波,这种桩身反射波是缓变化的,其大小与桩身截面渐变的程度正相关;桩身截面的渐变主要影响频域曲线的几个低阶共振峰。由参数研究及推出的理论公式揭示,桩中纵波的衰减取决于桩周顶部土剪切波速与桩身纵波波速比、桩长与桩顶直径比、桩周土密度与桩身密度比。     

中国大陆浅层地壳实测地应力分布规律研究

通过收集中国大陆地区450多个钻孔的地应力实测资料,筛选出受局部因素影响小的450组数据,建立我国垂直应力、最大和最小水平主应力随埋深的分布变化图,研究其变化趋势,并与全球的回归结果进行对比;建立我国最大水平主应力与最小水平主应力之比随埋深的散点分布图,分析水平应力的差异性以及其沿埋深的变化规律;鉴于最大和最小水平主应力的差异大,尤其是在浅部,用最大水平主应力与垂直应力之比更能反映水平构造应力的作用,改进Hoek和Brown用平均水平应力与垂直应力之比进行统计分析的方法和形式,建立我国最大水平主应力与垂直应力之比、最小水平主应力与垂直应力之比随埋深的散点分布图,并进行相应的回归分析.上述统计分析系统总结我国大陆地区地应力场的分布规律,部分统计形式为新的尝试,可为中国地应力场的宏观分布特征研究及相关行业的工程建设提供参考.     

非饱和开裂混凝土中水分运移研究

根据双重孔隙介质模型将开裂混凝土视为由完好混凝土和裂缝组成的复合孔隙材料,基于非饱和混凝土的水分运动方程和裂隙渗流的立方定律提出非饱和开裂混凝土中的水分运动方程,同时采用渗水装置对预制裂缝混凝土试块进行渗水试验,研究混凝土初始饱和度、水胶比和裂缝宽度对渗水深度的影响;采用TOUGH 2软件数值分析开裂混凝土中饱和度和水分流速的变化,根据平均流速计算渗水深度并与试验结果比较.研究发现:混凝土初始饱和度越小、裂缝宽度越大,则渗水深度越大,且渗水深度增长先快后慢,反映了混凝土基质势是开裂混凝土中水分运移的驱动因素;裂缝宽度与混凝土渗透性正相关;水分入渗开裂混凝土后流速差和平均流速随时间延长逐渐降低;采用平均流速计算的渗水深度能更好地反映渗水试验中渗水深度的变化趋势.     

A finite segment model for shear lag analysis

A finite segment model is developed to calculate the shear lag effects for box girders with varying depth. Multiple longitudinal displacement functions are used to derive the stiffness matrix and the nodal force vector of the segment element. The shear deformation of the web is taken into consideration. A Perspex glass model of a three-span continuous box girder with varying depth is tested to provide experimental results for verifying the accuracy of the proposed method. The influences of the flange width to span ratio and girder–height ratio upon the shear lag are presented and discussed.     

An experimental investigation of aeration performance in stepped spillways

Dissolved oxygen content is a prime indicator of water quality. The oxygen transfer across the air–water interface at a hydraulic structure, such as a weir or spillway, occurs by self‐aeration along the chute and by flow aeration in the hydraulic jump at the downstream end of the structure. Despite increased research activities in the field of stepped spillways, the aeration efficiency of stepped spillways is not yet known. This paper investigates the aeration efficiency of stepped spillways, in particular the effects of varying chute angle and step height. Empirical correlations predicting length of the nonaerated flow region and aeration efficiency were developed. The results indicate that stepped spillways are effective for oxygen transfer.     

土层地震行波反应分析中侧向人工边界的影响

假定土层为线性粘弹性介质,主要探讨了行波地震输入作用下采用有限元法分析均匀土层时有限土域的取值范围对计算精度的影响。在频域内分析了土层地震反应随不同侧向人工边界、迫振频率、阻尼、土层长深比和地震波传播速度的变化规律,以及水平方向和垂直方向土层地震反应的特点。应用所得的计算成果对一河谷地形的土层进行地震反应分析,计算结果表明采用本文土层范围取值来确定土域的计算范围可以得到满意的结果。     

A numerical study of the strength and behaviour of reinforced coped beams

A numerical study of the strength and behaviour of reinforced coped beams is presented in this paper. Nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted to predict the structural behaviour and strength of the test specimens examined in a different research study by the authors. The finite element analytical results generally agreed well with the test results. Subsequently, a parametric study using the validated FE models was conducted to further examine the effects of various parameters on the strength and behaviour of reinforced coped beams. For all cases examined in the study, none of the reinforced coped beams experienced flexural failure at the coped section. The parametric results show that for the same beam section, the strength of the reinforced coped beams decreases with increasing cope depth to beam depth ratio (d_c/D), irrespective of the cope length to beam depth ratio (c/D) and types of stiffener. In addition, the strength of the beams generally decreases with increasing c/D ratio. It was also found that for the cope details examined in the study, coped beam sections with a web depth-to-thickness ratio (d/t_w) less than or equal to 52.7 and reinforced by a pair of longitudinal stiffeners are able to develop either the plastic moment capacity of the full beam section near the loading position or the shear yield capacity of the coped section. For a coped beam section with a larger d/t_w ratio, a stiffener arrangement consisting of longitudinal and transverse stiffeners is recommended.     

曼宁公式及其误差分析

指出曼宁公式为水利工程流量计算带来极大方便,经常用断面平均水深代替水力半径,给计算的流量结果带来一定的误差,通过对不同外形断面流量计算的误差分析,参照规范规定系统误差不超过2%的规定,给出了不同断面外形可采用断面平均水深代替水力半径进行流量计算的最小宽深比。     

设平板加劲肋矩形钢管混凝土柱屈曲性能分析与设置原则研究

文中根据能量变分原理,采用瑞利-里兹法对设肋钢管混凝土钢管板件的局部屈曲性能进行研究,推导出设肋板件（刚性基层）屈曲系数,并在此基础上推导得到平板加劲肋的最小刚度要求。然后,对影响加劲肋最小截面刚度的因素进行分析,分析结果表明,加劲肋最小截面刚度和加劲肋面积与钢管壁板件面积的比值、管壁宽厚比、钢材屈服强度、钢管壁抗弯刚度有关;随着钢管壁宽厚比的增大,所需加劲肋最小抗弯刚度增大;随着加劲肋设置道数的增加,所需加劲肋最小抗弯刚度减小。最后,建立大量经试验验证了的ABAQUS有限元模型进行参数分析,数值计算参数分析结果较好地验证了文中所推导解析解的正确性。数值计算结果表明,当加劲肋的设置满足本文提出的最小刚度要求时,大宽厚比的钢管板件能够达到全截面有效,可按照我国相关规范进行承载力设计。     

压裂过程中水力裂缝动态宽度实验研究

 裂缝宽度及其变化规律对验证水力压裂模型及指导压裂施工设计具有重要意义。由于水力裂缝宽度比其长度和高度小3～4个量级,且储层埋藏较深,目前尚无法直接测量实际地层中的水力裂缝宽度,仅能大致通过模型估算或数值模拟获得。通过在室内压裂试件中布置单根或多根布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)应变传感器,对类混凝土材料的水力裂缝宽度进行多点同步动态监测,得到不同时刻多点水力裂缝宽度的变化,并依据裂缝宽度变化得到了裂缝扩展速度,从而对水力压裂裂缝扩展中的尺度变化进行了过程描述。实验研究表明,室内水力压裂模拟实验中水力裂缝的宽度为微米级别,裂缝扩展速度为0.1 mm/s量级;在水力压裂过程中,裂缝宽度随裂缝扩展呈现波动式变化,并非随着裂缝扩展单调增加。研究结果对认识水力压裂裂缝的扩展及提升压裂工艺技术具有重要参考价值。     

Using plastic chutes for extracting small logs and short pieces of wood from forests in Artvin,Turkey

Over 80% of extraction operations in Turkish forest are practiced with man power as skidding or sliding, but these methods have technical, ergonomic and environmental problems. Using plastic log chute in extraction operations in slopes with a gradient of 20% or more can reduce these problems, and chutes can be used for sliding small logs or short pieces of wood downhill. In this study, two polyethylene chute (AcarOLUKPeF50/600- AcarOLUKPeD60/600) and one fiberglass chute (AcarOLUKFb50/500) systems in extraction operations in mountainous area were evaluated in Artvin, Turkey. The study revealed that AcarOLUKPeF50/600 plastic chute was the most productive (42.86 stere/h) and AcarOLUKFb50/500 was the least (15.12 stere/h). It was also determined that using of plastic chute was ergonomic and could reduce the damage to tree roots, seedlings and trunk of remaining trees.     

Bolt length requirement in underground openings

A parametric study has been carried out using the numerical analysis code FLAC^3D to obtain the influence of various shapes of underground openings on the maximum induced boundary stress. Five shapes—viz. circular, horseshoe, rectangular, elongated D-shape and elliptical—have been considered. For each shape, four tunnel depths and five horizontal in situ stress models have been taken for the study of induced boundary stresses.The values of maximum and minimum induced boundary stresses in the roof and wall have been obtained from the analyses. This data has subsequently been used to develop correlations to estimate the normalized maximum and minimum boundary stresses, which have been subsequently compared with the strength of the rock mass obtained from the Sheorey's non-linear failure criterion for three rock masses represented by three values of Bieniawski's RMR and three values of crushing strength of intact rock material. The values of minimum factor of safety at the roof and the wall have been collected from all the plots. Using these data sets, different correlations have been developed to estimate the minimum factor of safety (f_min) in the roof and wall.Since the bolt length should be normalized with the opening size, some more computer models have been run with varying tunnel width of 5 and 20 m besides the earlier 10 m size to obtain the correlations for estimating the bolt length. The depth of factor of safety contour of 1.5 from the opening periphery has been picked up from all these models and the correlations have been developed for estimating the roof and wall bolt length for the five shapes of underground openings. The correlations for bolt length show that in addition to the shape of underground openings and in situ stress, the bolt length also varies with the rock mass type. These correlations have been verified for field cases of elongated D-shape openings.     

Experimental study on average movement characteristics of bed-load particles

The three-dimensional movements of bed-load particles in an open channel with different grain diameters and different specific gravities under the conditions of different hydraulic gradient are measured by means of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique. The average movement characteristics of the particles are analyzed by statistics. The results show that the longitudinal average velocities of the particles neither agree with the law suggested by Einstein nor obey the law assumed by Bagnold. Einstein’s law is that the particle velocity is equal to 11.6 times of shear velocity, and the Bagnold’s law assumes the velocity equal to the difference between flow velocity at corresponding water depth and settling velocity of particle. Two formulas for determining the velocity of particle in the forms of expression given by Einstein and Bagnold are obtained according to the statistical results of experimental data, respectively.     

地下洞穴对表面波表观相速度影响的数值分析

通过有限元数值模拟，得到了含洞穴固体介质在动荷载下表面质点的速度响应。根据表面质点响应中瑞利波和反射体波能量分配分析表观相速度扰动机制，讨论振源、测点、洞穴三者相对位置及频率对表面波表观相速度影响。表观相速度扰动程度随频率减小而增加，商至出现大扰动。大扰动峰值频率与反射波基频有关，基频随振源、测点及洞穴间相对位置变化。最后讨论由大扰动峰值波长与洞穴埋深关系，并给出洞穴埋深估算方法。     

用普通钢筋混凝土叠合板作受压翼的钢-混凝土组合梁

本文通过6根试验梁受弯性能、钢筋混凝土板纵向抗剪性能和破坏形态的分析,找出了影响该类组合梁受力性能和承载力的主要因素,建立了按塑性方法计算该类组合梁极限抗弯承载力和钢筋混凝土板纵向抗剪承载力的公式,其与试验结果符合良好。最后提出了发挥该类组合梁理论极限抗弯承载力的最小横向配筋率。     

强墙弱梁型钢筋混凝土梁-墙平面外连接节点试验

为研究剪力墙设置暗柱的钢筋混凝土梁-墙平面外连接节点的抗震性能,完成了6个按强墙(暗柱)弱梁设计的梁-墙平面外连接节点试件在梁端施加往复竖向荷载的试验,试件的主要变化参数为暗柱宽度、暗柱纵向配筋和梁纵筋在暗柱内的锚固。结果表明,6个试件在达到最大承载力前,梁的纵筋已屈服;梁纵筋在墙内锚固不足的试件,最终为剪力墙墙面混凝土局部拉脱破坏;暗柱宽度为梁宽3倍、梁纵筋在墙内锚固得到加强的试件,为梁弯曲破坏,具有大的变形能力;暗柱宽度为梁宽4倍的试件,梁、墙都发生破坏。在试验研究的基础上和参照现行国家标准,提出了剪力墙暗柱的设计建议:暗柱宽度不宜大于3倍梁宽;暗柱平面外弯矩设计值应根据梁端实配抗震受弯承载力确定;暗柱最小总配筋率不小于1.0%,箍筋最小直径为10mm、最大间距为150mm等。     

Effect of dust content on some properties of concrete

Natural aggregates with three different gradings have been used to produce concretes with a constant water cement ratio of 0.5 and cement contents varying between 300 kg/m³ and 425 kg/m³. Aggregate gradings differed only in the dust (particles smaller than 300 μm) contents: Nil, 3%, 9%. Dust deficient aggregates always produced less workable concretes for cement contents below 330 kg/m³. These concretes were also less strong than the others. As a result for this particular case, minimum cement content of 330 kg/m³ is recomended for concretes produced with dust deficient aggregates, instead of the common minimum of 300 kg/m³. Additional cement seems to compensate for the missing dust in the mixes tried.     

Modelling coupled turbulence - Dissolved oxygen dynamics near the sediment-water interface under wind waves and sea swell

A one-dimensional vertical unsteady numerical model for diffusion-consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) above and below the sediment-water interface was developed to investigate DO profile dynamics under wind waves and sea swell (high-frequency oscillatory flows with periods ranging from 2 to 30 s). We tested a new approach to modelling DO profiles that coupled an oscillatory turbulent bottom boundary layer model with a Michaelis-Menten based consumption model.The flow regime controls both the mean value and the fluctuations of the oxygen mass transfer efficiency during a wave cycle, as expressed by the non-dimensional Sherwood number defined with the maximum shear velocity (Sh). The Sherwood number was found to be non-dependent on the sediment biogeochemical activity (μ). In the laminar regime, both cycle-averaged and variance of the Sherwood number are very low . In the turbulent regime, the cycle-averaged Sherwood number is larger . The Sherwood number also has intra-wave cycle fluctuations that increase with the wave Reynolds number (VAR(Sh) up to 30%). Our computations show that DO mass transfer efficiency under high-frequency oscillatory flows in the turbulent regime are water-side controlled by: (a) the diffusion time across the diffusive boundary layer and (b) diffusive boundary layer dynamics during a wave cycle. As a result of these two processes, when the wave period decreases, the Sh minimum increases and the Sh maximum decreases. values vary little, ranging from 0.17 to 0.23. For periods up to 30 s, oxygen penetration depth into the sediment did not show any intra-wave fluctuations. Values for the laminar regime are small (≤1 mm for μ = 2000 g m⁻³ d⁻¹) and decrease when the flow period increases. In the turbulent regime, the oxygen penetration depth reaches values up to five times larger than those in the laminar regime, becoming asymptotic as the maximum shear velocity increases.