双电极焊条单弧焊工艺

介绍了双电极焊条单弧焊工艺.该工艺工件不接电源,电弧在双电极焊条相互绝缘的两个焊芯之端部形成,电弧可在离工件不同距离的空间进行引弧和燃烧,两极性斑点分别在两焊芯上,主要利用熔滴携带热量和弧柱热量熔化母材.双电极焊条两芯间距是控制电弧电压的最重要因素,焊接时调节双电极焊条与工件间距离对电弧电压影响很小,随焊接电流增大,电弧电压略有升高.用药皮重量系数为45.6%的2×Ф4 mm钛钙型双电极焊条,在两芯间距为1.2～1.7 mm,焊接电流为180～220 A的条件下进行焊接可获得具有良好焊缝成形和力学性能的焊缝.     

双熔敷极耐磨堆焊焊条焊接稳定性的分析

针对φ4.0 mm的双熔敷极耐磨堆焊焊条电弧焊中焊条参数与焊接工艺参数对焊接稳定性的影响进行了研究.结果表明,双熔敷极耐磨堆焊焊条电弧焊电弧电压主要由焊条的双芯间距决定,并受到熔滴过渡、电弧吹力等因素的影响,双芯间距太小或者太大都不利于焊接稳定,当双芯间距为1.0mm时,电弧电压为33 V左右,焊接稳定性优良;药皮重量系数为45％～ 56％时,保护效果较好,冶金反应充分,焊接稳定,熔覆层硬度HHRc＞6 200 MPa;焊接电流选择180～200 A为宜,这比传统同规格耐磨堆焊焊条焊接电流大且可调范围窄;焊条与工件间的距离为7 mm时,焊接稳定性较好,焊缝与母材熔合良好.     

双电极焊条单弧焊的熔化特性Ⅰ.双电极焊条的加热和熔化

通过测量双电极焊条的动态温升等试验方法研究了双电极焊条单弧焊中双电极焊条的加热和熔化.研究结果表明,双电极焊条的熔化系数随焊接电流的增大、药皮重量系数和焊芯间距的减小而增大,是单芯焊条的2～3倍.加热和熔化双电极焊条的能量有焦耳效应产生的电阻热、电弧通过熔滴传给焊条端部的热;焊条的熔化主要依靠电弧的热量.在焊接终了时,随焊接电流增大,焊芯温度升高增大;对于200 A的焊接电流,TF4303焊条的温度升高到750 K以上;TE308-16焊条具有更大的温升和更快的熔化速度.电弧热在焊条上所形成的温度场一般集中在焊条燃烧的端部16 mm以内.由于电阻热的作用,焊接终了时的熔化速度比焊接开始时快了约20%.     

纯钛TA2薄板双钨极氩弧焊焊接工艺

针对1.24 mm厚纯钛TA2薄板进行双钨极氩弧焊堆焊,研究焊枪倾斜角度和电极间距对电弧耦合、焊缝成形的影响,利用高速摄影和电信号采集系统分别对电弧形态、电流和电压波形进行分析,揭示纯钛TA2薄板高速焊焊接缺陷形成和抑制机理. 结果表明,电极间距在11 ~ 15 mm,电弧干扰小,焊缝成形良好;两个焊枪呈大致对称倾斜分布,液态金属后向流动被抑制,无明显咬边现象,焊缝成形良好. 采用合理的工艺参数进行TA2薄板双钨极氩弧对接焊,焊接速度可达3 m/min,接头抗拉强度为434 MPa,断后伸长率为31.4%,拉伸试样断裂于母材.     

双丝串列电弧焊焊缝成形的试验分析

将旋转电弧传感器和双丝串列电弧焊结合起来,开发了旋转电弧引导的、两个电弧在同一个熔池上燃烧的双丝串列电弧焊方法,对其焊缝成形工艺进行了研究.分析了焊接电流、焊接电压、双丝间距、电弧旋转等参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,随着焊接电流的增大,熔敷速度增加,焊缝成形系数呈现先增大后减少的变化规律.而焊接电压的增大则会使焊缝成形系数略有减小.对双丝间距的研究发现,当间距为15 mm时,焊接质量较好.与普通双丝串列焊相比,前置电弧旋转时熔池底部变得平坦,最大熔深有所减小,平均熔深有所增加,这将有助于减少焊缝的应力集中.与单丝旋转电弧焊相比,焊接熔敷速度显著增大,有效避免了高速焊接时的咬边现象.     

双电极焊条单弧焊的电弧特性

针对双电极焊条单弧焊焊接新工艺，作者研究了其电弧静特性和双电极焊条的熔化特性，并用高速摄像机对双电极焊条单弧焊的电弧形态进行了研究。结果表明。双电极焊条单弧焊具有上升的电弧静特性，静特性曲线随两焊芯间距的增大而上移；在两焊芯间距合适的情况下，双电极焊条阴、阳极熔化速度可以保持一致，故双电极焊条单弧焊可使用交、直流电源，其熔化速度比单芯焊条的大并随焊接电流的增大和两焊芯间距的减小而增大；双电极焊条单弧焊电弧有多种形态。     

三电极TIG电弧物理特性及其高速焊接可行性研究

钨极氩弧焊作为一种高品质焊接方法,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形优良,但在大电流高速焊接情况下,容易出现烧穿、驼峰等缺陷。为实现钨极氲弧焊的高速焊接,提出了三电极TIG焊接方法,建立了三电极TIG电弧物理特性和工艺特性的研究试验系统,对其电弧形态、电弧电特性及工艺性进行了研究,并与常规单电极TIG电弧进行了对比分析。三电极TIG电弧在同向平行电弧的自磁收缩作用下产生汇聚,电弧形貌近似于圆柱形,电弧电压低于单电极TIG电弧电压,在高速焊接时电弧非常稳定,焊缝成形优良,焊接效率比单电极TIG提高2倍以上。     

焊接工艺 熔焊

弧焊和等离子弧复合焊接工艺过程，双电极焊条单弧焊的熔化特性 Ⅰ．双电极焊条的加热和熔化，双电极焊条单弧焊的熔化特性Ⅱ．电弧对二焊芯熔化的自调节作用，栓钉穿透焊焊接工艺研究，电容螺柱焊放电过程对焊接质量的影响，利用脉冲技术改善埋弧焊的焊缝成形质量。[编者按]     

工艺参数对TIG-MIG复合电弧焊接过程的影响

搭建TIG-MIG复合焊试验平台,分别改变焊接电流、焊枪夹角及电弧间距等参数进行系列焊接试验,研究了该复合焊工艺特点。结果表明,TIG-MIG复合焊能够实现纯氩气保护下的稳定焊接,并且TIG弧的电流需要大于MIG弧电流;焊枪夹角对焊接过程和焊缝成形影响不明显;电弧间距影响焊缝成形特点,试验确定间距约为5mm时焊接效果最佳。     

双丝脉冲MAG焊的熔滴过渡及工艺特征

搭建了并列式双丝脉冲MAG焊工艺试验系统,通过双丝脉冲协调控制器连接试验所用的两台电焊机,在试验过程中采集了焊接电流、电弧电压信号,并用高速摄像机对焊接过程的电弧行为与熔滴过渡过程进行了同步拍摄．应用上述试验系统,在实现稳定焊接过程的基础上,分别研究了脉冲峰值电压与脉冲基值电压、两个焊丝在垂直于焊道方向上的距离、焊枪倾角这三个因素对电弧行为、熔滴过渡过程及焊缝表面成形与焊缝几何尺寸的影响．确定了最理想的脉冲峰值一基值电压,并且发现在文中所述试验参数下,焊丝间距11mm为两电弧形成共熔池、同焊道的上临界距离．结果表明,随着焊枪倾角的增加,焊缝熔深增加,熔宽减小,在焊接速度和送丝速度不变的前提下余高增加．     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。