饲料粉体粒度对蛋白质表观消化率及硬颗粒饵料性能作用的研究

蛋白饲料粉体（鱼粉、卤虫粉）随着其细度的提高（变细），蛋白表观消化率（ＤＣＰ）也随之提高。随着全价饲料粉体粒度变细，也提高了硬颗粒饵料性能，在水中耐泡性显著提高，对提高饲料效率，强化营养，起到积极作用。     

发酵饲料等其它蛋白源替代部分鱼粉对异育银鲫鱼种生产性能的影响研究

均重为15.0 g左右的240尾异育银鲫鱼种随机被分为4个组,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,每组3个平行(3个水族箱,规格100 cm×80 cm×60 cm),饲养60 d。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,其余3个组为试验组。设计发酵饲料按不同比例替代鱼粉的4个配方,研究发酵饲料替代部分鱼粉对异育银鲫鱼种生产性能的影响。结果表明:Ⅱ组的配方可以替代Ⅰ组的配方,且每1 t配合饲料节省83.50元。     

菜籽粕替代鱼粉对银鲫生长性能及饲料利用率的影响

为评估硬颗粒饲料和膨化饲料中菜籽粕替代鱼粉对银鲫生长及饲料利用率的影响,试验设计了4种等氮、等能的饲料,分别用菜籽粕替代饲料中0％(对照组)、25％、50％、75％的鱼粉,利用挤压膨化技术和环模制粒技术加工成4种膨化饲料和4种硬颗粒饲料,对银鲫进行为期50 d的饲养试验.结果显示:菜籽粕替代鱼粉饲喂银鲫后的生长性能及饲料利用率都呈现下降的趋势;相同饲料配方,饲喂膨化饲料的银鲫生长性能及饲料利用率优于饲喂硬颗粒饲料的银鲫.研究结果表明,菜籽粕替代银鲫饲料中适量的鱼粉是可行的,膨化饲料饲喂银鲫的效果优于硬颗粒饲料,利用膨化加工工艺可以显著提高银鲫饲料中菜籽粕对鱼粉替代量.     

几种抗生素对异育银鲫生长性能及饲料利用的影响

研究了饲料中添加吉他霉素、黄霉素、喹烯酮和其组合后对异育银鲫平均日增重、特定生长率、饵料系数以及肝体比的影响.结果表明,与对照组相比,经过45d的养殖试验,饲料中添加吉他霉素、黄霉素、喹烯酮,或者其组合均能显著提高异育银鲫的生长(P<0.05),降低饵料系数(P<0.05);同时,添加几种抗生素后,对异育银鲫的肝体比有不同程度的降低,对异育银鲫的成活率无显著影响(P>0.05).以生长和饲料利用率为指标,在异育银鲫日粮中吉他霉素的适宜添加水平为100 mg/kg,而最好的药物组合为"吉他霉素100 mg/kg 喹烯酮50 mg/kg".     

发酵对谷物豆类及混合物中铁离子的影响

通过对谷物（大米,小麦,高梁）,豆类（大豆,绿豆、赤豆）的单一和混合品种,接种啤酒酵母和保加利亚乳酸杆菌在３７℃下,发酵２４ｈ,采用体外消化法测定它们各自的生物活性铁离子含量,结果表明：发酵后的单一品种和混合品种中的铁离子的含量均有明显的提高（Ｐ＜Ｏ．０５）,未发酵混合品种中的铁离子含量变化出现正、负增长。     

发酵玉米芯对异育银鲫生产性能及鱼体品质的影响

研究了饲料中添加不同水平发酵玉米芯对异育银鲫生长性能、鱼体品质的影响.结果表明:在异育银鲫饲料中添加5%发酵玉米芯,其增重率、总消化率、蛋白质消化率和鱼体粗灰分、钙含量与对照组比差异不显著(P>0.05);随着发酵玉米芯添加水平的提高,增重率、总消化率、蛋白质消化率和鱼体粗灰分、钙含量与时照组比均变化显著(P<0.05).     

对虾饲料中木薯粉替代小麦粉对对虾生长性能的影响

研究饲料中以不同水平的木薯粉替代配方中相应的高筋小麦粉对凡纳滨对虾的生长速度、成活率和饵料系数的影响.结果表明:替代水平3％的组,凡纳滨对虾增重率最高(3 401.25％),但与对照组比差异不显著(P＞0.05);随着木薯粉替代水平的提高,增重率呈下降趋势且均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),替代水平达12％的组,增重率降至最低(3 170.00％).试验组凡纳滨对虾成活率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).添加木薯粉可以降低凡纳滨对虾的饵料系数,3％组饵料系数(1.12)显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).     

日粮中添加豆油对肉牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化率影响的研究

本试验选用４ 头装有永久瘤胃和真胃瘘管的阉牛,采用４ ×４ 拉丁方设计,对照组牛饲喂基础日粮,３ 个试组在基础日粮中分别添加豆油１５０ｇ 、３００ｇ 及４５０ｇ 。探讨日粮中添加豆油对肉牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化率的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加豆油使瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸（ Ｔ Ｖ Ｆ Ａ） 浓度显著下降,３ 个试验组平均总挥发性脂肪酸（ Ｖ Ｆ Ａ） 浓度比对照组下降２２ ．３７ ％ 。日粮日添加４５０ｇ 豆油使瘤胃内及全消化道干物质和有机物的消化率显著下降（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。日粮中补充豆油时,随着添加量的增加瘤胃内及全消化道中性洗涤纤维（ Ｎ Ｄ Ｆ） 消化率呈下降趋势,而对瘤胃后 Ｎ Ｄ Ｆ 消化率无影响。日粮中补充豆油对酸性洗涤纤维（ Ａ Ｄ Ｆ） 消化率的影响与对 Ｎ Ｄ Ｆ 消化率的影响相一致。４ 个组脂肪酸表观消化率分别为６０ ．３７ ％ 、７８ ．６７ ％ 、８５ ．３５ ％ 和８７ ．８３ ％ ,随着豆油添加量的增加脂肪酸表观消化率线性提高。     

大米淀粉渣固态发酵生产饲料蛋白的研究

以大米、淀粉生产葡萄糖后的废渣为原料 ,固态发酵生产饲料蛋白 ,选用种子培养基 (% ) :葡萄糖 2 ,Na H2 PO4 　 0 .3,K2 SO4 1 .0 ,酵母粉 0 .2 ,筛选出啤酒酵母菌 ,并对其工艺条件进行了初步的研究。试验结果表明 :采用啤酒酵母单菌发酵时 ,培养基初始含水量为 6 5%、初始 p H6 .2、发酵温度为 2 8°C、接种量为 1× 1 0 8/ ml(1 2 % )、再加入适量的无机盐 ,固态发酵获得蛋白质含量最高为6 9% ,平均为 6 3% ,比对照提高 46 %     

姬松茸固态发酵对谷物主要营养成分的影响

初步研究了姬松茸固态发酵对7种谷物（小麦、大米、燕麦、玉米、小米、糜米和高粱）主要营养成分的影响作用,结果表明:经姬松茸固态发酵后,7种谷物固态发酵产物的总酚、氨基酸态氮、水溶性蛋白及还原糖含量随着发酵时间的变化而变化。除了高粱的总酚含量与发酵时间呈负相关（r=-0.687）和大米的还原糖含量与发酵时间呈负相关（r=-0.621）之外,其余谷物的总酚、氨基酸态氮、水溶性蛋白及还原糖含量均与发酵时间呈一定的正相关性,发酵时间的延长有利于发酵产物中这些营养成分含量的显著提高。7种谷物发酵产物中,小米的总酚含量最高,达到1.95mg/g;小麦的氨基酸态氮含量最高,达到0.59%;燕麦的水溶性蛋白和还原糖含量最高,分别达到74.24、123.18mg/g。      

发酵豆渣在鲫鱼配合饲料中应用的初步研究

研究发酵豆渣对鲫鱼生长性能和肌肉化学组成的影响。结果表明:饲喂含20%发酵豆渣饲料的鲫鱼增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数、蛋白质效率、肌肉水分含量和粗蛋白质与饲喂配合饲料的鲫鱼差异不显著,但均显著优于饲喂100%发酵豆渣饲料的鲫鱼。     

发酵非常规蛋白饲料对肉仔鸡生长性能和养分消化率的影响

研究了发酵非常规蛋白饲料(后称发酵饲料)对肉仔鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响,选用250只肉仔鸡,随机分为5个处理组,试验期6周。A组饲料为基础玉米豆粕日粮,B组添加10%未发酵饲料替代部分豆粕,处理组C、D、E分别添加发酵饲料5%、10%、15%替代部分豆粕。处理组平均日采食量、平均日增重均高于B组,与A组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),D组与A组最为接近。通过代谢试验可得出,发酵饲料与未发酵饲料相比粗蛋白质消化率显著增加(P<0.05),氨基酸消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,在发酵饲料替代10%豆粕是可行的。     

乳酸菌发酵饲料对生长猪生产性能的影响

研究了乳酸菌发酵饲料对规模化猪场生长猪生产性能和健康的影响。对照组直接饲喂基础日粮,1组饲喂"基础日粮+20%乳酸菌发酵饲料(风干)",2组饲喂"基础日粮+30%乳酸菌发酵饲料(风干)",3组饲喂"基础日粮+50%乳酸菌发酵饲料(风干)"。结果表明:1、2和3组平均日增重比对照组分别提高了9.67%、11.47%和13.68%,3组与对照组相比差异极显著,1、2组与对照组相比差异显著;1、2和3组头平均日采食量比对照组分别提高了3.47%、4.16%和4.88%,3组与对照组相比差异极显著,1、2组与对照组相比差异显著。1、2和3组料肉比比对照组分别下降了5.16%、6.35%和7.54%,发病率比对照组分别降低了38.46%、46.15%和69.23%;1、2和3组比对照组多盈利22.7%、26.8%和31.6%。     

Assessment of antibacterial properties and the active ingredient of plant extracts and its effect on the performance of crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. E'erqisi,Bloch)

BACKGROUND: In this study, the antibacterial properties and active ingredient of plant extracts and its effect on the performance of crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. E'erqisi, Bloch) were assessed. RESULTS: The transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometric analysis showed that the antibacterial activity of plant extracts is due to the disruption of the cell membrane and the leakage of cytoplasmic contents. The UPLC–MS/MS analysis showed that the contents of gallic acid, (?)–epigallocatechin, (+)–catechin, (?)–epigallocatechin gallate, (?)–epicatechin gallate, aloe–emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion, were 5.27%, 3.30%, 1.08%, 19.32%, 5.46%, 0.23%, 0.56%, 1.28%, 0.75% and 0.39% in plant extracts, respectively. Results of feeding experiment showed that feeding crucian carp with 1.0% and 2.0% plant extracts significantly enhanced specific growth rate, serum total protein, lysozyme, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and decreased the feed conversion rate, malondialdehyde contents and the mortality rate (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that plant extracts added to fish feed can act as natural antimicrobial and immunostimulants to prevent pathogenic infection, enhance immune response, and promote growth of the fish. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

冷风变温干燥对半干鲫鱼片品质的影响

以鲫鱼为原料,利用冷风恒温干燥、降温干燥和升温干燥模式进行了干燥试验。通过对干燥曲线、产品质构特性、氧化值和挥发性气味物质各种指标的比较,发现不同的干燥模式对半干鲫鱼片最终品质的影响存在差异。恒温模式和升温模式的干燥速度低于降温模式,但最终产品的质构特征和产品挥发性物质种类上都优于降温模式。恒温模式和升温模式更适合半干鲫鱼片的干燥。     

Effect of feed intake level on ileal digestibilities of crude protein and amino acids in diets for piglets

BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of feed intake on apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in diets for piglets. The piglets were surgically fitted with simple T‐cannulas at the distal ileum. The cornstarch–casein–soybean meal‐based diets were fed at three graded levels of feed intake corresponding to 30, 45 and 60 g kg^?1 body weight (BW) per day. RESULTS: The AID and SID of most AA were quadratically affected by the feed intake level (P?0.05). Initially, both AID and SID of most AA increased up to 1.9 percentage units as the feed intake level was increased from 30 to 45 g kg^?1 BW. Thereafter, these AID and SID values decreased by 2.6 and 2.7 percentage units, respectively, as the feed intake level was further increased from 45 to 60 g kg^?1 BW. CONCLUSION: Because the voluntary feed intake is highly variable in piglets after weaning, comparison of ileal AA digestibilities between and within studies may be confounded by variations in feed intake level. Thus, when designing digestibility studies with piglets, a standardization of feed intake should be taken into consideration. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dietary protein to metabolizable energy ratios on feed efficiency and structural growth of prepubertal Holstein heifers

Sixty Holstein heifers, 124.5 +/- 1.1 d of age and 124.9 +/- 2.5 kg of BW, were used to evaluate the influence of dietary crude protein to metabolizable energy ratio (CP:ME) on feed efficiency, structural growth, and body condition score. Treatment rations containing a specific CP:ME ratio were assigned to heifers in a complete randomized block design with treatment periods lasting 20 wk. The CP:ME ratios were 48.3, 59.1, 67.5, and 76.5 g of CP per Mcal of ME. The CP:ME ratios were altered by adjusting the concentration of CP (12.0,15.2, 17.4, and 19.7% CP) with similar amounts of ME (2.6 Mcal/kg DM) across all treatment rations. BW was recorded weekly on two consecutive days and used to adjust dry matter intake to allow approximately 0.80 kg/d gain. Average daily gain did not differ between the treatment rations, 0.74, 0.81, 0.81, 0.77 kg/d, low to highest CP:ME ratio, respectively. Dry matter intake showed a quadratic effect for the treatment rations, 3.30, 3.41, 3.48, and 3.39 kg/d, low to highest CP:ME ratio, respectively, and averaged 2.0% BW. Feed efficiency improved linearly with increasing CP:ME ratios, 4.76, 4.42, 4.35, and 4.33, respectively. The increased CP:ME ratios were accompanied by increasing levels of plasma urea N, 9.88, 13.34, 14.94, and 16.57 mg/dl, respectively. A trend toward linear increases in wither and hip height growth resulted with increasing CP:ME. Hip width growth was quadratic with increasing CP:ME ratios. Observed linear effects in feed efficiency and some structural growth measurements demonstrate positive results when feeding CP:ME ratios >48.3 to Holstein heifers between 125 and 234 kg of BW and gaining 0.80 kg/d.     

Effects of milk replacer feeding rate and fat content on Jersey calf nutrient digestion and performance to 4 months of age

This study evaluated effects of milk replacer (MR) feeding rate and fat concentration in MR on total-tract digestion (TTD) and growth performance in Jersey calves. Jersey heifer calves (n = 100, 2 blocks of 50; initially 30 ± 3.0 kg of body weight; 4–11 d of age) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of MR feeding rate [454 g for 42 d, and 227 g for 7 d (MOD); or 454 g for 7 d, 681 g for 35 d, and 341 g for 7 d (HI), as-fed basis] and MR fat content (17 or 24% fat as-fed basis). Milk replacers (24% crude protein as-fed basis) were reconstituted to 14% solids and fed in 2 equal feedings for 42 d, and then mornings only for 7 d. Textured calf starter (21% crude protein, 40% starch, dry matter basis) and water were offered for ad libitum consumption. From d 57 to 112, calf starter was mixed with 5% chopped grass hay. Calves were housed individually to d 56 and housed in groups (4–5 calves/pen) from d 57 to 112. Estimates of TTD were measured in 5 calves/treatment (block 1) at wk 3 of the study using acid-insoluble ash as an indigestible marker. From 0 to 56 d, calf starter intake (CSI) was greater for MOD vs. HI and 17 versus 24% fat; average daily gain was greater for HI versus MOD; and hip width change was greater for 17 versus 24% fat. Estimates of organic matter TTD were greater for HI versus MOD, but neutral detergent fiber TTD was greater for MOD versus HI and for 17 versus 24% fat. From 57 to 112 d, hip height change was greater for MOD versus HI, and hip width change was greater for 17 versus 24% fat. In this study, feeding Jersey calves more MR improved preweaning average daily gain, but had a negative effect on CSI and likely rumen development, as neutral detergent fiber TTD was reduced at 3 wk and frame growth was reduced from d 57 to 112. This resulted in similar final calf body weights between MR feeding rates at the end of the study. No benefits were observed for feeding more fat in MR as CSI or for NDF digestibility, and frame growth was reduced.