An investigation on the spray characteristics of DME with variation of ambient pressure using the common rail fuel injection system

We investigated the DME spray characteristics about varied ambient pressure and fuel injection pressure using the common rail fuel injection system when the nozzle holes diameter is varied. The common rail fuel injection system and fuel cooling system were used since DME has compressibility and vaporization at atmospheric temperature. The fuel injection quantity and spray characteristics were measured. The spray was analyzed for spray shape, penetration length, and spray angle at the six nozzle holes. There are two types of injectors: 0.166 mm diameter and 0.250 mm diameter. The ambient pressure, which was based on gage pressure, was 0, 2.5, and 5 MPa. The fuel injection pressure was varied by 5 MPa from 35 to 70 MPa. By comparing with the common injector, using the converted injector it was shown that the DME injection quantity was increased 127% but it didn??t have the same low heating value. Both the common and converted injectors had symmetric spray shapes. In case of converted injector, there were asymmetrical spray shapes until 1.2 ms, but after 1.2 ms the spray shapes were symmetric. Also, the converted injector had shorter penetration length and wider spray angle than the common injector.     

A study on the spray characteristics of a piezo pintle-type injector for DI gasoline engines

We studied the spray flow initiated from a piezo pintle-type injector for DI gasoline engines in an environment supplied by a constant volume vessel by means of laser diagnostics. To fully grasp the effects of the characteristic parameters, including designed spray angle, needle lift, injection pressure (P _inj ) and ambient pressure (P _b ), on the spray atomization and mixture preparation, particle image velocimetry (PIV) and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) are used in the experiment, respectively. The gas perpendicularly enters into the outer periphery of the conical spray injected through the pintle-type injector activated by piezo, which creates two large-scale vortices: the vortex A and vortex B. The velocity standard deviation of the spray field is introduced to analyze the gas flow motion in the vicinity of nozzle. The droplet information of spray field is also recorded by PDA in variable boundary conditions. The time dividing method is used to study the droplet characteristics in four parts of spray. The injector with 98° designed spray angle has smaller droplet mean diameter (D10 and D32), due to a larger spray distribution. When the droplet velocity of the spray field is close to 0 m/s, the D10 and D32 hold at around 10 μm and 20 μm, respectively, in atmospheric pressure condition, which are about 20 μm and 40 μm, respectively, at ambient pressure of 1.1 MPa.     

Characteristics of a liquefied butane spray

The characteristics of a butane spray from pintle-type injector were studied by droplet velocity and diameter measurements and high speed photography. The accumulator type injector operated off a common rail fuel supply system operated at 13 MPa, and was controlled by a high-speed solenoid valve. Injection was carried out in a chamber at ambient temperature and at the pressure above (0.37 MPa) and below (0.15 MPa) the fuel vapor pressure. Two component phase/Doppler particle analyzer and traverser were used to obtain the droplet diameter and the velocity at numerous locations in the spray. The entire injection event was analyzed as a time-average and also subdivided into three temporal intervals. A, B, and C. The high-speed photographs showed a narrower cone angle during the quasi-steady spray period at the 0.37 MPa chamber pressure compared to the 0.15 MPa case.     

不同进口压力下柴油机非对称喷嘴内部流动特性的数值分析

采用流体动力学欧拉多相流模型，模拟了不同进口压力下柴油机喷油器非对称喷嘴内部流动特性，研究了喷嘴各孔出口处气相体积分数和质量流率分布特性。结果表明：喷嘴内部形成了均匀的雾化场，喷嘴出现空化的气相体积比和压力差上升速度都表现为孔1孔、5孔、2孔、3孔、4孔逐渐降低变化，并且空化现象基本都出现在转角上部。喷嘴各孔质量流率均随进出口压力差表现出单调增加的变化规律，之后趋于一定的稳定。在进口压力30 MPa下，压力增大后将会促进质量流率的升高；在80 MPa的进口压力下，质量流率不会发生显著改变；随着进口压力达到160 MPa，质量流率处于一个恒定状态。     

浅谈喷嘴进口压力对扩散角的影响

为确定喷嘴进口压力对喷嘴出口扩散角的影响,采用SolidWorks建模,利用Fluent对不同进口压力的同一喷嘴模型进行仿真,经分析得知喷嘴喷出硼砂的角度随进口压力的增大而增大,喷出的硼砂速度流线图也随压力的增大而变得密集。     

Effect of nozzle geometry for swirl type twin-fluid water mist nozzle on the spray characteristic

Experimental investigations on the atomization characteristics of twin-fluid water mist nozzle were conducted using particle image velocimetry (PIV) system and particle motion analysis system (PMAS). The twin-fluid water mist nozzles with swirlers designed two types of swirl angles such as 0°, 90° and three different size nozzle hole diameters such as 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm were employed. The experiments were carried out by the injection pressure of water and air divided into 1bar, 2bar respectively. The droplet size of the spray was measured using PMAS. The velocity and turbulence intensity were measured using PIV. The velocity, turbulence intensity and SMD distributions of the sprays were measured along the centerline and radial direction. As the experimental results, swirl angle controlled to droplet sizes. It was found that SMD distribution decreases with the increase of swirl angle. The developed twin-fluid water mist nozzle was satisfied to the criteria of NFPA 750, Class 1. It was proven that the developed nozzle under low pressures could be applied to fire protection system.     

不同燃油温度下柴油机喷嘴空穴流动特性试验研究

作为喷射系统的终端,喷油器内部的空穴流动对燃油雾化具有重要影响。采用比例放大透明喷嘴,研究不同燃油温度对喷嘴内空穴流动及其对近场喷雾的影响。引入无单位参数空穴数表征喷油器内燃油空化程度,研究发现燃油温度升高,其空穴初生时的压力减小,同一空穴数下,空穴程度更强烈。同时,试验观察到喷嘴内空穴区域的不对称性,喷孔管壁下壁面的空穴分布远大于上壁面的空穴分布;发生超空穴之后,随着空穴数的增加,试验结果中喷嘴内部的空穴流动变化不太明显,但仿真结果中看出喷孔出口流速减小。相同燃油温度下,随着空穴数增加,体积流量增加,流量系数减小,空穴相对面积增加,近场喷雾锥角增大;相同空穴数下,燃油温度增加使体积流量和流量系数都增加,空穴相对面积逐渐增大,近场雾化效果更好。     

双油路离心喷嘴雾化锥角的试验研究

针对双路离心喷嘴开展雾化锥角的研究,采用高速摄影仪拍摄不同供油压差,仅副油路、主油路和主副油路同时工作时的喷雾形态,进而分析不同工况下雾化锥角的变化规律,同时与传统经验关系式结果进行对比。结果表明,单路压差增加时,平口式的主油路锥角迅速增大,扩口式的副油路锥角逐渐减小,共同喷射时,由于低压核心区的作用双路锥角处于两路单独喷射之间,并随主油路压差增大而增大,随副油路压差增大而减小。最后将传统经验关系式结果和试验结果进行对比,由于特殊的喷口结构产生了径向速度分量,关系式结果均偏高。     

Atomization characteristics of intermittent multi-hole diesel spray using time-resolved PDPA data

The intermittent spray characteristics of a multi-hole diesel nozzle with a 2-spring nozzle holder were investigated experimentally. Without changing the total orifice exit area, the hole number of the multi-hole nozzle varied from 3 (d_n=0.42 mm) to 5 (d_n=0.32mm). The time-resolved droplet diameters of the spray including the SMD (Sauter mean diameter) and the AMD (arithmetic mean diameter), injected intermittently from the multi-hole nozzles into still ambient air, were measured by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyzer). The 5-hole nozzle spray shows the smaller spray cone angle, the decreased SMD distributions and the small difference between the SMD and the AMD, compared with that of the 3-hole nozzle spray. From the SMD distributions with the radial distance, the spray structure can be classified into the three regions : (a) the inner region showing the high SMD distribution; (b) the mixing flow region where the shear flow structure would be constructed; and (c) the outer region formed through the disintegration processes of the spray inner region and composed of fine droplets. Through the SMD distributions along the spray centerline, it reveals that the SMD decreases rapidly after showing the maximum value in the vicinity of the nozzle tip. The SMD remains the constant value near the Z/d_n=166 and 156.3 for the 3-hole and 5-hole nozzles, which illustrate that the disintegration processes of the 5-hole nozzle spray proceed more rapidly than that of the 3-hole nozzle spray.     

超音速喷嘴流出系数仿真分析

为获得超高速涡轮泵中超音速喷嘴流出系数随其入口收敛角、喉部直径等几何结构参数的变化规律,采用ANSYS CFD仿真分析工具,以氦气为工质,给定喷嘴入口总压11 MPa、总温300 K、排气背压0.105 MPa,对3种特定喉径的喷嘴分别在7种入口收敛角度下的流场进行仿真分析,获得其压力场、速度场分布及氦气质量流量,并将其与理论质量流量比较,得出喷嘴流出系数。3种特定的喉径分别为2,5,10 mm,7种入口收敛角分别为30°,45°,60°,90°,120°,150°,180°。结果表明:喷嘴流出系数随入口收敛角的增加而降低,随喉径的增大而增加,在2 mm喉径下流出系数最低为83.9%,在10 mm喉径下流出系数最高为99.1%,对后续设计超高速涡轮泵喷嘴结构形式具有指导作用。     

乙醇圆柱射流雾化破碎过程的PIV试验研究

在喷雾容弹上利用PIV激光测试系统,研究了容弹背压、容弹温度和喷射脉宽对乙醇圆柱射流破碎雾化的影响。试验结果表明：容弹背压升高,乙醇圆柱射流贯穿距离减小,射流锥角变大;温度由20℃变为60℃时,乙醇运动黏度变小,射流贯穿距离增大,射流锥角略有增加;喷射脉宽的改变对乙醇圆柱射流贯穿距离和射流锥角影响很小,然而大脉宽的乙醇射流雾化困难。     

Measurement and analysis of injection characteristics among each nozzle hole within a heavy-duty diesel engine

The mass flow rate from each injector nozzle hole of a diesel engine influences the distribution, atomization, and combustion of fuel in the chamber. Thus affecting the power, the fuel economy, and the emission quality of the diesel engine. A spray momentum flux test bench was built and used to measure the injection rate from each nozzle hole of a multi-hole nozzle in this study. Selected force sensors used for data acquisition were one of the integral parts of the set-up. The influence of the force sensors’ installed position (location in the set-up) on measured results, were analyzed and the optimum position that ensures independence of the results, determined. Additionally, the effects of injection pressure, injection pulse width and injection hole diameter on the injection characteristics were also investigated. Furthermore, in this research, the reliability and robustness of Strain sensor and Piezoelectric sensors were analyzed with regards to their response. The analysis showed that, strain sensors have weak dynamic response characteristic compared to piezoelectric sensors also, the measured result obtained from strain sensors fluctuated greatly. Piezoelectric force sensor gave a more reliable and stable measurement, comparatively. The accuracy of the results were affected by the installation position of the sensors. A distance of 16 mm (between nozzle hole exit and sensor surface) was determined to be adequate for the acquisition of reliable experimental data. As the injection pressure gets higher (during injection), the rate of mass flow increased, the average cycle-to-cycle variation coefficient and nozzle-to-nozzle variability coefficient of injection quantity decreased. Hence, improving the consistency of each cycle and the uniformity of each hole. In addition, increasing the injection pulse width decreased the average cycle-to-cycle variation coefficient. Also, nozzle-to-nozzle variability coefficient had minimal or no influence with regards to injection pressure. At 80 MPa, the uniformity of injection from the multi-hole nozzle improved significantly. In summary, the larger the hole diameters, the higher the maximum value of mass flow rate and the fuel injection quantity.     

4种脱硫喷嘴雾化特性对比试验

对目前湿法烟气脱硫系统中常用的4种机械式雾化喷嘴进行了雾化试验,采用高速数码摄影法对4种喷嘴在不同压力下的喷雾状况进行测试,并用ImageJ软件处理,得到各喷嘴在不同工况下的粒径、粒径分布和雾化角等特性。研究结果表明:4种喷嘴雾化粒径随液压的增大呈减小趋势,其中螺旋喷嘴雾化粒径最小,扇形喷嘴雾化粒径最大;螺旋喷嘴、空心锥喷嘴和扇形喷嘴的雾化角随液压增大变化不大,较为稳定,实心锥喷嘴雾化角随液压增大而增大,螺旋喷嘴与扇形喷嘴的雾化角较大,空心锥喷嘴的雾化角最小;各喷嘴在小于0.2MPa的液压下粒径分布不均匀,当达到0.2MPa后粒径分布较为均匀。综合结构特点和雾化特性,螺旋喷嘴较适用于火电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统。     

Heat transfer of a spray droplet in a PWR pressurizer

Heat transfer rates to spray droplets under conditions corresponding to those of spray transients in a pressurizer of pressurized water reactor (PWR) have been predicted by a simple droplet model with internal thermal resistance and partial internal mixing. In those processes, the temperature distributions in the droplet have been obtained using the integral method, and the physical properties of the saturated steam-hydrogen gas mixture surrounding the droplets are estimated applying the concept of compressibility factor and using appropriate correlations. Results have been provided for the temporal variations of total heat flux with its convection and condensation heat transfer components, dimensionless droplet bulk temperature and droplet flight distance. The effects of ambient pressure, initial droplet size, concentration of hydrogen gas in the mixture, initial injection velocity, and spray angle on the heat transfer of spray droplets have been discussed.     

气动式微滴喷射中液滴稳定生成的动力学特性研究

微滴喷射增材制造技术作为制造领域的新兴前沿技术有着广泛的应用前景,微滴生成特性对增材制造中微滴在基板铺展、搭接、凝固等过程影响较大,研究微滴生成特性对于提高液滴生成尺寸、频率和稳定性有重要意义。通过试验研究气动按需喷射作用下的微滴喷射行为,探究喷嘴尺寸、黏度和供给压力等因素对射流断裂过程及液滴生成稳定性的影响关系,并进一步研究形成角的变化对液桥断裂顺序及卫星液滴产生的影响关系。研究结果表明,随着喷嘴直径减少,韦伯数（We）显著减少,当喷嘴直径减少到100 μm时,We变为0.33,液滴尺寸与喷嘴直径的比值急剧增大;随着黏度的增加,射流颈缩段的液桥显著增长,液滴尺寸明显增大。在保证生成单个液滴的压力条件下,当供给压力较小时,液桥两端先后断裂形成卫星滴,并最终与半月面融合;随着压力的增大,液桥只发生一次断裂,剩余射流回缩到喷嘴内。在气动式喷射方式中由于上形成角始终大于下形成角,所以液桥总是在靠近液滴端首先断裂,该研究结果有助于提高气动式微滴喷射装置的液滴生成质量。     

An investigation on effect of geometrical parameters on spray cone angle and droplet size distribution of a two-fluid atomizer

A visual study is conducted to determine the effect of geometrical parameters of a two-fluid atomizer on its spray cone angle. The liquid (water) jets exit from six peripheral inclined orifices and are introduced to a high speed gas (air) stream in the gravitational direction. Using a high speed imaging system, the spray cone angle has been determined in constant operational conditions, i.e., Reynolds and Weber numbers for different nozzle geometries. Also, the droplet sizes (Sauter mean diameter) and their distributions have been determined using Malvern Master Sizer x. The investigated geometrical parameters are the liquid jet diameter, liquid port angle and the length of the gas-liquid mixing chamber. The results show that among these parameters, the liquid jet diameter has a significant effect on spray cone angle. In addition, an empirical correlation has been obtained to predict the spray cone angle of the present two-fluid atomizer in terms of nozzle geometries.     

Determination of diesel sprays characteristics in real engine in-cylinder air density and pressure conditions

The present paper centers on the establishment of a quantified relationship between the macroscopic visual parameters of a Diesel spray and its most influential factors. The factors considered are the ambient gas density, as an external condition relative to the injection system, and nozzle hole diameter and injection pressure as internal ones. The main purpose of this work is to validate and extend the different correlations available in the literature to the present state of the Diesel engine, i.e. high injection pressure, small nozzle holes, severe cavitating conditions, etc. Five mono-orifice, axi-symmetrical nozzles with different diameters have been studied in two different test rigs from which one can reproduce solely the real engine in-cylinder air density, and the other, both the density and the pressure. A parametric study was carried out and it enabled the spray tip penetration to be expressed as a function of nozzle hole diameter, injection pressure and environment gas density. The temporal synchronization of the penetration and injection rate data revealed a possible explanation for the discontinuity observed as well by other authors in the spray’s penetration law. The experimental results obtained from both test rigs have shown good agreement with the theoretical analysis. There have been observed small but consistent differences between the two test rigs regarding the spray penetration and cone angle, and thus an analysis of the possible causes for these differences has also been included.     

防爆柴油机油腔喷射特性试验研究

防爆柴油机在高瓦斯、低通风效率的工作环境下具有较强的适应能力，是工业生产中重要的内燃机设备。根据喷油动量方程建立油腔喷射模型，引入喷油效率参数，通过试验方法得出不同喷嘴孔与进油口间距下的捕捉率。试验中设定油压范围0.25~0.45 MPa，喷油温度范围60~90 ℃，采用单因素试验法得出临界孔口间距随温度、压力的变化规律。试验结果表明，随着喷油压力或喷油温度的增大，油喷扩散角增大，临界孔口间距减小，油束发散性更为显著，为防爆柴油机的结构优化设计提供了重要依据。     

The effect of injection pressure and fuel viscosity on the spray characteristics of biodiesel blends injected into an atmospheric chamber

An experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of injection pressure and fuel type on the spray tip penetration length and the angle of spray injected into atmospheric chamber. The objective of the present study is to formulate empirical correlations of the spray tip penetration and the spray angle for non-evaporative condition. The experiment was performed by a common rail type high-pressure injector for the diesel engine at the injection pressure 40??100 MPa and four different fuels (D100, BD25, BD45, and BD65). The results showed that the biodiesel content increased the spray tip penetration and decreased the spray angle. The correlation of spray tip penetration is expressed for each region before and after spray break-up time in terms of injection pressure, fuel viscosity and time after start of injection. The correlation is also obtained for spray angle equation terms of injection pressure and fuel viscosity.     

撞击型雾化喷嘴流量特性及喷雾降温性能试验研究

针对空冷机组在夏季高温天气不能满发的问题,采用喷雾增湿以降低入口空气的干球温度,选用撞击型雾化喷嘴AM4进行流量特性及喷雾降温特性的实验研究。分析试验数据拟合得到撞击型喷嘴流量与喷雾压力的关系,并计算得出喷嘴的流量系数。通过对不同类型喷嘴组合喷雾降温效果的比较,得到加入1排AM4有利于冷却效果的提高;加入两排AM4的喷雾降温效果并没有明显提高,且由于撞击式喷嘴价格较高,加入两排AM4的经济性较差。