印染助剂发展回顾和发展方向探讨(Ⅰ)

纺织印染助剂是纺织品生产必需的化学品之一.随着近年纺织品生产从欧美移向东南亚,我国是纺织品生产大国,并正在为提高附加值而努力,研究开发新的纺织印染助剂更为重要.简要瞻望了世界纺织印染助剂的市场状况并回顾了我国过去数十年的发展,重点是印染助剂的发展方向.指出了以环保型、节约型和创新型印染助剂作为发展目标,并进行了详细的探讨,提出了国内外正在开发和拟开发的助剂品种,可供印染助剂企业开发新产品时参考.     

印染助剂发展回顾和发展方向探讨(Ⅱ)

对于国内外生态纺织品法规的技术标准必须严格遵守，但是应当充分利用一些技术标准的限量指标，有些标准中还没有标准的检测方法或难以检测，在生产中应区别使用．     

Evaluation of the fixed nitrogen-to-protein (N:P) conversion factor (6.25) versus ingredient specific N:P conversion factors in feedstuffs

BACKGROUND: The crude protein (CP) of feedstuffs is important as an indicator of essential and non‐essential amino acids for livestock. The protein (P) level needs to be known accurately, to minimize the feeding of excess nitrogen (N) and to reduce N pollution. Laboratory methods for determining N content report N from amino acids, but also N from ammonia and from non‐amino acid sources. The determined CP based on 6.25 × N level typically overestimates the true protein of feedstuffs. RESULTS: Determined ingredient‐specific N:P conversion factors k_A, k_P and k were not equal to the standard 6.25 factor. The k_A had the highest value in all ingredients, which leads to the estimation of specific crude protein (SCP), which is closer to true protein (the summation of the total amino acid residues from amino acid analyses). The SCP(k_A) was lower than CP and true protein in all ingredients, demonstrating that CP might overestimate the actual protein in feedstuffs. CONCLUSION: Based on data from 677 feedstuff samples from 2009, it is concluded that the mean k_A should be 5.68 for corn, 5.64 for soybean meal, 5.74 for corn DDGS, 5.45 for poultry by‐product meal and 5.37 for meat and bone meal. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Environmental factors influencing the development and rate of increase of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on stored maize

Temperature, relative humidity (r.h.), food density, and maize (corn) cultivar (CV) influenced oviposition, development and intrinsic rate of increase of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn). The lower and upper limits for complete development were 25 and 32°C at 40% r.h.; 18 and 37°C, at 70% r.h.; and 20 and 32°C at 90% r.h. The shortest developmental periods were 25.4 ± 0.2 days in ground maize, CV Golden Beauty, at 32°C, 70% r.h., and 24.1 ± 0.2 days in whole kernel maize, CV Pride 1108, at 32°C, 80% r.h. Ground maize at a density of 750 mg/cc promoted rapid development of larvae accompanied by lower mortality and fewer malformed adults than ground maize at a density of 450 mg/cc. P. truncatus laid 430 eggs per female in blocks of maize consisting of 6-cemented kernels during 22 weeks compared with 205 eggs per female in ground maize during 15 weeks, and 36 eggs in loose maize kernels during 4 weeks. Viable eggs were laid at 18°C, 70% r.h., and 32°C, 70–80% r.h. The rate of self-multiplication and the intrinsic rate of increase per week, were: 1.94–2.24 and 0.665–0.806, respectively, at 30–32°C, 70–80% r.h. The highest rate was on field maize, CV Pioneer 3993, at 30°C, 70% r.h. The wide range of temperatures and relative humidities at which P. truncatus can develop in maize favor its establishment in tropical and subtropical regions where maize is grown and stored.     

Laboratory evaluation of development and survival of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) under constant temperatures

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is a serious pest of stored products. The effect of temperature on the development and survival of this species was determined at five constant temperatures (20, 25, 30, 32.5 and 35 °C) in the laboratory. Results showed a temperature-dependent development of T. castaneum. Data were fitted to the nonlinear Briere model, which for the total immature period estimated the lower threshold at 20.2 °C, the upper developmental threshold at 35.3 °C, and the temperature for maximum developmental rate at 31.2 °C. The Ikemoto and Takai linear model indicated that 659.7 degree-days above a threshold of 16.9 °C were needed to complete immature development from egg to adult emergence. Survival of immature stages varied significantly across temperatures and was well described by an extreme-value function. The model indicated that the highest survival (73.0%) was estimated to occur at 27.4 °C. The curve shows a skewed bell shape, indicating that survival decreases at both ends of the temperature range. These results are useful tools for the prediction of T. castaneum phenology, as well as for its management.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on the development and reproduction of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The inhibitory effects of gamma irradiation were demonstrated on the development and reproduction including egg hatch, pupation, adult eclosion and oviposition of Plodia interpunctella. Failure of all these events increased with increasing doses from 0.1 to 1.0 kGy. However, the rates of developmental inhibition were different among three behavioral events. Egg hatch was almost completely inhibited by 0.5 kGy and higher doses. Pupation was completely inhibited by 0.25 kGy, but adult eclosion was not completely inhibited even by 1.0 kGy. In addition, different age groups within the egg and final larval stages differed in their susceptibility to 0.1 and 0.25 kGy doses; the rates of both hatching and pupation were lower when young individuals were irradiated. Fecundity and hatchability of eggs were greatly reduced when pupae were irradiated at 0.1 kGy and completely inhibited at 0.25 kGy and higher doses. This suggests that although some adults eclosed from pupae irradiated at 0.25 kGy and higher doses, they were not able to lay eggs. Our results suggest that irradiation at 0.5 kGy is appropriate for the inhibition of development and reproduction of P. interpunctella.     

Correlation between biophysical seed characteristics of rice bean,Vigna umbellata (Fabaceae: Faboideae: Phaseoleae) and the development of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

The bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus is a serious pest of stored pulses. Four biophysical seed characteristics viz. Seed size, texture of seed surface, thickness of seed coat and seed hardness of 10 genotypes of rice bean, a wild pulse crop were investigated for assessing mechanism of resistance against C. maculatus. Oviposition preference and larval penetration in seed coat did not differ significantly among different test genotypes. Highest number of larvae which developed up to last larval/pupal instar were observed in susceptible check variety of mungbean, PAU 911 (30.00) and lowest in rice bean genotype, LRB 535 (0.83). Highest and lowest seed weight was noticed in rice bean genotype, LRB 529 (6.81 g) and PAU 911 (3.88 g), respectively. Almost similar seed coat thickness was recorded among different test genotypes. Maximum seed hardness was noted in genotype LRB 507 (6.45 kg) whereas minimum in PAU 911 (2.00 kg) among all test genotypes. Any remarkable correlation of biophysical seed characteristics of test genotypes with ovipositon, larval penetration and development of C. maculatus was not observed. Thus, biophysical seed characteristics of rice bean did not suggest to play a vital role in imparting resistance against C. maculatus.     

Amino acid and fatty acid composition of wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a seasonal differentiation

Seasonal variations in the amino acid and fatty acid compositions of wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) captured in the north eastern Mediterranean were investigated. In all seasons, the major amino acids in sea bass fillets were determined to be aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Methionine, tyrosine and histidine composition of the fillets were lower than those of the other amino acids in all seasons. The ratios of essential (E, g amino acid/16 g N)/nonessential (NE, g amino acid/16 g N) amino acids were observed to be 0.75 for winter, 0.76 for autumn, 0.77 for both spring and summer. Results showed that, sea bass fillets are well-balanced food source in terms of E/NE ratios in all seasons. In addition, seasonal differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of the fillets were observed in all seasons. The major fatty acids of sea bass fillets were observed to be palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1ω9), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3). The amounts of EPA+DHA in autumn, winter, spring and summer were determined as 0.16, 0.12, 1.14 and 1.02 g/100 g wet weight, respectively.     

Duplicated insertion mutation in the microtubule-associated protein Spag5 (astrin/MAP126) and defective proliferation of immature Sertoli cells in rat hypogonadic (hgn/hgn) testes

Male rats with hypogonadism (hgn/hgn) experience sterility from testicular dysplasia, which is controlled by a single recessive gene, hgn. The postnatal growth of the seminiferous tubules was severely affected. In this study, we localized the hgn locus to a 320 kb region on rat chromosome 10 and detected the insertion of a 25 bp duplication into the sixth exon of the sperm-associated antigen 5 (Spag5/astrin/MAP126) gene, which codes for a microtubule-associated protein. This mutation results in a truncated Spag5 protein lacking the primary spindle-targeting domain at the C terminus. Immunological staining with antibodies to markers for Sertoli and germ cells during the early postnatal period indicated that the abnormal mitosis with dispersed chromosomes in hgn/hgn testes occurs in proliferating Sertoli cells. Therefore, apoptotic Sertoli cell death would result from the disorganization of the spindle apparatus caused by defective Spag5. These findings suggested that the Spag5 is essential for testis development in rats and that the hgn/hgn rat is a unique animal model for studying the function of Spag5.     

Effect of gamma irradiation of phosphine-fumigated dates on the development of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Possible toxicological effects from interactions between gamma radiation (1 KGy at 46 rad/s) and phosphine residues in fumigated dates were studied when the dates were fed to Ephestia cautella. The results showed comparable development, fecundity and fertility of this insect when reared on a complete diet of fumigated, irradiated, fumigated irradiated or untreated dates.     

Determination of As(III) and As(V) in oilseeds by chronopotentiometric stripping analysis: development of a method

Chronopotentiometric stripping analysis (CSA) was used for selective determination of As(III) and As(V) in different oilseeds. After the optimization of experimental parameters an appropriate procedure for sample pretreatment was developed. A detection limit of 2 microg/dm3 for As(III) was obtained with an electrolysis time of 600 s. This method was used for arsenic determination in sunflower, pumpkin, and flax seed, as well as for soy flakes and almond.     

The development,fecundity and longevity of Dermestes ater Degeer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Larvae of Dermestes ater Deg. were bred on a diet of fishmeal, wheat germ, yeast and cholesterol at 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35°C with a constant 65% r.h. and at 25°C with 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80% r.h. Whenever possible emerging adults were paired and kept under the same conditions to determine longevity and fecundity. Eggs laid at 25°C and placed at 15°C failed to hatch. The egg period at 25, 30 and 35°C averaged 4–5 days and at 37.5°C it was about 3 days. Egg hatch was low approximating to about 40% except at 37.5°C where it was only just above 10%. No viable adults emerged at temperatures below 25°C. Development was completed in about 40 days at 30 and 35°C and at all humidities tested at 25°C (taking about 50 days at 80% r.h. and 65–70 days at 40% r.h.). Mortality was low at 25 and 30°C (less than 30%) but high at 35°C (90%). Fifty per cent of adults were dead after about 100 days at 25°C, after about 30 days at 30°C; the two adults at 35°C survived just over 20 days. A pre-oviposition period averaging about 33 days at 25°C and 4 days at 30°C was followed by an oviposition period of about 2 months. The number of eggs laid was very variable (0–135) as was the percentage hatch (0–69%). The results are compared with those obtained by other authors.     

Growth and development of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under laboratory mass-rearing conditions

A simple and inexpensive rearing procedure for Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) yielded mature, 45 mg female larvae 16 days after the eggs hatched. The average period from egg to adult was 26.2 days and some 69% of viable eggs yielded adults. The rate of increase was 20.7.     

Transformation of the plant growth regulator daminozide (Alar) and structurally related compounds with CuII ions: oxidation versus hydrolysis

As part of a study of metal ion effects on chemical transformations of nitrogen-containing agrochemicals, conversion of daminozide to succinate via cleavage of the hydrazide C-N bond was examined in the presence and absence of divalent metal ions. No conversion was observed in metal ion-free solutions or in the presence of 1.0 mM NiII, ZnII, and PbII. CuII, in contrast, markedly increased rates of daminozide to succinate conversion. Halide ions (CI-, Br-) had no effect on daminozide conversion in the absence of metal ions but markedly increased conversion rates observed in the presence of CuII. The nitrogen-donor ligands ethylenediamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane decreased rates of CuII-facilitated conversion, while 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane actually increased rates of conversion. H NMR and UV spectroscopy provide evidence for the formation of 1:1 CuII-daminozide complexes. Halide ion effects and nitrogen-donor ligand effects point to an oxidative mechanism for CuII-facilitated daminozide breakdown, rather than hydrolysis. The structurally related compound butyric acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (BH) is subject to the same CuII-facilitated breakdown via an oxidative mechanism. N,N-Dimethylsuccinamic acid (SA), in contrast, breaks down via a hydrolytic mechanism.     

Detection of Molds in Nuts and Spices: The Mold Colony Count versus the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

The mold colony count method was compared with the mold-ELISA for enumeration of molds in nuts and spices. Mold counts were determined using three different enumeration media (dichloran-rose bengal medium, dichloran-glycerol medium and malt extract medium). The mold-ELISA was carried out with antibodies raised against the heat stable, water-soluble polysacharide antigens produced by molds. It was demonstrated that the reliability of the mold-ELISA could be enhanced by specific inhibition. For this inhibition specific sugar derivates, which neutralized the antibody activity, were added to presumptive positive test samples resulting in a negative ELISA reaction. It became clear that the mold colony count is a poor reflection of the real state of mold presence in nuts and spices.     

Tobacco-induced neurotoxicity of adolescent cognitive development (TINACD): a proposed model for the development of impulsivity in nicotine dependence.

Early initiation of cigarette use is associated with higher levels of nicotine dependence. This paper provides a theory to explain this finding based on the neurotoxic effects of cigarettes on a developing system. The tobacco-induced neurotoxicity of adolescent cognitive development (TINACD) theory postulates that alterations in executive functioning, particularly evident under stressful or emotionally intense states, lead to higher levels of dependence. The model proposes that the neurotoxic effects of tobacco are most pronounced when smoking begins during early adolescence, a period of major neurodevelopment subserving inhibitory control.     

印染助剂发展的回顾与瞻望(续一)

抚今往昔,我国印染助剂行业自行设厂生产始于1950年,迄今70年,发展很快,从无到有,由小到大,但大而不强,同质化现象严重。近年来,国际、国内不断出台纺织印染用化学品的环保法规,印染助剂行业加紧研发环保产品,以规避环保法规禁用化学品和适应供给侧改革。对印染行业耗能耗水、废水排放量最多的前处理助剂进行革新,以生物酶取代精炼剂,以氧漂活化剂取代氧漂稳定剂,禁用百年来一直沿用的传统助剂,实施绿色生产。着重介绍Gemini表面活性剂和树枝状聚合物,详述其分子结构、合成方法、性能和应用。但遗憾的是,这些化学品无一是我国首创,碍于知识产权保护不能生产,只能应用。     

印染助剂发展的回顾与瞻望(续二)

抚今往昔,我国印染助剂行业自行设厂生产始于1950年,迄今70年,发展很快,从无到有,由小到大,但大而不强,同质化现象严重。近年来,国际、国内不断出台纺织印染用化学品的环保法规,印染助剂行业加紧研发环保产品,以规避环保法规禁用化学品和适应供给侧改革。对印染行业耗能耗水、废水排放量最多的前处理助剂进行革新,以生物酶取代精炼剂,以氧漂活化剂取代氧漂稳定剂,禁用百年来一直沿用的传统助剂,实施绿色生产。着重介绍Gemini表面活性剂和树枝状聚合物,详述其分子结构、合成方法、性能和应用。但遗憾的是,这些化学品无一是我国首创,碍于知识产权保护不能生产,只能应用。     

Role of FSH and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the initiation of steroidogenesis in granulosa cells associated with follicular selection in chicken ovaries

In chicken ovaries, one small yellow follicle (SYF) is selected daily from a pool of follicles of similar size and becomes a preovulatory follicle. FSH induces follicular growth and steroidogenesis. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), an intraovarian hormone, suppresses granulosa cell differentiation. This study demonstrates that recruitment of SYFs into the hierarchy of preovulatory follicles is associated with a change in steroidogenic activity in granulosa cells regulated, at least in part, by FSH and EGF. Abundance of P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) mRNA was higher in the smallest preovulatory follicle (F6) compared with SYF, whereas FSH and EGF receptor (FSHr and EGFr, respectively) mRNA abundance was similar. FSH increased P450scc mRNA abundance and progesterone secretion and decreased FSHr mRNA in cultured granulosa cells, whereas EGF attenuated or suppressed P450scc mRNA and decreased FSHr mRNA abundance. None of the hormones influenced EGFr mRNA abundance. When used in combination, EGF attenuated or suppressed the stimulatory effect of FSH on the expression of P450scc mRNA and production of progesterone in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that (1) selection is associated with an increase in P450scc mRNA; (2) FSH stimulates expression of P450scc mRNA and progesterone secretion in granulosa cells of SYF; and (3) induction of P450scc mRNA and progesterone secretion by FSH is attenuated or blocked by EGF.