结合CCS的炉顶煤气循环—氧气鼓风高炉CO2减排分析

 介绍了炉顶煤气循环—氧气鼓风高炉炼铁技术的研发进展,阐述了碳捕捉及封存技术(CCS)的特点及其技术成熟度,重点分析了几种CO2分离方法的原理及其适用条件,最后应用IPCC2006方法计算分析了结合碳捕捉及封存技术的炉顶煤气循环氧气鼓风高炉的CO2减排效果。结果表明：新工艺的吨铁CO2排放量为582.40kg,较传统高炉CO2减排55%。结合碳捕捉及封存技术的炉顶煤气循环氧气鼓风高炉炼铁技术的开发,能够促进中国钢铁工业CO2减排,对钢铁工业的可持续发展具有十分重要的现实意义和深远影响。     

CO2炼钢对氧气高炉循环煤气的改质及加热

 为解决氧气高炉循环煤气CO2脱除和加热过程中的析碳问题,提出了一种利用CO2炼钢对煤气进行改质和加热的方法,并通过热力学计算探讨了铁水和煤气成分对炼钢过程的影响,得到了合理的循环煤气处理方案。结果表明,CO2炼钢反应总体上是大量吸热的,需要外部热源提供热量;以氧气高炉炉顶煤气为氧化剂时,炼钢温度范围内铁水中碳的脱除限度在0.02%以下,脱除率高于99%;煤气处理能力和改质煤气成分受铁水成分影响,并且铁水中碳含量的影响更大;通过CO2炼钢与变压吸附2种工艺的结合,可满足氧气高炉对循环煤气量和温度的需求。     

炉顶煤气循环氧气高炉的能耗和碳排放

基于相间传热传质和反应动力学理论,建立了由高炉本体一维模型、风口回旋区燃烧模型、CO2脱除单元模型和煤气预热单元模型组成的炉顶煤气循环氧气高炉工艺综合模型,研究了该新型炼铁工艺的可行性,分析了关键参数对综合能耗和碳排放的影响。研究结果表明:下排风口循环煤气流量需要维持在一定范围内来保持合理的理论燃烧温度;低温和高还原势的炉内环境有利于抑制焦炭气化反应,加强铁氧化物间接还原;氧气高炉的煤气输出量较少,但热值很高,能达到传统高炉煤气热值的2倍以上;焦炭消耗的减少显著降低了氧气高炉的输入总能量,即便是与副产煤气全部有效利用的传统高炉相比,氧气高炉仍具有综合能耗较低的优势;由于氧气鼓风和CO2分离过程消耗大量电力,氧气高炉的CO2间接排放要高于传统高炉,而CO2捕集和封存可显著降低氧气高炉系统的CO2直接排放;与传统高炉相比,氧气高炉系统的CO2直接排放可降低57.1%~59.0%,净排放可降低32.9%~40.4%,节碳减排效果显著。     

高炉喷吹煤气工艺中炉顶煤气循环的变化规律

高炉喷煤新技术结合了高炉和造气炉的传统工艺,通过炉顶煤气循环,实现了炉顶煤气的合理利用。结果表明,随着循环时间的增加,所需煤量增多,造气炉煤气中H_2和CO体积分数升高,高炉中总热收入和热量收支差降低;炉顶煤气中H_2和CO体积分数升高,N_2和CO_2体积分数降低,且随着煤气循环,最终达到气体成分基本不变,保证了高炉的最佳运行状态。     

炉顶煤气循环氧气高炉一维气固换热与反应动力学模型

结合风口回旋区燃烧和炉外煤气预热、脱除和循环的平衡关系,建立了氧气高炉一维气固换热与反应动力学模型,并采用传统高炉的运行和解剖数据对模型进行了验证分析.通过模型研究了氧气含量和上部循环煤气流量对氧气高炉炉内过程变量的影响规律.结果表明:氧气含量偏低和上部循环煤气流量不足时,会降低铁矿石还原效果,炉渣内出现大量未还原铁氧化物;氧气含量和上部循环煤气流量的提高可以有效提高炉内CO含量和铁矿石还原速度,但提高上部循环煤气流量会大幅提升炉顶煤气温度,增大热量损失.与传统高炉相比,氧气高炉内CO含量提高1.0~1.5倍,炉内气体还原性更强;铁矿石还原完成位置提高1.49 m,全炉还原反应速度更快;直接还原度降低55.2%~79.2%,炉内直接还原反应消耗的碳量更少.      

现有高炉改氧气高炉的工业试验方案探讨

以现有750 m~3高炉为平台,通过炉顶煤气循环、氧气鼓风进行炼铁基础研究与工艺技术开发,提出了以现有高炉改氧气高炉的工业试验方案。采用高富氧鼓风,高炉煤气自身循环利用,高炉煤气CO_2脱除技术的清洁生产工艺,重视二次能源的循环利用,降低高炉的直接还原度,降低燃料消耗,达到减少CO_2排放的目的,以获得先进的工序能耗指标和良好的经济效益。对物料平衡和热量平衡进行了理论计算,对生铁成本进行了对比分析。     

氧气高炉回旋区内煤粉燃烧行为的三维数值模拟研究

炉顶煤气循环氧气高炉是一种全新的炼铁新工艺,它可以有效提高煤比、减少CO₂的排放.但是其复杂的燃烧条件将使煤粉在回旋区内的燃烧及高炉下部的行为发生很大变化.为了了解氧气高炉炼铁新工艺条件下喷吹煤粉的复杂现象,建立了一个氧气高炉条件下的氧煤枪-直吹管-风口-回旋区-焦炭床的三维数学模型,研究了氧气高炉下部的温度场、浓度场及煤粉的流动和燃烧特性.模拟结果表明,氧气高炉条件下的回旋区温度显著升高、高温区面积扩大,CO₂含量提高,焦炭床内CO含量显著增加.此外,与传统高炉相比,氧气高炉回旋区表面的煤粉燃尽率增加了10.24%.      

喷吹循环煤气氧气高炉的静态模型

根据整体及各区域的物理化学约束条件建立了氧气高炉工艺综合数学模型.通过模型的计算结果对能量在不同区域的利用情况进行了分析.得出结论如下:氧气高炉无煤气循环流程的一次能耗很高,燃料比在600 kg/tHM以上,并且无法实现高温区和固体炉料区之间的能量匹配.炉顶煤气循环后,可以实现能量在高温区和固体炉料区的同时平衡;在同时满足全炉热平衡和区域热平衡的条件下,氧气高炉炉身喷吹循环煤气流程的理论燃烧温度过高,而炉缸喷吹循环煤气流程的理论燃烧温度偏低;对于氧气高炉炉身、炉缸同时喷吹循环煤气流程,随着循环煤气量的增大,焦比升高,煤比降低,理论燃烧温度可以维持在合理的范围内.     

利用钢铁企业煤气制备化工产品的研究

提出了以钢铁企业富含碳资源的高炉煤气、转炉煤气和富含氢资源的焦炉煤气制备化工产品的技术路线。以高炉煤气制备甲醇的资源化路线为例,构建了煤气资源化利用的环境—经济评价模型,并就普通高炉煤气和全氧高炉煤气资源化利用的减排效果和经济性进行了评价和分析。高效的资源化利用,不仅可实现CO2减排,还可廉价地获得高附加值化工产品。采用全氧高炉煤气制备甲醇,CO2减排效果更为明显。     

氧气高炉回旋区内煤粉燃烧行为的数值模拟

炉顶煤气循环-氧气鼓风高炉炼铁新技术的工艺特点决定了煤粉在其回旋区内的燃烧条件与传统高炉相比将发生很大变化.本文建立了氧气高炉直吹管—风口—回旋区下部煤粉流动和燃烧的数学模型,研究了入口布置方式、氧含量、循环煤气温度以及H₂O和CO₂含量对煤粉燃烧的影响.模拟结果表明:三种引入方式中,假想的循环煤气和氧气混合进入方式明显优于循环煤气和氧气单独进入方式.当氧的体积分数由80%增加到90%,相应的煤粉燃尽率由87.525%提高到93.402%.循环煤气温度对煤粉燃尽率的影响并不显著.循环煤气中H₂O和CO₂的体积分数提高5%,风口轴线上气体的最高温度分别降低124 K和113 K.      

氧气高炉工艺对炼铁系统的影响

为分析氧气高炉对炼铁系统的影响,利用氧气高炉综合数学模型,获得了2种典型氧气高炉流程的基本工艺参数,并主要分析了氧气高炉对炼铁系统燃料结构与煤气流平衡的影响。结果表明:氧气高炉降低了吨铁燃耗,同时提高了煤粉在燃料消耗中的比率;随着炉缸循环煤气预热温度升高,氧气高炉煤气供给量与炼铁系统需求量都呈下降趋势,其中单排风口工艺输出煤气量能满足炼铁系统内部需求并有较大剩余,双排风口工艺炉顶煤气供应由盈余转为短缺,但此短缺量较小,可以用少量焦炉煤气补足。在此分析基础上,提出了一种氧气高炉条件下炼铁系统工艺流程,有望为氧气高炉工业化应用提供一定参考。     

全氧混合喷吹煤粉和富氢燃料高炉新工艺的可行性

 提出了全氧混合喷吹煤粉和富氢燃气高炉炼铁新工艺,并通过理论分析结合实验证明新工艺的可行性。理论计算证明,在新工艺条件下,理论燃烧温度控制在1 800~1 850 ℃时可同时满足高炉上下部热平衡;实验结果证明,在焦炭气化反应激烈开始温度前,铁矿石金属化率可达95%,焦炭在高炉内参与直接还原而气化程度很低,吨铁焦比可降到190 kg。煤气氮含量低于07%,有利于CO2回收,可实现CO2零排放。煤气热值达到8 200 kJ/m3。这种煤气不仅适合钢铁联合企业和传统燃气用户使用,也可直接用于高效的电 热 冷三联产系统,间接实现了燃煤高效洁净化利用。     

Comprehensive Mathematical Model and Optimum Process Parameters of Nitrogen Free Blast Furnace简

According to different energy utilization in different regions, blast furnace is divided into raceway zone, bottom heat exchange zone （BHZ）, thermal reserve zone （TRZ）, and top heat exchange zone （THZ）, and a mathe- matical model of nitrogen free blast furnace （NF-BF） is established. The optimum process parameters of two kinds of nitrogen free blast furnaces are calculated by the new mathematical model. The results show that for the nitrogen free blast furnace with a single row of tuyeres, the optimum process parameters are coke ratio of 220 kg/t, coal ratio of 193 kg/t, and volume of recycling top gas of 577 m3/t; for two rows of tuyeres, the process parameters are coke ratio of 202 kg/t, coal ratio of 211 kg/t, volume of recycling top gas in upper area of 296 m3/t, and volume of recy- cling top gas in lower area of 295 ma/t. Energy balances are reached in different regions. Theoretical combustion temperature （TCT） in raceway zone is largely affected by different processes, and a lower TCT should be adopted for the single row of tuyeres, but for two rows of tuyeres, a higher TCT should be maintained. Compared with tradi- tional blast furnace, in NF-BF, the emission of CO2 would be reduced by 45.91% and 49.02G for a single row of tuyeres and two rows of tuyeres, respectively, and combined with CO2 sequestration technology, zero emission of CO2 could be realized.     

Mathematical Modeling and Exergy Analysis of Blast Furnace Operation With Natural Gas Injection

Blast furnace operation with natural gas (NG) injection is one of the effective measures to save energy, reduce CO₂ emission, and decrease environmental load for iron and steel industry. Numerical simulations on blast furnace operation with NG injection through tuyeres are performed in this paper by raceway mathematical model, multi‐fluid blast furnace model, and exergy analytical model. With increasing NG injection volume, the simulation results are shown as follows: (1) the theoretical flame temperature and bosh gas volume can be constant by decreasing blast volume and increasing oxygen enrichment. (2) The utilization rate of CO enhances while that of H₂ decreases. The proportion of H₂ in indirect reduction tends to be increased, which accelerates the reduction of burdens. The pressure drop shows that the permeability of blast furnace gets better. The blast furnace productivity is increased from 2.07 to 3.08 t · m^?3 · day^?1. The silicon content in hot metal is decreased from 0.26% to 0.05%. When BF operation with 125.4 kg · tHM^?1 NG injection, coke rate and carbon emission rate are decreased by 27.2% and 32.2%, respectively. (3) The thermodynamic perfection degree is increased from 88.40% to 90.50%, the exergy efficiency is decreased from 51.94% to 49.02% and the chemical exergy of top gas is increased from 4.69 to 6.22 GJ · tHM^?1. It is important to strengthen the recycling of top gas.     

Numerical analysis of carbon saving potential in a top gas recycling oxygen blast furnace

Aiming at the current characteristics of blast furnace(BF)process,carbon saving potential of blast furnace was investigated from the perspective of the relationship between degree of direct reduction and carbon consumption.A new relationship chart between carbon consumption and degree of direct reduction,which can reflect more real situation of blast furnace operation,was established.Furthermore,the carbon saving potential of hydrogen-rich oxygen blast furnace(OBF)process was analyzed.Then,the policy implications based on this relationship chart established were suggested.On this basis,the method of improving the carbon saving potential of blast furnace was recycling the top gas with removal of CO_2 and H_2O or increasing hydrogen in BF gas and full oxygen blast.The results show that the carbon saving potential in traditional blast furnace(TBF)is only 38-56kg·t~(-1) while that in OBF is 138kg·t~(-1).Theoretically,the lowest carbon consumption of OBF is 261kg·t~(-1)and the corresponding degree of direct reduction is 0.04.In addition,the theoretical lowest carbon consumption of hydrogen-rich OBF is 257kg·t~(-1).The modeling analysis can be used to estimate the carbon savings potential in new ironmaking process and its related CO_2 emissions.     

Numerical Simulation of Innovative Operation of Blast Furnace Based on Multi-Fluid Model

To date ,blast furnace operators have a relative-ly good understanding of internal mechanisms ,andno longer treat blast furnace as a“black box”. Forthe blast furnace , however , one of the most com-plex metallurgical units inthe field of chemical engi-neering,the complexity keeps proliferating with theadoption of newtechnologies ,such as high rate in-jection of pulverized coal ,effective use of carbona-ceous andferrous materials ,and so on.If merely bydirect instrumentation and empirical kno…     

高炉喷吹还原气操作的数学模拟研究

副产煤气的高效利用对钢铁产业的节能降耗和环境保护意义重大。为此,提出了一个新的高炉风口喷吹高炉、转炉和焦炉煤气技术,并利用多流体高炉模型对其进行了详细模拟研究,预测了炉内现象和操作性能的变化。在维持回旋区温度、炉腹煤气量及渣面处铁水温度一致的条件下,模拟结果表明与现行常规操作相比,风口喷吹煤气后炉身温度下降,但整个炉内H₂/CO浓度显著提高,炉身烧结矿间接还原加速,产量明显增加,热利用效率明显改善。其中喷吹焦炉煤气效果最为显著,高炉CO₂产生量大幅度降低。随工艺氧制备等技术的进步,高炉喷吹副产煤气技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

风口前端氧煤燃烧NOx生成行为分析及控制

 以高炉风口前端煤粉燃烧过程为研究对象,通过热力学计算系统分析了不同约束条件下煤气成分及NO_x的生成规律,探讨了温度、煤种比例及煤粉成分、富氧、喷煤等不同工况参数对NO_x生成行为的影响,并提出降低NO_x生成的方向性建议。研究结果表明,高炉风口前端煤粉燃烧生成NO_x兼具热力型、快速型、燃料型3种途径。温度是影响热力型NO_x生成的重要因素,温度大于2 000 ℃时,温度每升高100 ℃,高炉风口前端NO_x生成量增幅大于30%以上,计算温度范围内(2 000～2 400 ℃),NO_x生成量由4 056 mg/m3增加到12 942 mg/m3,NO_x生成量远超传统燃煤锅炉;其他工况条件不变,高炉烟煤配比由0提高至50%,NO_x的生成量由4 152 mg/m3增加至7 486 mg/m3,增幅达到80%;高炉煤比为80 kg/t时,即使不富氧,NO_x生成量依然达到了18 006 mg/m3;喷吹煤粉中1 mol碳素供氧量由2.0 mol降至1.2 mol,NO_x生成量显著减少了68%。综上所述,高炉通过采取调整理论燃烧温度、减少烟煤配比、使用低挥发分煤种、合理匹配富氧喷煤水平等措施,可以实现NO_x生成的源头控制。此外,就高炉NO_x排放角度而言,炉顶煤气中NO_x的含量水平亦显著受高炉内部还原作用的影响。正常冶炼条件下,生成的NO_x在炉内能够被充分还原,高炉炉顶煤气NO_x量通常为50 mg/m3以下,但应关注亏尺、悬料、休送风等特殊工况时高炉煤气及下游煤气用户NO_x的排放水平。