干酪乳杆菌LC-15冻干发酵剂制备条件研究

在益生菌发酵乳制品的开发与应用研究中,益生菌发酵剂的制备具有重要的研究价值。对一株具有降低胆固醇作用的益生菌干酪乳杆菌LC-15（Lactobadllus casei LC-15）进行冻干发酵剂制备研究。通过正交优化得到最佳冻干保护剂组合为：脱脂奶粉100g／L,甘油30mL／L,麦芽糊精100g／L,海藻糖150g／L,L-谷氨酸钠10g／L。将此冻干保护剂应用于干酪乳杆菌LC-15冷冻干燥,其存活率达到82．2％,活菌数达4．4×10^10g^-1。在此基础上,对冻干过程中干酪乳杆菌LC-15的预培养条件和预冻条件进行考察,得到的优化结果为：在37℃预培养60min后以-40℃预冻3h,存活率最高可达到84．8％,活菌数达4．9×10^10g^-1,凝乳时间为13h。     

预培养对酸奶冻干发酵剂活力的影响

研究了预培养对酸奶冻干发酵剂活力的影响。在不同的温度和时间下，对酸奶冻干发酵剂的悬浮液进行预培养，得出当温度为42℃时培养40min，冻干发酵剂菌体存活率可以从71％提高到82％，凝乳时间可以从210min降低到185min。在4℃经90d贮藏稳定性实验，发酵剂中菌种的存活率为62％，凝乳时间为245man，较对照存活率提高了23％，凝乳时间缩短了45min。     

响应面优化酸浆豆腐直投式高效发酵剂配方

将酸浆乳酸菌与商业菌复合，以复合菌粉的冻干存活率为指标，通过优化复合菌粉保护剂配方制备直投式高效发酵剂。结果表明：以菌泥体积100 mL为基准，复合菌粉保护剂最优配方为酵母粉10 g、麦芽糖11.5 g、海藻糖5 g,此时复合菌粉存活率为83.07%;发酵后期直投式高效发酵剂的发酵能力优于菌液，且储存期间发酵性能不变；由二者制备的酸浆豆腐质构特性没有明显差异，说明直投式高效发酵剂可以代替菌液制作酸浆豆腐。     

冻干保护剂对复合低温乳酸菌发酵剂的影响

以青藏高原牧区分离筛选出的低温乳酸菌为研究对象,以活菌数为指标,比较了4种冻干保护剂对复合低温乳酸菌发酵剂的影响,并通过正交实验优化了其中3种较优冻干保护剂的复配配方。结果表明,复合低温乳酸菌冻干保护剂的最优组合为:甘油为8m L/L,蔗糖为10%(w/v),脱脂乳为15%(w/v),以此为保护剂冻干存活率达到了90.55%。与商业发酵剂相比,低温发酵剂发酵酸乳组织状态良好,滴定酸度为92°T,感官评分为95分,活菌含量(10.3lg CFU/m L)极显著高于商业发酵酸乳(p0.01)。实验结果为制备高活力直投式低温乳酸菌发酵剂的冻干菌粉提供理论支撑,对开发低温乳酸菌发酵剂具有重要意义。     

嗜酸乳杆菌冻干保护剂及其直投式复合发酵剂的开发

为提高嗜酸乳杆菌冻干存活率和研发以嗜酸乳杆菌冻干菌粉为基础的直投式复合发酵剂,本研究以嗜酸乳杆菌为试验菌株,在单因素实验、析因实验和最陡爬坡实验的基础上采用响应面分析优化了嗜酸乳杆菌真空冷冻干燥的保护剂配方。优化后将嗜酸乳杆菌冻干菌粉与肉糖葡萄球菌冻干菌粉以一定质量比复合并应用于萨拉米香肠的制备中。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌最佳冻干保护剂(以11%脱脂乳为基础)配方为:海藻糖3.03 g/100 mL、甘油9.50 g/100 mL、谷氨酸钠3.50 g/100 mL,此条件下,嗜酸乳杆菌冻干存活率高达81.24%;嗜酸乳杆菌与肉糖葡萄球菌的冻干菌粉最佳比例为1:2,直投式复合发酵剂最佳接种量为10~8 cfu/g。与对照组相比,该直投式复合发酵剂生产的萨拉米香肠酸味柔和,色泽、硬度、弹性良好,总体接受度最高。     

康普茶直投式发酵剂的制备及其发酵性能的研究

目的 制备菌种成分明确的康普茶直投式发酵剂,并对直投式发酵剂的发酵性能进行探究,解析直投式发酵剂应用于康普茶生产的理论基础。方法 通过测定菌株存活率筛选适用于发酵康普茶的巴氏醋杆菌、木醋杆菌、拜耳结合酵母的冻干保护剂,再将冻干后的菌粉接种至红茶中发酵,以前期开发的康普茶混菌发酵剂为对照,通过测定康普茶发酵过程中糖类、乙醇、有机酸和感官等指标考察直投式发酵剂的发酵性能。结果 巴氏醋杆菌、木醋杆菌、拜耳结合酵母的最优冻干保护剂分别为30 g/100 mL的菊粉、20 g/100 mL的海藻糖、30 g/100 mL的海藻糖,存活率分别为92.41±1.33%、57.61±2.29%、52.95±1.67%。在康普茶发酵过程中,直投式发酵剂与未冻干的混菌发酵剂发酵的康普茶在主要成分、电子舌评测及感官评定等各个方面均呈现相似的变化趋势。直投式发酵剂发酵后的康普茶中以酸味柔和兼具健康功效的葡萄糖酸和葡萄糖醛酸为主,醋酸仅在第二天检测到;在发酵终点康普茶的乙醇含量符合饮料的标准（< 0.5% m/V）。结论 直投式发酵剂与实验室前期获得的混菌发酵剂发酵的康普茶品质相当,可以为康普茶直投式发酵剂的制备提供理论和技术支持。     

真空冷冻干燥乳酸菌的研究进展

乳酸菌的存活率在真空冷冻干燥过程中容易受到多种因素的影响,合理的冻干工艺以及保护剂的合理使用是有效提高乳酸菌真空冷冻干燥后存活率和储藏期的有效手段。本文介绍了真空冷冻干燥的原理、影响乳酸菌冻干存活率的因素,并对如何提高乳酸菌冻干存活率和储藏期进行了探讨,以期为制备高活性和耐储藏的乳酸菌发酵剂提供参考。     

浩乳德用直投式发酵剂保护剂配方优化及应用

以植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）686为试验菌株,以甘油、山梨醇、脱脂乳、葡萄糖、菊粉、海藻糖、谷氨酸钠和谷胱甘肽为保护剂,以冻干存活率为评价指标,通过单因素试验及响应面试验优化发酵剂保护剂配方,用直投式（DVS）发酵剂制作浩乳德（奶豆腐）,并对其品质进行评价。结果表明,菌株686最佳保护剂配方为脱脂乳添加量12.5 g/100 mL、海藻糖添加量6.0 g/100 mL及谷氨酸钠添加量12.5 g/100 mL。在此优化配方条件下,菌株冻干存活率为81.59%。扫描电镜（SEM）观察结果表明,添加最优冻干保护剂的乳酸菌686完整无破碎,用其制作浩乳德的理化指标、鲜味及丰富度均有极大改善。     

冷应激及包埋对乳酸菌冻干发酵剂的影响

将嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌按3∶2∶1比例制备乳酸菌冻干发酵剂.比较不同温度冷应激处理对乳酸菌冻干存活率的影响,结果表明,20℃,处理4h时,冻干存活率为96.3％.选择发酵的固定化细胞制作条件:海藻酸钠2.25g/L、CaCl2 4.0g/L.包埋后乳酸菌冻干存活率为95.6％.     

干酪乳杆菌冻干保护剂研究

干酪乳杆菌为生产酸奶和奶酪的重要菌种,在真空冷冻干燥过程中会受到损伤,加保护剂可提高其存活率。通过计算干酪乳杆菌的存活率,利用单因素比较和响应面实验设计,确定冻干保护剂的最适配方。在单一保护剂作用筛选试验中,乳酸菌存活率较高的依次是:海藻糖、L-半胱氨酸、山梨醇、乙酸钠。复合保护剂作用中,干酪乳杆菌存活率最高的保护剂溶液配方为:海藻糖118.2g/L,L-半胱氨酸17.1g/L,山梨醇10.3g/L,乙酸钠1.7g/L,脱脂奶粉120g/L,干酪乳杆菌的存活率达98.74%。本试验结果对保存乳酸菌菌种和制备高活性发酵剂具有应用价值。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the